2019, 8th Istrian History Biennale: Artisani et mercatores...: Artisans and Merchants in the Adriatic Area: Collected Papers from the International Scientific Conference, ed. Marija Mogorović Crljenko - Elena Uljančić (Poreč-Parenzo 2019)
The paper analyzes the fair privilege issued by the Aquileian patriarch Bertrand de Saint-Geniès to the commune of Buzet. It is argued that the charter had several mutually complimentary purposes that come to light only when contextualized within Bertrand’s overall political program. By comparing the document with similar market privileges issued by the patriarch throughout his turbulent reign, the author argues that the charter to Buzet had both economic and political implications. On the one hand, the privilege forms a part of the series of charters designed to bolster the volume of trade and the income from highway tolls throughout the Patriarchate, while at the same time fostering symbiotic ties between the central government and the subject community receiving the grant. Finally, the paper discusses the administrative structure of the Margraviate of Istria as revealed in the privilege and argues that Istrian possessions were not on the same constitutional level as Friulian ones within the jurisdictional framework of this ecclesiastical principality. The article concludes with a critical edition of the charter and its translation into modern English.
Already three famous Istrian historians from the 19th and first half of the 20th Century, Carlo De Franceschi, Bernardo Benussi and Giovanni De Vergottini, devoted relatively much attention to the issue of the so-called »oaths of fealty« (fidelitas), dedicated in the 12th Century to the Venetian Republic by the most important Istrian cities: Capodistria and Isola (1145), Pola (1145, 1149, 1153), Rovigno, Parenzo, Cittanova, Umago, Pirano (1150), Muggia and Trieste (1202). Still today, historiography questions whether the purpose of those oaths of fealty (fidelitas) was to conclude friendships between the equal communities or was just a form of alliances against common enemies, or were even the subordination of Istrian towns? Or only an act, as said by Kandler, that “nè importava maggior debito che di non osteggiare e tradire”. At a different constellation of historical events, these oaths of fealty could probably remain only witnesses of the diversified maritime economic activities between the upper Mediterranean and Central Europe, but subsequent events clearly testify in support of the fact that those oaths of fealty, dedicated to the Venetian Republic by Istrian towns, were the first step towards the later direct subordination of Istrian towns, the basis of the process which ended only in 1420 with the collapse of the secular power of the patriarchs of Aquileia, while at the same time the basis of the process which led towards the Venetian Stato da Mar. In regards to this phenomenon is surprising the fact that at that time the Istrian towns were part of Empire while the Republic of Venice was marked as his enemy. This paper argues that the above events should be understood and interpreted in accordance with then prevailing system of conflict resolution and within the framework of the ritual: homage, fealty, peace (homagium, fidelitas, pax). Già tre dei famosi storici istriani del ‘800 e la prima metà del ‘900, Carlo De Franceschi, Bernardo Benussi e Giovanni De Vergottini, hanno dedicato relativamente molta attenzione al fenomeno dei cosiddetti giuramenti di »fedeltà« (fidelitas), dedicati nel XIIo secolo alla Repubblica di Venezia dalle principali città istriane: Capodistria e Isola (1145), Pola (1145, 1149, 1153), Rovigno, Parenzo, Cittanova, Umago, Pirano (1150), Muggia e Trieste (1202). Ancora oggi, la storiografia e impegnata con le domande se questi giuramenti furono solo un modo per stipulare legami amichevoli tra le comunità uguali, oppure un modo per creare delle alleanze contro nemici comuni, o costituivano addirittura la subordinazione delle città istriane? Oppure se, come dice Kandler, si trattava solo di un atto che “nè importava maggior debito che di non osteggiare e tradire”? In una diversa costellazione di eventi storici, questi giuramenti di fedeltà (fidelitas) probabilmente potevano rimanere solo un testimone delle diversificate attività economiche marittime tra l'alto Mediterraneo e l'Europa centrale, ma gli eventi successivi chiaramente testimoniano a sostegno del fatto che i giuramenti di fedeltà delle citta istriane alla Repubblica di Venezia rappresentavano il primo passo verso la subordinazione diretta delle citta istriane, è la base del processo, che si è concluso solo nel 1420 con il crollo del potere temporale dei patriarchi di Aquileia, ma è anche la base del processo che ha condotto verso i Stato da Mar veneziani. La cosa che sorprende e pure il fatto, che le città istriane all’epoca furono la parte dell’Impero, mentre la Serenissima fu contrassegnata come il suo nemico. La relazione sostiene che questi eventi devono essere compresi e interpretati ai sensi del prelevante sistema di risoluzione dei conflitti dell’epoca e nell’ambito del rito: omaggio, fede, pace (homagium, fidelitas, pax). FAIDA. Feud and blood feud between customary law and legal process in medieval and early modern Europe. This research was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme.
