Seminar paper for global climate change.doc

REEXAMINE COPENHAGEN ACCORD BY. TEGUH WIDODO Abstract Copenhagen Conference held in December 2009 resulted some consensus that was seemed failed by some countries. It might be not appropriate with hopefulness from some countries, which is affected by global climate change significantly. Some developed countries committed to reduce impact global warming by reducing causes Green Houses Gases (GHG) namely CO2 emission, CHx. But unfortunately US and China that have the biggest contribution in GHG did not take part in the consensus. They will try to reduce GHG but no mandatory to them to reduce GHG because they do not involve in that commitment, while the developing countries that still need lots of effort to develop their economy by industrialization. As the consequence of it, CO2 cannot be avoided from industrialization. This paper tries to reexamine Copenhagen Summit Result seemed failed. In this paper will be examined some of results Copenhagen Summit, then why it was failed, what causes of the failure of the summit and what next to be done in Mexico Summit coming December 2010 as follow up of Copenhagen Conference to prevent failure of the previous summit? The paper aims at giving suggestion should be done in the next conference in Mexico that will be held in December 2010. Introduction Copenhagen Summit held from December 7-18 had 12 consensuses regarding to reducing Global Climate Change impact. Many countries both developed and developing countries had taken in part at that summit, but unfortunately it was seemed failed because the biggest contributor of GHG emissions such as US and China did not take in part into commitment even though they promise to reduce it, otherwise developing countries that need lots of energy to boost their industry are forced to reduce their emissions even they must obey the commitment with the consequences if they ignore in that provision. It might be not appropriate with hopefulness from some countries, which is affected by global climate change significantly. Some developed countries committed to reduce impact global warming by reducing causes Green Houses Gases (GHG) namely CO2 emission, CHx. Aims of The Paper This paper tries to reexamine Copenhagen Summit Result seemed failed. In this paper will be examined some of results Copenhagen Summit, then why it was failed, what causes of the failure of the summit and what next to be done in Mexico Summit coming December 2010 as follow up of Copenhagen Conference to prevent failure of the previous summit? The paper aims at giving suggestion should be done in the next conference in Mexico that will be held in December 2010. Structure of The Paper This paper is divided into three parts. Part I tries to describe Copenhagen Summit such as members of meeting, agenda and the results of that summit. Part II tries to explain failure of the Summit, why it was seemed failed and what factors that caused fail. Part III is recommendation. What we to do next regarding the Mexico summit that will be held in December 2010, what provisions should be deal among countries to reduce Global Climate Change impacts. Copenhagen Summit and its Result There were 193 countries and 8000 people participating in coping global climate change when Copenhagen summit held. There were consisted of NGO, government officer from those countries as representatives, journalists and others. Definitely, it was very difficult to accommodate many interests from countries and stakeholders who took in part at that summit. But anyhow, Copenhagen summit was done even some of them disappointed with the accord but it was deal. Most countries that involved the summit are the former, which also had taken a part both in Kyoto protocol and Bali Action Plan. Most of them are also very interested in Global Climate Change because they had gotten negative impact and continuously they will be getting much impact on climate change. There are 12 accords agreed by those countries that can be summarized as follow: 1. The countries realized that global climate change is challenging natural phenomenon that caused by increasing world temperature. The contributor of that is green house gases that caused by CO2 that has been increased over time especially after industrialization. 2. The countries that take in part should take action cooperatively. They have to reduce emissions as soon as possible and turn the paradigm into sustainable development. 3. The countries agreed to provide adequate sustainable financial including sharing advanced technology and also capacity-building in developing countries. 4. The countries, which included into Annex I have to achieve the wide emission for 2020. 5. Non-annex I countries have to take action by using their measurement, reporting and verification their result that should be conveyed every two years. 6. The countries realized that they needed to remove GHG by giving incentives to countries that look after the forest. 7. The developing countries should be given incentives to develop a low emission pathway. 8. Collective commitment among developed countries to provide additional  resources approximately US$ 30 billion and until 2020 should provide US$ 100 billion a year. 9. All the parties commit to study the contribution of potential sources of revenue towards fulfill this goal. 10. The parties agree that Copenhagen Green Climate Fund should be created as operating entity mechanism to support the all the activities in developing countries reducing emission by technology transfer etc. 11. The countries decide to create a technology mechanism in accelerating transfer technology. 