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2018 •
The photovoltaic panel efficiency is strongly influenced by their angle, shading, dust, temperature, solar radiation. Dust dispersion and amount on the surface conduct to impermissible energy losses. The experiments investigate the atmospheric particulate matter influence on the photovoltaic panel and showed that the percentage of the produced energy diminished as a function of dust deposition rate. They demonstrated that the panel starts to lose more than 30% of its efficiency when covered with more than 14g/m2 and showed significant power loses when its surface is covered with more than 84,3g/m2 of dust and the output power drops considerably, under 64,69%.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of ENERGY and ENVIRONMENT
Impact of Some Environmental Variables with Dust on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Performance: Review and Research Status2013 •
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews
Impact of dust on solar photovoltaic (PV) performance: Research status, challenges and recommendations2010 •
The peaking of most oil reserves and impending climate change are critically driving the adoption of solar photovoltaic's (PV) as a sustainable renewable and eco-friendly alternative. Ongoing material research has yet to find a breakthrough in significantly raising the conversion efficiency of commercial PV modules. The installation of PV systems for optimum yield is primarily dictated by its geographic location (latitude and available solar insolation) and installation design (tilt, orientation and altitude) to maximize solar exposure. However, once these parameters have been addressed appropriately, there are other depending factors that arise in determining the system performance (efficiency and output). Dust is the lesser acknowledged factor that significantly influences the performance of the PV installations.This paper provides an appraisal on the current status of research in studying the impact of dust on PV system performance and identifies challenges to further pertinent research. A framework to understand the various factors that govern the settling/assimilation of dust and likely mitigation measures have been discussed in this paper.
As conventional energy sources decrease and worldwide power demand grows, the appeal of photovoltaic (PV) systems as sustainable and ecofriendly energy sources has grown. PV system installation is influenced by geographical location, orientation, and inclination angle. Despite its success, weather conditions such as dust substantially influences PV module performance. This study provides a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the impact of dust characteristics on PV systems from three distinct perspectives. Firstly, the study looks at the dust properties in different categories: optical, thermal, physical, and chemical, highlighting their significant impact on the performance of PV systems. Secondly, the research reviews various approaches and equipment used to evaluate dust’s impact on PV, emphasizing the need for reliable instruments to measure its effects accurately. Finally, the study looks at modeling and predicting the influence of dust on PV systems, considering...
The accumulation of dust particles deteriorates the performance of solar cells and results in appreciable losses in the generated power due to the sun irradiance scattering effects on the surface of the solar panel. This study investigates the impact of dust accumulation on photovoltaic solar modules in Baghdad city in Iraq. For this purpose an experiment has been conducted to quantify losses caused by the accumulation of dust on the surface of three identical photovoltaic solar modules. The modules have been installed with direct exposure to weather conditions, in a well controlled experimental setup. Subsequently, measurements of dust accumulation on modules have been taken on daily, weekly and monthly basis. The dust density and size distribution of aerosol particles and fibers have been also investigated and measured by a highly sensitive aerosols measuring system. The dusted module and another similar clean module have been then exposed to constant radiation and constant temperature using a solar simulator as light source. The deposition of the dust on the surface of the photovoltaic solar modules showed a reduction in both the short circuit current (I sc) and the output power compared to the same parameters of the clean module. The average degradation rate of the efficiencies of the solar modules exposed to dust are; 6.24%, 11.8% and 18.74% calculated for exposure periods of one day, one week and one month. The experimental results are well compared with the calculations obtained by a theoretical model recently developed by the authors.
Dust is a natural phenomenon, and it represents all the components suspended in the air. Dust causes the photovoltaic performance to deteriorate. The main dust components concentrations vary from one geographic location to another and from one season to another. These components also have different effects on the PV power losses. Therefore, studying the effect of the concentration of each dust component separately can give a greater clarification and detail of how the accumulated dust affects the behavior of the PV module. In this study, the dust accumulated on a photovoltaic cell was collected and analyzed into its basic components. The results showed that most of the dust of Sohar city consists mostly of sand (65%) coming from the Empty Quarter desert adjacent to the Al-Batinah region. Also, volatile building materials such as cement and gypsum have high concentrations in this dust, which are 5.25% and 4.94%, respectively. In addition, high concentrations of ash 4.92%, which is resulting from burning fuels in smelters, power plants, and refineries. The effect of most of the studied dust components was limited on the current of the photovoltaic cell, but their effect was clearer on the cell voltage. As a result, the decrease in power generation was especially evident in the case of ash, cement, and new garment, but the biggest decrease was due to sand. While iron powder and red sand had the least effect on the performance of the photovoltaic cell.
Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
Somatostatin and gastrin release into the gastric lumen in rats1981 •
Somatostatin and gastrin release into the gastric lumen was investigated in anaesthetized, vagally intact rats. The stomach was perfused at a flow rate of 0.5 mL∙min−1. During perfusion with 0.1 M HCl or buffers of varying pH the somatostatin and gastrin concentrations in the perfusate were <10 pg∙mL−1 and approximately 30 pg∙mL−1, respectively. Peptone caused a slight pH-independent increase in somatostatin release; gastrin release was unchanged despite an increase in serum gastrin from a basal of 15 ± 4 to 155 ± 34 pg∙mL−1 during peptone stimulation. Intravenous infusion of carbachol (1 μg∙kg−1∙min−1) strongly stimulated luminal somatostatin and gastrin release (from 5 ± 1 to 192 ± 52 pg∙mL−1 and from 27 ± 5 to 198 ± 41 pg∙mL−1, respectively) during perfusion with 0.1 M HCl. Phosphate buffer perfusion at pH 7.5 abolished the cholinergic-mediated somatostatin release but the gastrin response was unaffected. It is suggested that changes of luminal hormone concentrations in the ra...

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