2017
The paper investigates the putative changes in the production of judicial space in the Margraviate of Istria following the introduction of Venetian jurisdiction. Specifically, it deals with the alterations to the script upon which the ritualized theatre of public justice administration was performed. The first part focuses on the production of space and the aspects of continuity and change in the former Margraviate of Istria. Henri Lefebvre’s influential theoretical paradigm on space production is used as a conceptual framework for this part. The second part compares these patterns of change with the situation in Friuli, the central possession of the Patriarchate that became a part of the Venetian Dominium in 1420, since both regions administered justice in a similar manner, through the per a(d)stantes procedure. It is concluded that the Venetian notion of Istria as a distinct region, separate from Friuli, played an important role in the employed modality of change pertaining to justice administration and, consequently, the production of judicial space.
2019, History in Flux
The paper analyzes the incorporation of the Aquileian Margraviate of Istria into the expanding Venetian state in the first half of the fifteenth century. By analyzing this modality of a passage and comparing it to the integration formulae Venice employed in the rest of the Patriarchate of Aquileia, the author uncovers similarities and contrasts between the two models of incorporation. It is argued that Aquileian communities in Istria underwent a remodeling of communal institutions in order to mirror the salient administrative aspects of other Venetian subject centers on the Peninsula. This process, dubbed regional homogenization, did not take place throughout Aquileian Friuli. Finally, the paper deals with instances of negotiations between the newly annexed Istrian communities and the central government in Venice, demonstrating that this interplay resulted in re-negotiated governmental hierarchies that benefitted both the state’s capital and the subject centers.
2017, Buzetski statut / Statuto di Pinguente, a cura di Nell Lonza e Branka Poropat
L'articolo è stato pubblicato come uno degli studi introduttivi alla nuova edizione critica degli statuti di Pinguente (cro./slov. Buzet) del 1435. Si tratta della quarta edizione degli statuti medievali istriani, pubblicata per la serie Kolana od statuti / Collana degli statuti. L'autore ci dà una panoramica della storia di Pinguente, un importante possedimento istriano dei patriarchi di Aquileia e, in seguito, della Repubblica di Venezia, a partire dal primo Medio Evo fino alla fine dell'epoca veneziana (1797). Una speciale enfasi è posta attorno al periodo dall'alto al tardo Medioevo. Particolare attenzione, inoltre, è data all'evoluzione delle funzioni centrali del comune di Pinguente e alla posizione di questa quasi-città all'interno del Margraviato d'Istria e, a partire dal 1421, entro la Repubblica veneziana. I vari cambiamenti che la popolazione di Pinguente sperimentò in seguito all'introduzione della giurisdizione veneziana sono presentati con ampi dettagli e sono messe particolarmente in luce le differenze tra il governo veneziano e quello aquileiese dallo specifico punto di vista di questo particolare organismo comunale. Sebbene il testo sia scritto per un pubblico ampio, il dettagliato apparato scientifico è reso in modo da essere utilizzabile sia dagli storici professionisti così come dagli studenti. The paper is published as one of the introductory studies in the new critical edition of the 1435 statute of Buzet (ital. Pinguente). This is the fourth edition of medieval Istrian statutes published in the series Kolana od statuti / Collana degli statuti. The author gives an overview of the history of Buzet, a strategically important Istrian possession of the Aquileian patriarchs, and afterwards of the Venetian Republic, from the Early Middle Ages till the end of the Venetian era (1797). Special emphasis is placed on the period of High and late Middle Ages. Particular attention is given to the evolution of central functions of the Buzet commune and the position of this town within the Aquileian Margraviate of Istria and, after 1421, the Venetian Republic. Various changes that the population of Buzet experienced following the introduction of Venetian jurisdiction are presented in more detail and the differences between the Aquileian and Venetian government from the viewpoint of this distinctive commune are highlighted. Although the text is written for a wider audience, the detailed scientific apparatus will make it usable for both professional historians and students alike. Published in Italian and Croatian (available as a separate download on my academia.edu page)
