Institute of Archaeology, Prague, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lab´s activities, E.Ottenwelter

The present paper is studying the nature and stromatography of corrosion products formed on metal artefacts found on archaeological excavations in the prefecture of Ioannina. Copper and iron alloy artefacts were examined by different analytical techniques (Optical Microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD). The alloys were identified as 10% bronze and wrought iron, respectively. Soil samples from the excavation areas were analyzed in order to correlate the soil elements with the corrosion products formed on both alloys. Two types of soil were identified: a sandy-clay soil and a calcareous one with variable pH and up to 90ppm chloride ions. A similar corrosion pattern is observed in both types of alloys. Despite their heavy corrosion in most cases, the metal core is preserved, followed by layers of oxides and hydroxides. Towards the artifact's surface, the corrosion products are gradually enriched with chemical elements from the burial soil.

In this study, copper slabs -ingots, from both Gdańsk and Kraków were examined. Besides metallographic examinations, attention was focused on analyses of corrosion products. The following techniques were applied: scanning electron microscopy with fluorescent X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. The conducted investigations enabled determination of the causes of corrosion in the old copper slabs, due mainly to the mediaeval alloying techniques and copper processing technologies.

A spearhead of archaeological and cultural significance has been found and analysed in Serbia. In the corrosion products of the artefact, the dominant phases were goethite (α-FeO(OH)) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) whose presence explains a good preservation of the base metal, iron, over the centuries and the artefact stability after excavation. Besides goethite and magnetite, the corrosion products were identified to contain, to a lesser extent, less stable lepidocrocite (γ-FeO(OH)) and the phases that come from the rocks and soil from the surrounding environment (plagioclase). The phases containing chloride ions were not detected in the corrosion products (akaganéite, β-Fe 8 O 8 (OH) 8 Cl 1.35), which indirectly indicates that the content of chloride ions was not significant in the underground exploitation conditions. The lack of chloride ions also contributed to the corrosion stability of the artefact during the period after excavation.

… Acta Part B: Atomic …, 2011

The investigations on structure and micro-chemical composition of archaeological metal alloys are needed in archaeometry. The aim of this study is devoted both to acquire information about their provenance and production technology, and to improve our understanding about the corrosion processes. In this paper we present the study of the corrosion phenomena of bronze samples, laboratory-made according to binary, ternary and quaternary alloys typical of Roman archaeometallurgical production through an integrated methodology based on the use of non or micro invasive physical techniques. Among the analysed samples, two were artificially aged through burial in the archaeological site of Tharros, along the west coast of Sardinia (Italy). The corrosion products, typical of the bronzes in archaeological sites near the sea, have been characterized by non invasive and micro-destructive measurements. In particular, the corrosion patinas were examined through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis, X-ray fluorescence and laser ablation spectroscopy. The use of integrated technologies allowed us to determine both the elemental composition and surface morphology of the patina, highlighting the correlation between patina nature and chemical composition of the burial context. Moreover, data obtained by the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy along the depth profile on the samples, have yielded information about the stratigraphic layers of corrosion products and their growth. Finally, the depth profiles allowed us to verify both the chemical elements constituting the patina, the metal ions constituting the alloy and the occurrence of migration phenomena from bulk to the surface.

Applied Physics a Materials Science Processing, 2010

In the framework of the EC PROMET project, the chemical composition and metallurgical features of a large number of archaeological artifacts were investigated by different analytical surface and bulk techniques, such as Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The study of the corrosion products grown on the archaeological Ag-based artifacts revealed a quite ubiquitous and nearly constant presence of chlorine from the soil as the main corroding agent, mainly producing chlorargyrite (AgCl). Results of this extensive chemical, physical and metallurgical characterization were used to produce modern reference Ag-based alloys with a chemical composition and micro-chemical structure similar to that of ancient alloys. Furthermore, these reference Ag-based alloys were submitted to an accelerated degradation method in order to produce corroded samples to be used as sacrificial materials for testing corrosion inhibiting products. The production of artificial "patinas" and corrosion layers was made by a chemical and soil-induced degradation procedure. The comparison of the micro-chemical structures of natural and artificial corrosion layers shows that the selected degradation method produces "patinas" resembling those grown M.P. Casaletto () Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio

Applied Physics A, 2010

Selected groups of copper-based artifacts found during archaeological excavations of the necropolis of Colle Badetta-Tortoreto (Teramo, Italy) were investigated in order to determine the chemical composition and metallurgical features of the alloys and the micro-chemical and microstructural nature of the corrosion products grown during the long-term burial. The investigated Cu-based artifacts were ornamental objects, such as rivets, buckles and small rings that were applied to large belts to form complex patterns with the addition of small and large shaped pieces of amber. The analytical characterization was performed by using different surface and bulk techniques, such as Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Results evidenced that the bronze artifacts were produced by casting an unusual high-tin bronze alloy in a ceramic bivalve mould or by using a low tin bronze alloy coated with a thin layer of tin for producing a silver-like appearance. The main alloying elements were corroded to form M.P. Casaletto () Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio

