"The Stimulus of Prohibition: A Critical History of the Global Narcotics Trade" in 'Dangerous Harvest: Drug Plants and the Transformation of Indigenous Landscapes' edited by M. Steinberg, j. Hobbs, and K. Mathewson (2004), pp. 24-111.

Encyclopedia of Drug Policy, 2011

The eradication of narcotic crops is central to global efforts to reduce the misuse of the major plant-based drugs. The aim of eradication is to reduce the illicit cultivation of narcotic crops, and the supply and use of drugs extracted from them. Eradication efforts encompass both the destruction of crops and the prevention of their initial cultivation. This often entails coupling eradication efforts with development activities as most narcotic crop cultivation occurs in under-developed parts of the world. To date, eradication efforts have met with limited success. Where eradication has occurred, those involved in narcotic crop cultivation have adopted a range of ‘adaptive responses’ in response. Negative consequences of eradication include increased levels of cultivation in both targeted and other areas, local resistance and social unrest, and environmental damage. Certain countries and regions have seen significant reductions in narcotic crop cultivation, but global levels of drug production have not been significantly reduced over any sustained period of time.

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, 2000

2014

The cannabis plant has been used for spiritual, medicinal and recreational purposes since the early days of civilization. In this report the Transnational Institute and the Global Drug Policy Observatory describe in detail the history of international control and how cannabis was included in the current UN drug control system. Cannabis was condemned by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs as a psychoactive drug with “particularly dangerous properties” and hardly any therapeutic value. Ever since, an increasing number of countries have shown discomfort with the treaty regime’s strictures through soft defections, stretching its legal flexibility to sometimes questionable limits. Today’s political reality of regulated cannabis markets in Uruguay, Washington and Colorado operating at odds with the UN conventions puts the discussion about options for reform of the global drug control regime on the table. Now that the cracks in the Vienna consensus have reached the point of treaty breach, this discussion is no longer a reformist fantasy. Easy options, however, do not exist; they all entail procedural complications and political obstacles. A coordinated initiative by a group of like-minded countries agreeing to assess possible routes and deciding on a road map for the future seems the most likely scenario for moving forward. There are good reasons to question the treaty-imposed prohibition model for cannabis control. Not only is the original inclusion of cannabis within the current framework the result of dubious procedures, but the understanding of the drug itself, the dynamics of illicit markets, and the unintended consequences of repressive drug control strategies has increased enormously. The prohibitive model has failed to have any sustained impact in reducing the market, while imposing heavy burdens upon criminal justice systems; producing profoundly negative social and public health impacts; and creating criminal markets supporting organised crime, violence and corruption. After long accommodating various forms of deviance from its prohibitive ethos, like turning a blind eye to illicit cannabis markets, decriminalisation of possession for personal use, coffeeshops, cannabis social clubs and generous medical marijuana schemes, the regime has now reached a moment of truth. The current policy trend towards legal regulation of the cannabis market as a more promising model for protecting people’s health and safety has changed the drug policy landscape and the terms of the debate. The question facing the international community today is no longer whether or not there is a need to reassess and modernize the UN drug control system, but rather when and how to do it.

Health and Human Rights, 2017

This paper identifies the principal concerns of indigenous peoples with regard to current international treaties on certain psychoactive substances and policies to control and eradicate their production, trafficking, and sale. Indigenous peoples have a specific interest in the issue since their traditional lands have become integrated over time into the large-scale production of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis crops, in response to high demand from the American and European markets, among others. As a consequence, indigenous peoples are persecuted because of their traditional use of these and other plant-based narcotics and hallucinogens. They are also victims of the drug producers who remove them from their lands or forcibly recruit them into the production process. As indigenous peoples are caught in the violent world of illicit drug production, law enforcement often targets them first, resulting in disproportionate rates of criminalization and incarceration.

Fordham Urb. LJ, 2000

The article begins by exploring America's current war on drugs and how it represents a misuse of its power and misperception of the global narcotics trade. It continues and puts forth that Asia's opium production may soon increase to levels that will defeat the war on drugs now being waged by the United State and United Nations and goes into the the extent of Opium production in Asia. It then looks at a history of Opium trade, including the era which began prohibition and then the cold war, which began the expansion of the Asian opium trade. The article then discusses bilateral suppression. In 1972, President Nixon began the war on drugs, which actually stimulated the global market. Opium trade and production increased through the 1980's and 1990's. The article concludes by stating that production of drugs responds in unforeseen ways to reform, and before starting such reform, anti-narcotics agencies need to consider the full range of outcomes.

2021

Le diagnostic archéologique réalisé sur la commune d’Igoville sur une surface de 11 000 m2 a livré une petite concentration de silex taillés. Découverte a une profondeur de 1,50 m dans un contexte stratigraphique alluvial, la présence de tessons de céramique centimétriques dirige l’attribution vers le Néolithique

2021

Background: Nitrous oxide (N2O) has a long reputation for decades as the safest general anesthetic and has a well-known function as the laughing gas. The study aimed to know the effect of nitrous oxide with chronic exposure in operation theatre (OT) personnel of the Department of Anesthesia in Sanath Nagar, Hyderabad, India. Materials and Methods: A transversal study was conducted including 88 health workers (44 exposed and 44 non-exposed). Personal exposure to nitrous oxide for the group members was assessed indirectly by measuring the years of work experience in OT. Vitamin B12 levels are measured in both groups. Data were statistically tested for normality and also qualitative, quantitative assessment was performed. Results: From the results obtained, there is no significant difference in vitamin B12 levels between exposed and non-exposed groups. There is a multiple-fold increase in other health conditions like dizziness, nausea/vomiting, euphoria, and tachycardia. Conclusion: N2...

International Journal of Science and Applied Information Technology , 2025

Human Resources (HR) plays a vital role in overseeing recruitment, training, and employee benefits, ensuring organizations adapt to changing business requirements while maintaining workforce productivity. Among its responsibilities, HR manages employee records, including the monitoring of leave availability, which requires skilled personnel. This study developed a web-based system to manage employees' leave benefits, categorized into two types: Statutory Leave and Institutional Leave. Statutory Leave refers to leave types mandated by law, such as maternity or paternity leave, while Institutional Leave is determined by the organization, such as academic or professional development leave. The system incorporated a multi-level approval process tailored to an academic setting. For leave applications, teachers required approval from their Dean before HR finalizes the request, while sick leave passes through the clinic for notation before HR approval. Non-teaching staff followed a similar process with their immediate department Unit Heads. Deans and Unit Heads followed the same process, with their respective Vice Presidents approving regular leave and the clinic noting sick leave before HR's finalization. Additionally, the system leveraged data visualization tools to monitor leave availability and trends, providing valuable insights for unit heads. These features enhanced transparency, operational efficiency, and employee satisfaction. Testing outcomes validated the system's reliability, usability, and scalability, achieving an average of 94.26% for non-functional requirements and 100% for functional requirements, surpassing acceptable performance standards. Future recommendations included the development of a mobile application to improve portability and implementation.

Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics, 2017

Estudos Ibero-americanos, 2000