The documents concerning the feud between the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Counts of Gorizia (1267–1277) are evidence of how written laws show that the ritual forms and gestures of the customary system of confl ict resolution were not only maintained but were regularly inserted into the ritual formulas of written law. Above all they document how the customary system of confl ict resolution, in its ideal image and through rituals, refl ected social values based on the mediation of the community, reciprocity and the propensity to achieve a lasting peace. This is a general structural aspect of confl ict, while the local or particular aspect is shown concretely through the struggle for resources, in the interweaving of single circumstances, where those who succeed in forming the greatest number of loyalties, diff er-ing and often contrasting alliances, are the ones who prevail. In our case this was clearly better accomplished by the Counts of Gorizia than by the Patriarchs of Aquileia. SINTESI I documenti relativi alla faida tra il patriarca di Aquileia e il conte di Gorizia (1267– 1277), testimoniano che concetti espressi dalle leggi scritte mostrano come le forme e i gesti rituali del sistema consuetudinario di risoluzione dei confl itti non si fossero soltanto mantenuti ma fossero stati prontamente inseriti nelle formule rituali del diritto scritto. E non solo, ma soprattutto il sistema consuetudinario di risoluzione dei confl itti che, nella
Già tre dei famosi storici istriani del ‘800 e la prima metà del ‘900, Carlo De Franceschi, Bernardo Benussi e Giovanni De Vergottini, hanno dedicato relativamente molta attenzione al fenomeno dei cosiddetti giuramenti di »fedeltà« (fidelitas), dedicati nel XIIo secolo alla Repubblica di Venezia dalle principali città istriane: Capodistria e Isola (1145), Pola (1145, 1149, 1153), Rovigno, Parenzo, Cittanova, Umago, Pirano (1150), Muggia e Trieste (1202). Ancora oggi, la storiografia e impegnata con le domande se questi giuramenti furono solo un modo per stipulare legami amichevoli tra le comunità uguali, oppure un modo per creare delle alleanze contro nemici comuni, o costituivano addirittura la subordinazione delle città istriane? Oppure se, come dice Kandler, si trattava solo di un atto che “nè importava maggior debito che di non osteggiare e tradire”? In una diversa costellazione di eventi storici, questi giuramenti di fedeltà (fidelitas) probabilmente potevano rimanere solo un testimone delle diversificate attività economiche marittime tra l'alto Mediterraneo e l'Europa centrale, ma gli eventi successivi chiaramente testimoniano a sostegno del fatto che i giuramenti di fedeltà delle citta istriane alla Repubblica di Venezia rappresentavano il primo passo verso la subordinazione diretta delle citta istriane, è la base del processo, che si è concluso solo nel 1420 con il crollo del potere temporale dei patriarchi di Aquileia, ma è anche la base del processo che ha condotto verso i Stato da Mar veneziani. La cosa che sorprende e pure il fatto, che le città istriane all’epoca furono la parte dell’Impero, mentre la Serenissima fu contrassegnata come il suo nemico. La relazione sostiene che questi eventi devono essere compresi e interpretati ai sensi del prelevante sistema di risoluzione dei conflitti dell’epoca e nell’ambito del rito: omaggio, fede, pace (homagium, fidelitas, pax). Darko Darovec, Ca' Foscari University of Venice The oaths of “fidelitas” of the Istrian cities in 12th Century Already three famous Istrian historians from the 19th and first half of the 20th Century, Carlo De Franceschi, Bernardo Benussi and Giovanni De Vergottini, devoted relatively much attention to the issue of the so-called »oaths of fealty« (fidelitas), dedicated in the 12th Century to the Venetian Republic by the most important Istrian cities: Capodistria and Isola (1145), Pola (1145, 1149, 1153), Rovigno, Parenzo, Cittanova, Umago, Pirano (1150), Muggia and Trieste (1202). Still today, historiography questions whether the purpose of those oaths of fealty (fidelitas) was to conclude friendships between the equal communities or was just a form of alliances against common enemies, or were even the subordination of Istrian towns? Or only an act, as said by Kandler, that “nè importava maggior debito che di non osteggiare e tradire”. At a different constellation of historical events, these oaths of fealty could probably remain only witnesses of the diversified maritime economic activities between the upper Mediterranean and Central Europe, but subsequent events clearly testify in support of the fact that those oaths of fealty, dedicated to the Venetian Republic by Istrian towns, were the first step towards the later direct subordination of Istrian towns, the basis of the process which ended only in 1420 with the collapse of the secular power of the patriarchs of Aquileia, while at the same time the basis of the process which led towards the Venetian Stato da Mar. In regards to this phenomenon is surprising the fact that at that time the Istrian towns were part of Empire while the Republic of Venice was marked as his enemy. This paper argues that the above events should be understood and interpreted in accordance with then prevailing system of conflict resolution and within the framework of the ritual: homage, fealty, peace (homagium, fidelitas, pax).
