Blacks on the (Radical) Left: A Select Bibliography

Blacks on the Left: A Select Bibliography Patrick S. O’Donnell (2024) This compilation was inspired by a blog post—and the excellent suggestions in the comments appended thereto—of the African American Intellectual History Society by Terrell Jermaine Starr. The original list, which was not intended to be exhaustive, focused on “African Americans and Communism,” while this compilation is—hence the title—broader than what motivated Starr’s list. By “radical Left” is meant those individuals and groups committed to more or less Marxist, Communist (and communist), and/or Socialist moral principles, political ideas and values, and their corresponding methods and means of praxis. I welcome suggestions for possible additions to this list. As with most of my bibliographies, this one has two main constraints: books, in English. Because I have a separate bibliography on the Black Panther Party, I have not included titles that would otherwise be added here, given the Panthers’ “socialist core.” Readers may be interested in a handful of other lists loosely related to this one (embedded links): (a) Africana and African American Philosophy; (b) After Slavery & Reconstruction: The Black Struggle in the U.S. for Freedom, Equality, and Self-Realization; (c) Attica Prison Uprising (September 9, 1971 1 – September 13, 1971): Notes, Timeline, and Essential Reading; (d) The Black Athlete and Sports; (e) Blacks and Food Justice; (f) The Black Panther Party; (g) Detroit: Labor & Industrialization, Race & Politics, Rebellion & Resurgence; (h) Frantz Fanon; (i) The Haitian Revolution; (j) C.L.R. James: Marxist Humanist & Afro-Trinidadian Socialist; (k) Malcolm X; (l) Marx & Marxism; (m) PanAfricanism, Black Internationalism, & Black Cosmopolitanism; (n) Philosophy and Racism; (o) South African Liberation Struggles; and (p) Workers, the World of Work, and Labor Law.  Adi, Hakim. West Africans in Britain, 1900-1960: Nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and Communism. London: Lawrence and Wishart, Ltd., 1998.  Adi, Hakim. Pan-Africanism and Communism: The Communist International, Africa and the Diaspora, 1919-1939. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2013.  Alkalimat, Abdul. The African American Experience in Cyberspace: A Resource Guide to the Best Web Sites on Black Culture and History. London: Pluto Press, 2004.  Alkalimat, Abdul. The History of Black Studies. London: Pluto Press, 2021.  Alkalimat, Abdul. Dialectics of Liberation: The African Liberation Support Committee. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2022.  Alkalimat, Abdul. The Future of Black Studies. London: Pluto Press, 2022.  Alkalimat, Abdul and Kate Williams. Roots and Flowers: The Life and Work of the Afro-Cuban Librarian Marta Terry Gonzalez. Sacramento, CA: Library Juice Press, 2015.  Alkalimat, Abdul, Rebecca Zorach, and Romi Crawford, eds. The Wall of Respect: Public Art and Black Liberation in 1960s Chicago. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2017.  Alkalimat, Abdul and Rubin Patterson, eds. Black Toledo: A Documentary History of the African American Experience in Toledo, Ohio. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2019.  Amis, B.D. African American Radical: A Short Anthology of Writings and Speeches. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2007.  Andrews, Gregg. Thyra J. Edwards: Black Activist in the Global Freedom Struggle. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2011.  Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Lines of Descent: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Emergence of Identity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.  Aptheker, Bettina. The Morning Breaks: The Trial of Angela Davis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999 (New York: International Publishers, 1975).  Asante, Samuel K.B. Pan-African Protest: West Africa and the Italo-Ethiopian Crisis, 1934-1941. London: Longman, 1977.  Baldwin, Kate A. Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters between Black and Red, 1922–1963. Duke University Press, 2002.  Baptiste, Fitzroy and Rupert Lewis, eds. George Padmore: Pan-African Revolutionary. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 2009. 2  Barnwell, Andrea. Charles White. Petaluma, CA: Pomegranate Press, 2002.  Beasley, David. A Life in Red: A Story of Forbidden Love, the Great Depression, and the Communist Fight for a Black Nation in the Deep South. Winston-Salem, NC: John F. Blair, Publisher, 2015.  Beauchamp-Byrd, Mora J. and Floyd Coleman. Struggle and Serenity: The Visionary Art of Elizabeth Catlett. New York: California Cultural Center, 1997.  Benson, Richard D., II. Fighting for Our Place in the Sun: Malcolm X and the Radicalization of the Black Student Movement 1960–1973. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2015.  Biko, Steve (Millard Arnold, ed.) Black Consciousness in South Africa. New York: Random House, 1978.  Biko, Steve. I Write What I Like: Selected Writings. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2002 ed.  Boggs, James. The American Revolution: Pages From a Negro Worker’s Notebook. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1963.  Boggs, James. Racism and the Class Struggle: Further Pages from a Black Worker’s Notebook. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1970.  Breitman, George. The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary. Ney York: Pathfinder Press, 1967.  