Media Psychology, 2010

This article reviews research on the effects of television and magazines on body image and on disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in females. Evidence from different types of studies in the fields of eating disorders, media psychology, health psychology, and mass communication indicates that mass media are an extremely important source of information and reinforcement in relation to the nature of the thin beauty ideal, its importance, and how to attain it. Although considerable research remains to be done, evidence is accumulating that repeated exposure to media and to both direct and indirect (via media's effects on peers, parents, coaches, physicians, etc.) pressures from media to be thin constitute risk factors for body dissatisfaction, concerns over weight and disordered eating behaviors in adolescent girls and young women. To guide further research, as well as the prevention and treatment of disordered eating, we present a figural summary of media effects that integrates moderating and mediating factors such as internalization of the thin beauty ideal, social comparison, and activation of the thinness schema. We argue that risk factor research, prevention, and treatment will benefit from systematic research designed to clarify how the impact of various mass media is shaped by source and receiver/perceiver factors.

Monte Buciero, 2008

La llegada del ejército de Napoleón no dejó indiferente a nadie. Ante los hechos consumados, una parte de los españoles decidió colaborar con el invasor, convirtiéndose así para sus detractores en traidores, infidentes o afrancesados. Se trató de un colectivo heterogéneo, con fundamentos y motivaciones de diferentes orígenes, por lo que nunca guardaron una misma unidad de acción. Entre todos ellos se encontraron numerosos cántabros decididos, en el complejo marco de la guerra, a actuar en beneficio de su nación: trabajando para la consolidación de un buen gobierno para el país, así como intentando atenuar las presiones y crueles medidas que las tropas francesas impusieron a la población en los largos años de conflicto.

Seminar Nasional Energi Kelistrikan Teknik dan Informatika (SNEKTI) 2020, 2020

Medical Record is one of confidential file that has a definite legal basis included in its management. Nowdays electronic medical record was developed rapidly, but the implementation of the legal basis for medical records in the information system has not been carried out properly. Furthermore the conceptualization of the legal basis of medical records into the ontology model produces a model that is not easily translated into a medical record management information system design. In this research. This study uses the Architecture Analysis method of Tradeoff Method to create a relational database model and then converted into an ontology with the RTAXON method. The results of this research are medical record ontology models that meet the legal requirements and have ease of implementation in the information system. Based on the OntoQA method on the results of the ontology modeling has value of Relationship Richness (RR) = 0.78, this ontology is information rich or diverse and has more non-inheritance relations. Value of Attribute Richness (AR) = 6.6 , this ontology has a lot of information with an average of each class having 6 attributes. The value of Inheritance Richness (IR) = 4.5, this ontology has general knowledge, when compared with the previous ontology there is between PSM and SWETO. ABSTRAK Rekam Medis merupakan bagian dari berkas khusus yang memiliki landasan hukum pasti dalam pengelolaanya oleh instansi yang diizinkan. Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi informasi membuat pengembangan sistem informasi pengelolaan rekam medis banyak dilakukan oleh berbagai pihak, akan tetapi implementasi landasan hukum rekam medis ke dalam sistem informasi tersebut belum dilakukan secara baik. Di lain sisi konseptualisasi landasan hukum rekam medis ke dalam model ontologi menghasilkan model yang tidak mudah diterjemahkan ke dalam sebuah rancangan sistem informasi pengelolaan rekam medis. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses konseptualisasi dan visualisasi rekam medis dengan menggabungkan metode pengembangan ontologi dengan pendekatan model database relasional untuk menghasilkan sebuah model ontologi yang memenuhi seluruh aspek landasan hukum rekam medis dan juga mudah digunakan untuk pengembangan sistem informasi pengelolaan rekam medis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method untuk menghasilkan rancangan Database Relational yang kemudian dikonversikan menjadi ontologi dengan metode RTAXON. Hasil dari peneltian ini adalah sebuah model ontologi rekam medis yang memenuhi kepatuhan terhadap aturan perundangan dan memiliki kemudahan untuk diimplementasikan ke dalam sistem informasi. Berdasarkan pengujian dengan metode OntoQA pada hasil pemodelan ontologi yang dibuat, diperoleh nilai Relationship Richness (RR) = 0,78, yang artinya ontologi ini bersifat kaya informasi atau berragam dan lebih banyak relasi non-inheritance.Dannilai Attribute Richness (AR) = 6,6, yang artinya ontologi ini memiliki informasi yang banyak dengan rata-rata setiap class memiliki 6 attribute. Adapun nilai Inhertitance Richness (IR) = 4,5, yang artinya ontologi ini memiliki pengetahuan yang umum, jika dibandingkan dengan ontologi terdahulu ada diantara PSM dan SWETO.