The documents concerning the feud between the Patriarch of Aquileia and the Counts of Gorizia (1267–1277) are evidence of how written laws show that the ritual forms and gestures of the customary system of confl ict resolution were not only maintained but were regularly inserted into the ritual formulas of written law. Above all they document how the customary system of confl ict resolution, in its ideal image and through rituals, refl ected social values based on the mediation of the community, reciprocity and the propensity to achieve a lasting peace. This is a general structural aspect of confl ict, while the local or articular aspect is shown concretely through the struggle for resources, in the interweaving of single circumstances, where those who succeed in forming the greatest number of loyalties, differing and often contrasting alliances, are the ones who prevail. In our case this was clearly better accomplished by the Counts of Gorizia than by the Patriarchs of Aquileia. Key words: feud, vendetta, homage, truce, peace, Patriarchs of Aquileia, Counts of Gorizia, Momiano, Pietrapelosa, Istria
2018, DAROVEC, Darko: Vendetta in Koper 1686
This book includes presentation of some case studies of blood feud in the Upper Adriatic area in medieval and modern age. Their fundamental purpose is to present the changes in the social system of conflict resolution that have occurred with establishing of modern state authority in the early modern period. The case studies are based on the interdisciplinary comparative approach of historical, legal and anthropological scientific disciplines. Studies published in this book, were conducted within a research project “FAIDA. Feud and blood feud between customary law and legal process in medieval and early modern Europe. The case of Upper-Adriatic area«. This research was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme, Grant Agreement Number 627936 (More information and other material also available at: http://www.unive.it/faida_msca).
Based on the study of several documented testimonials concerning the dispute between the inhabitants of Piran and the Capodistrian bishop in 1201, that also include statements describing the investiture of the notary, this article uses the comparative and (re)interpretative method to study the ritual of notarial investiture as it was exercised from the 12th century onwards in the area of the upper Adriatic and in the neighbouring Italian territories. The study is not only focused on the question of the notarial investiture but also ventures comparatively into other secular social spheres of the European medieval investiture rituals and states, showing that the rituals were conducted in accordance with the unified, three-part inner structure as described by Galbert of Brugge (1127): homage, fides, investiture. Although the investiture ceremonies for special social spheres differed one from another with regard to symbolic gestures, objects and words (phrases) and were transformed in accordance to social needs, the inner structure of the ritual was invariable whether it concerned the investitures of emperors, kings, vassals, knights, notaries or functionaries of the other social institutions that were rapidly beginning to take shape especially from the 13thcentury onwards; furthermore, the structure is also present in the judicial sphere. The origins of the medieval ritual are manifested in the ubiquitous divine transcendence whose door was flung wide open during the Carolingian-Ottonian period (8th-11th centuries) whereas the cultural roots of the ritual extend backwards into archaic communities. The study also indicates the role and the significance of notaries in the administration of governmental organs and especially in the formation of the governmental structures of autonomous cities, characteristically reflected in the investiture ritual. It was the mere investiture ritual, as it was developed from 12th century onwards, based on knights and notarial rituals, that opened the pathway towards the investitures in other social fields, especially in free vocations (artes liberales). The right to be invested was later spread also amongst the “common” subjects.
2014
The interactive Book On the Fringes of Empire is an incarnation of the printed book titled Mali grad. Visokosrednjeveški grad v Kamniku / High Medieval Castle in Kamnik published in 2009. The aim of the interactive book is twofold. The first is to ensure that the book is available to the readers in years to come. Although the printed copies of this book are available in more than 250 specialised libraries across the Europe in this day of age that statistic can be hardly cited as “widely available". The second, perhaps more important reason for this edition is the desire to reach new audience. It is especially aimed at university level students of all things Medieval across the world. Although this is a scientific archaeological book, it is written in accessible language, that does not necessitate any prior archaeological knowledge. In order to improve the quality this edition has had 28 black & white figures replaced with colour versions. To the same end 13 completely new figures and 1 interactive image have been added.