12. Implementation of the Cop 15 should be completed by 2015. Of course, those accords had been achieved by long debates among countries especially developed and developing countries. It was very related with each interest. Developing countries felt that they still needed to improve their citizen by pushing up economic growth through industrialization. On the other hand, developed countries that already established in many sectors tried to force developing countries in order they do not get impact from climate change. It was happened when Australia, United States and England proposed a draft political agreement to the delegates in summit. Most of the draft material was rejected by developing countries and it were happened long debates discussion among representatives. It was also described by Obama`s speech before closing the summit. Quoting BBC news that “Obama told the conference he had come to the summit not to talk but to act. While the science of climate change was not in doubt but ability of countries to take collective action is in doubt right now, and it hangs in the balance." The important thing beside the result of the cop 15 is that there is two countries called “the world's largest carbon emitters” that hold an agreement namely China and US. Those countries have indicated make concessions. Surely, that they were very dilemma facing both climate change and growth. Taking apart in climate change it means they have to reduce GHGs. The consequence by doing this is that they should reduce industrial activities and finally, they hold economic growth up. Table: Top Ten Countries in Carbon Dioxide Emission in 2006 Rank Country Annual CO2 Percentage Emission (000 metric tons) 1. China 6,103,493 21.5 2. United States 5,752,289 20.2 3. Russia 1,564,669 5.5 4 India 1,510,351 5.3 5 Japan 1,293,409 4.5 6 Germany 805,090 2.8 7 United Kingdom 568,520 2.0 8 Canada 544,680 1.9 9 South Korea 475,248 1.7 10 Italy 474,148 1.7 Other countries 9,339,844 32.9 Total 28,431,741 100.00 Source: Wikipidia”List of Countries by Carbon dioxide emissions” Failure of The Summit It was very in vain that the summit was seemed failed because no strong consensus among parties in reducing GHGs. It was no sanction to the countries that abide the consensus as well. The summit was talking about the one and only “the earth” so that all the countries should take involves and gives contribution to save it. But in this case, it seemed some developed countries take advantage because they have power, money, technology and soon, so that they could pressure developing countries take signature in the commitment except China. As we already knew that China in this decade has been growing up faster than other developing countries, even scientists predict if China were growth more than 15% coming next year, there would be the world tragedy. It is because China is the biggest population in the world and contributes the biggest GHGs emission in the world as well. The parties including US did not have power to press China. It is because US itself was very ambiguous facing China and US also had interested in pushing up it state. As we also had known during two years, US has been facing economic crisis. Unemployment has been increasing because of the crisis, so in this case US would take apart if China also takes apart into commitment. Which countries would force both China and US? It was the main cause why the summit in vain. US and China are two of the big five countries that have super power. They should lead and force the other countries taking apart in the accords but unfortunately they wouldn’t. The other failures followed the Dvorsky G (2010) are: (1) the parties do not like open what they do to the other countries. They only pushed the other to do something but they did nothing solving the climate change. Some time, the countries that located far away from the seashore, they do not care much with Global Climate Change. It is because they relatively do not get impact from that climate change so that they do not seriously involve in that accord. (2) They are really influenced by democratize. Every country has right to determine their want and their policy without get pressure from others so that the country which has power also cannot force the countries that do not take apart in that commitment. (3) Some countries such as China isolated their anything about themselves and it made the other get difficulties to determine what action should be done regarding big issues taken place around the world. (4) Some corporatists have powerful role in determining the world’s economic so that they hold important role whether participate reducing GHGs or not and in this case the country has difficulty to force them because it will effect to employment in that country. (5) The last one is that the accord was really weak in commitment. No sanction, no force to the countries that do not take apart in the accord. Recommendation This part is talking about the recommendation that should be done in the future especially next summit that will be held in Mexico 2010. It is in order to prevent the failure that already happened in Copenhagen Summit. 1. The International Committee should invite all of the countries in the summit without exception and they should report the progress in terms of reducing CO 2 emissions. It means that every country has to tell what they had done in reducing impact of climate change, what barriers that they faced and what solution will be done? What contribution does every country do in reducing GHGs? What technological progress for every country can be share to the others in reducing GHGs? 2. The Parties should make strong consensus in reducing GHGs. It means that there must sanction to the country which doesn’t obey the consensus and United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in this context holds key important role in determining and controlling the consensus. 3. The parties should reduce the GHGs hand in hand with others in order to be networked. It will be collective action because it is for public interests. Keeping the world cool cannot do only one or two countries but it must be done all of the countries, which stay on the earth. If one party, for instance, neglect the rule, the tragedy will be taken place again in the world and it is called tragedy of common.  4. The parties should share in terms of invention of technology that can reduce CO 2 emission whether developing or developed country. By doing that the CO 2 can be reduced as soon as possible. It means that the country that discovery new technology should transfer to other countries. What we analyzed in Copenhagen summit, it seemed look like game theory. It was seemed that every country run away from the responsibility. Even, they had done something that caused the world is going to be damaged overtime. Therefore, if we want to save the world, everyone, every country in summit without exception should participate actively and do together. References Dvorsky G (2010) Five Reasons the Copenhagen Climate Conference Failed. Available at http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/dvorsky20100110/ Wikipedia”List of Countries by Carbon dioxide emissions”