Abstract. Croatia between the East and the West – evidence from early medieval graves. Present day Croatia is situated in the contact zone of several large European natural-geographic units: the Pannonian-Peripannonian, the Dinara highlands and the Mediterranean unit. These diverse natural and geographical characteristics of its individual regions are also reflected in the diversity of its cultural-historical heritage across the ages and, in particular, during the Middle Ages. Therefore, to present any of the archaeological periods is not possible without the division into three regions: southern Croatia, Dalmatia, where the first Croatian state was established during the Middle Ages, northern Croatia, linked directly to events taking place in the Carpathian Basin, and Istria, as a geographically unique space which is separated from the Kvarner Gulf by the relief barrier consisting of Mountains Ćićarija and Učka. The afore-mentioned geographical division is a result of the interweaving of different cultural, political and ecclesiastic influences from the West and the East, which are reflected in the heritage of medieval grave-fields (8th to 13th century) in the entire territory of Croatia. The review is based on the attempt to give details on the grave-fields in general, but also in terms of individual grave finds, in the context of historical and political developments in the aforementioned territory.
2015, Journal of Medieval History
Boniface of Canossa is a figure of great importance to the political and military history of eleventh century Italy. Modern historiography has almost universally argued that Boniface gained his power through a close relationship and alliance with a series of German emperors. Most accounts see Boniface’s fall and eventual murder in 1052 as a direct consequence of the breakdown of this relationship. However, this analysis is flawed. It rests predominantly on the evidence of a single source: the Vita Mathildis by Donizone of Canossa. This document was produced more than half a century after the death of Boniface by an author who held complex political goals, but these have not been fully considered in the discussion of Boniface. Through the examination of the charter sources, this article argues that Donizone misrepresented Boniface’s actions and that there is considerable evidence that Boniface was not a consistent ally of the German emperors.
2017, Illyrica Antiqua 2, In honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević, Zagreb
In his text on some characteristics of the Histrian onomastics (Histria Historica, 4/2, Pula 198: 67-74; reprinted in: Iliri i antički svijet, Split 1989, 729-735) Professor Duje Rendić Miočević had (again) reopened the question of the ethnic and cultural identity of the ancient Histri. Although the onomastic evidence was the backbone of his text, there are also other remains of the Histrian tradition in the Early Empire. Very important among them are theonyms of indigenous deities, but also the unclear problem of the relationship between the Histri and the Romans in the colonial agri of Pola and Parentium.
A draft translation of three interconnected documents - two charters and a letter - regarding a donation made by Matilda of Tuscany and Canossa (r.1076-1115). The first charter, issued in May 1095, records Matilda's granting of the estate of 'Standalmont' to found a new house of regular canons in Briey, and her placing of this foundation under the protection of the Holy See. Probably also in May 1095 Matilda wrote a letter to Albert of Briey, asking him to ensure that the donated property was conveyed to the canons. In the second charter, issued in May 1106, Matilda confirmed her earlier grant to the house of canons at Saint-Pierremont.
2015, exhibition catalogue "The Legacy of Charlemagne 814-2014", Ename
The text presents the foundation and development of the Early Medieval Croatian state – first as the ducatum in the 9th century and then as a kingdom from the 10th century onwards. The authors also present selected objects of the rich cultural patrimony as well as the archeological site of Crkvina – Biskupija.
2019, Political Functions of Urban Spaces and Town Typpes through the Ages, eds. Roman Czaja, Zdzisław Noga, Ferdinand Opll, Martin Scheutz, TNT, Bohlau Verlag
This paper traces the emergence, appearance, and function of governmental palaces in Eastern Adriatic cities during the medieval period. The primary focus is on the chosen cities in present-day Croatia (from Pula in Istria to Dubrovnik in southern Dalmatia, including the cities of Rab, Zadar, Šibenik, Trogir, and Split), but also some other examples (from today’s Croatia and Slovenia). The paper follows the specific political constellations in which palaces were built – particularly the relationship between the communal and central authorities, which differed from one period and region to another. In the period that this paper focuses upon (13th – 15th c.), the Eastern Adriatic was an area of interest for various political entities: Venice, the Patriarch of Aquileia, the Hungarian kings who had inherited the Croatian throne, and the Croatian magnates. Palaces were seats of (more or less) autonomous communal governments or of those who represented the central authorities. They were also seats of the local city councils – with the representatives of urban nobility.
Castrum Bene 12. Book of Abstracts and Fieldtrip Guides. Editor: Predovnik, Katarina. University of Ljubljana, pp. 14-15.
"In Estonia, the construction of stone castles started after the conquest of the territory during the early 13th century. In Viljandi, written sources allow the assumption that a fortification was constructed in stone from 1224 on, yet the shape of the first castle is unknown. The earliest archaeological contexts determined so far originate from the last third of the century. The current presentation concentrates on two contexts of the latter date: one from the town area, and another from the castle. Both of these should have formed before the construction of the castle of a convent house type was begun. The finds and data unearthed are treated as the main source material, with special attention on the information obtained from animal 10 Castrum Bene 12 bones. The analysis of archaeological bone material informs us of the utilization, consumption, and treatment of different animals. The latter reflects cultural features and distinctions in the medieval society. In the case of Viljandi, we concentrate on the variances between the castle and town contexts, and the possible social connotations of the findings. Can we also speak of remarkable dissimilarities within the finds from the castle area? Does the situation alter once the Convent House is built (presumably early 14th century)? Regarding the significance of archaeological finds for the study of social relations, it should be stressed that life in the castle included several actors, from members of the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order down to servants and possibly travelling craftsmen. Thus, there is no straightforward way from the finds to the social relations of the inhabitants. The amount of written data that could be used in the case of Viljandi is rather scarce. Still, archaeological and zooarchaeological finds need to be included in the discussion and a comparative analysis will hopefully reflect topics of interest and problems for further study."
A nice beginner's book!
2016
Haverkamp, Eva. “Jewish Images on Christian Coins: Economy and Symbolism in Medieval Germany.” Jews and Christians in Medieval Europe: A Historiographical Legacy of Bernhard Blumenkranz. Ed. Philippe Buc, Martha Keil, and John Tolan, Turnhout: Brepols, 2016. 189–226
A beginner's guide to Medieval Austrian coins
2000, The Bible in Slavic Tradition
One of the key moments of Sigismund of Luxemburg’s ascension to the Hungarian throne was the Moravian margraves’ military intervention in Hungary in 1385. Thanks to it, Sigismund became ruler of the country, but in return he had to cede the territory between the Váh and Danube rivers. This paper deals with this decisive event of Sigismund’s rise to power, and more precisely, with the way the territory came under foreign rule, how it was administered by the margraves during this period, and how Sigismund recovered it.
2014
THIS IS A BOOK PREVIEW. IT DOESN'T INCLUDE NOTES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND INDICES. The Slavic Letters of St. Jerome is the first book-length study of the medieval legend that Church Father and biblical translator St. Jerome was a Slav who invented the Slavic (Glagolitic) alphabet and Roman Slavonic rite. The Slavic language, written in Jerome’s alphabet and endorsed by his authority, gained the unique privilege in the Western Church of being the only language other than Latin, Greek, and Hebrew acceptable for use in the liturgy. Such privilege, confirmed repeatedly by the popes, resulted in the creation of narratives about the distinguished historical mission of the Slavs and became a possible means for bridging the divide between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches in the Slavic-speaking lands. In the 14th century the legend spread from Dalmatia to Bohemia and Poland, where Glagolitic monasteries were established to honor the Apostle of the Slavs Jerome and the rite and letters he created. The myth of Jerome’s apostolate among the Slavs gained many supporters among the learned and spread far and wide, reaching Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and England. The sources and trajectory of the legend of Jerome’s Slavic fellowship are examined within a wider context of European historical and theological thought.
The early medieval legend Translatio beati Grisogoni narrates how martyr Chrysogonus from Aquileia revealed himself to the citizens of Zadar as being put to rest in the old cemetery situated in the close vicinity of the city. Although it is historically hard to imagine that the relics, which were possibly translated to Zadar in the 7th century, would have been deposed outside the city walls at the time, the legend enriched the local hagiography with the narrative which played an important role in the subsequent centuries (to be almost forgotten in the Early Modern period). Translatio beati Grisogoni not only contains valuable “historical” material datable to early medieval centuries, but it is a relevant source for the research in the ‘memory making’ conducted by the Benedictine community of St Chrysogonus. Preserved through its liturgical usage in the powerful Iadertine abbey, Translatio beati Grisogoni had an important place in the life of both the monastery and the city during the Middle Ages. The paper addresses the problem of the location of the inventio of St Chrysogonus and its importance for the ‘making’ of the local memory of St Chrysogonus in medieval Zadar. Textual hints about its possible location (place Iadera Vetula understood to be in the vicinity of Zadar at the spot of the antique graveyard), are thus compared with the descriptions of the particular land-plots donated to the monastery during the 11th century. Building on author's previous research of the topic, the paper focuses on the relation between the local hagiography of St Chrysogonus and the set of documents attesting possible continuous interest of the Benedictine community in acquiring particular land-plots around the important sacred lieu de mémoire.
2010, Breve storia dell'Istria
Darko Darovec HISTOIRE BRÈVE DE L’ISTRIE Forum, Udine 2010 RÉSUMÉ L’auteur nous brosse un tableau des plus importants changements politiques, administratifs et ethniques enregistrés dans la péninsule istrienne. Il constate, par exemple, que les premiers habitants desquels existent notices certaines ont été les Histres, qui à la péninsule ont donné son nom. En 178 av. J.-C. ils ont été battus et soumis par les Romains. En 476 aux Romains ont succédé les Goths, ensuite les Byzantins (en 539) et les Francs (en 788). Sous la domination des empereurs du Saint Empire Romain Allemand, la région a été incluse dans plusieurs groupements politiques et administratifs, principautés et comtés, jusqu’à devenir vers 1060 à son tour un margraviat autonome. Ses seigneurs étaient les Patriarches de Aquilée, qui ont assumée aussi tout le pouvoir spirituel et ont été destitués seulement en 1420 par l’expansion de l’influence vénitienne sur une grande partie de la péninsule. Sa partie centrale, la soi-disant Comté de Pazin, est resté sous la domination des Hasbourg de 1374 à la chute de Venise en 1797. La période napoléonienne a apporté des changements profonds dans le domaine social et administratif. La conséquence directe des conquêtes napoléoniennes a été la domination autrichienne sur l’Istrie, durée plus d’un siècle (de 1797 à 1806 et de 1813 à 1918). Après la première guerre mondiale, l’Istrie est passée sous la domination de l’Italie, qui toutefois après la seconde guerre mondiale a gardé seulement une partie très petite de la région (les villes de Muggia et San Dorligo), alors que la Slovénie a eu les arrondissements de Koper, Izola, Piran et Podgrad, et la partie restante, plus grande, l’a obtenu la Croatie. À travers les siècles a changé aussi l’organisation géografique-administrative de l’Istrie. Au temps des Romains et au Moyen Age l’Istrie comprend le territoire au sud des fleuves Timav et Vipava, de Mont Trstenik – près de Postojna – et Mont Snežnik, jusqu’à le fleuve Rasa et le golfe du Kvarner. Au VI et VII siècle, avec le terme Istrie il était usage d’indiquer tous les territoires byzantins dans le haut-Adriatique (Istrie, Aquilée et Venise). Plus tard, avec la désagrégation intervenue à l’époque de la féodalité en plein développement (de XI au XIII siècle) et au bas Moyen Age (du XIV au XV siècle), l’Istrie a vu réduire son territoire jusqu’à rester restreinte dans les limites du margraviat existant déja du temps des seigneurs allemands et plus tard sous la domination autrichienne jusqu’à XIX siècle. En ce temps-là ses limites septentrionaux concordaient avec ceux des communes de Muggia, San Dorligo et Podgrad, là où la frontière tourne vers Rijeka. Trieste est resté hors du territoire administratif de l’Istrie jusqu’à X siècle. Depuis la moitié du XI siècle est entré à faire partie de l’Istrie aussi le territoire à l’est du fleuve Rasa jusqu’à Trsat. Après la seconde guerre mondiale, habituellement on admet que l’Istrie commence par la commune de Koper. Les siècles de l’histoire istrienne sont caractérisés de nombreux changements etniques, dictés par les événements politiques et économiques. Presque sept siècles de domination romaine ont apporté à une costante colonisation, c’est-à-dire à un transfert de population des régions italiques a’autres régions conquises par les Romains. Ainsi la population autochtone a été complètement romanisée. Un autre changement ethnigue, décisif pour l’Istrie, a été l’arrivée des Slaves dans les Balkans au VI siècle. Dans les siècles suivants les Slaves ont déchaussé la population romane qui de toute façon a continué à augmenter par l’arrivée de nouveaux immigrés des régions italiques. Le moment décisif pour le dessus des Slaves est sorti des pressions provenantes de l’est et en partie aussi des conditions difficiles de vie en Istrie (maladies endemiques, épidémies et guerres) qui ont permis de survivre seulement à la partie plus résistante de la population. Les pressions provenantes de l’est (la défense et la fuite devant les turcs) a exercé une influence sur la définition des limites nationaux entre les principaux populations slaves de l’Istrie, les Slovènes et les Croates. Déjà à partir du dernièr siècle, les experts de différentes matières humanistes fixaient la ligne de démarcation entre les deux groupes ethniques sur le fleuve Dragonja. Les Italiens au contraire étaient en majorité dans les centres commerciaux de la côte et formaient ainsi une étroite bande mononationale le long de la côte istrienne. Dans le domaine économique l’artisanat et le commerce des villes l’emportaient sur l’agriculture de l’hinterland. D’ici dérivent aussi les différences patrimoniales et culturelles entre les Italiens et les populations slaves istriennes, qui par l’évolution de la situation au siècle passé et dans notre siècle ont fait exploder les nationalismes et les haines entre les ethnies, lesquelles ont abouti en exodes de la population.
2009
Die Zweite Abteilung des „Tiroler Urkundenbuchs“ setzt ein Projekt der historischen Grundlagenforschung fort, dessen Anfänge noch in die Zeit vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg zurückreichen. Nach jahrzehntelanger Unterbrechung wird die Erschließung der regionalen urkundlichen Dokumentation nunmehr unter neuen wissenschaftlichen Auspizien fortgeführt. Die vorliegende Materialsammlung umfasst den früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Urkundenstoff, der sich territorial auf die ehemaligen Brixner und Salzburger Diözesananteile des historischen Tiroler Raumes, also im Wesentlichen das Inn-, Eisack- und Pustertal mit ihren Seitentälern und Einzugsgebieten, bezieht. Im raumgeografischen Anschluss an die Erste Abteilung des Werks (das die ehemaligen Trienter und Churer Diözesananteile behandelte, d. h. Vinschgau, Meraner und Bozner Raum mit Unterland und Überetsch) erschließt das vorliegende Korpus eine Raumkonstellation, die in ihrer heutigen österreichischen bzw. italienischen Staatszugehörigkeit (Bundesland Tirol bzw. nordwestliche Anteile Südtirols) einen markant grenzüberschreitenden und damit übernationalen Charakter aufweist. Näherhin umfasst dieser erste Band der Zweiten Abteilung 380 nach den einschlägigen Regeln der Diplomatik bearbeitete Einzelnummern und spannt den Bogen von den schütteren Anfängen urkundenförmiger schriftlicher Überlieferung in der Spätantike bis zum Jahr 1140, dem Ende der Amtszeit Bischof Reginberts von Brixen.
2018, Migration, Integration and Connectivity on the Southeastern Frontier of the Carolingian Empire
The author discusses the transfer of the cults of saints in early medieval Dalmatia, as a part of active Carolingian Adriatic politics, and the trans-Adriatic networks of contact. This chapter argues that the entire set of local saints in Zadar, especially two of its patron saints SS Chrysogonus and Anastasia, has its origin in the area of Friuli, where the veneration of all those saints in the Early Christian period is attested. Their implementation into Zadar's ambiance, in authors opinion, took place only in the 9th century, and not earlier as the tradition and earlier scholarship would like us to believe.
2015
Modern science started studying the Smlednik Castle over a century and a half ago. However, what might be even more important is the fact that more or less intense conservation works have been carried out at this location for over half a century. Regardless of this there is almost no expert literature on the castle to be found: short papers can be counted on the fingers of one hand, while monograph publications are sought in vain. The situation regarding contributions that promotes cultural heritage is somewhat better. The purpose of the book in front of you is thus clear: to present the history of the research and conservation efforts as well as the findings gained from the latest research in one book. This is the English translation of the original publication in Slovenian Grad Smlednik. Raziskave 2011-2012 published in 2013. The translation differs from the original in two ways. First, it omits the appendices. Secondly, a chapter on 3D scanning of the Smlednik Castle in 2007 including interactive 3D model is added.
2017, Storicamente
This article investigates the relationship between Boniface of Canossa and the Emperor Conrad II and counters the standard narrative which presents the two figures as close allies throughout Conrad’s reign. This article argues that this version of events is based too heavily on the account of Donizone of Canossa and on a handful of ambiguous references by other authors, all of whom held ulterior motives for portraying Boniface as a loyal and exceptional imperial subject. By looking instead at the charter evidence for the interactions between Boniface and Conrad the article will demonstrate that the interests of these two individuals only coincided in the final years of Conrad’s lifetime and that it was only in these years that Boniface moved into a place of influence within the imperial court. https://storicamente.org/houghton-boniface-canossa-vita-mathildis-conrad-ii
A beginner's guide to the more common Medieval coins of Trier
The Position of Women on the East Adriatic Coast in the Middle and Early Modern Ages
![DAROVEC, Darko. A Brief History of Istra, (Archivio del Litorale Adriatico, I). Yanchep: ALA Publications: [University of Western Australia, Department of Classics and Ancient History], 1998.](https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37839488/mini_magick20190227-30965-1rpjc5q.png?1551329989)
![Mate Zekan, Kralj Zvonimir - dokumetni i spomenici [King Zvonimir - Documents and Monuments], Katalog izložbe / Exhibition Catalogue [Ed. Željko Demo], Zagreb 1990, 47 pages.](https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/44551482/mini_magick20220705-16428-18d6794.png?1657032517)