Brownlee, Andrea Barnwell. Charles White. San Francisco, CA: Pomegranate Books, 2002.  Buhle, Paul. C.L.R. James: The Artist as Revolutionary. London: Verso, 1988.  Buhle, Paul, ed. C.L.R. James: His Life and Work. London: Allison & Busby, 1986.  Bundy, Colin. Govan Mbeki. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2013.  Bunting, Brian. Moses Kotane, South African Revolutionary: A Political Biography. London: Inkululeko Publications, 1975.  Burden-Stelly, Charisse and Gerald Horne. W.E.B. Du Bois: A Life in American History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2019.  Camara, Babacar. Marxist Theory, Black/African Specificities, and Racism. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2008.  Carew, Joy Gleason. Blacks, Reds, and Russians: Sojourners in Search of the Soviet Promise. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008.  Carson, Clayborne. Malcolm X: The FBI File. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1991.  Césaire, Aimé (Joan Pinkham, tr.) Discourse on Colonialism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000 ed. (Editions Présence Africaine, 1955).  Chung, Clairmont, ed. Walter A. Rodney: A Promise of Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2012.  Davies, Carole Boyce. Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007.  Davis, Angela Y., et al. If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance. London: Verso, 2016 (New York: The Third Press, 1971). 3  Davis, Angela Y. Women, Race & Class. New York: Random House, 1981.  Davis, Angela Y. Women, Culture & Politics. New York: Random House, 1989.  Davis, Angela Y. Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003.  Dawson, Michael C. Blacks in and out of the Left. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.  De los Reyes Castillo Bueno, María. Reyita: The Life of a Black Cuban Woman in the Twentieth Century. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007.  Dent, Thomas C., Richard Schechner, and Gilbert Moses. The Free Southern Theater by The Free Southern Theater: A Documentary of the South’s Radical Black Theater with Journals, Letters, Poetry, and Essays, and a Play Written By Those Who Built It. New York; Bobbs-Merrill, 1969.  Dossett, Kate. Radical Black Theatre in the New Deal. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.  Duberman, Martin Bauml. Paul Robeson. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.  Du Bois, W.E.B. The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America: 1638– 1870. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1896).  Du Bois, W.E.B. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1899).  Du Bois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folk. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1903).  Du Bois, W.E.B. John Brown. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1909).  Du Bois, W.E.B. The Negro. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1915).  Du Bois, W.E.B. Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1920).  Du Bois, W.E.B. The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1924).  Du Bois, W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1935).  Du Bois, W.E.B. Black Folk: Then and Now. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1939).  Du Bois, W.E.B. Dusk of Dawn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1940).  Du Bois, W.E.B. The World of Africa and Color of Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1946).  Du Bois, W.E.B. In Battle for Peace: The Story of My 83rd Birthday. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1952).  Du Bois, W.E.B. The Autobiography of W.E.B. Du Bois. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007 (1968).  Dyson, Michael Eric. Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.  Fabre, Michel. The Unfinished Quest of Richard Wright. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1993. 4  Fanon, Frantz (Richard Philcox, tr.) Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press, 2008 (Éditions du Seuil, 1952).  Fanon, Frantz (Richard Philcox, tr.) The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press, 2004 (Présence Africaine, 1963).  Fanon, Frantz. A Dying Colonialism. New York: Grove Press, 1994 (Monthly Review Press, 1965).  Fanon, Frantz (Haakon Chevalier, tr.) Toward the African Revolution. New York: Grove Press, 1988 (Monthly Review Press, 1967).  Foner, Philip S. American Socialism and Black Americans: From the Age of Jackson to World War II. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.  Foner, Philip S. and James S. Allen, eds. American Communism and Black Americans: A Documentary History, Vol. 1, 1919-1929. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1987.  Foner, Philip S., ed. American Communism and Black Americans: A Documentary History, Vol. 2, 1930-1934. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991.  Gellman, Erik S. Death Blow to Jim Crow: The National Negro Congress and the Rise of Militant Civil Rights. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.  Georgakas, Dan and Marvin Surkin. Detroit: I Do Mind Dying—A Study in Urban Revolution. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books (1st ed., St. Martin’s Press, 1975).  Geschwender, James A. Class, Race, and Worker Insurgency: The League of Revolutionary Black Workers. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977.  Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Defying Dixie: The Radical Roots of Civil Rights. New York: E.W. Norton & Co., 2008.  Goldman, Peter. The Death and Life of Malcolm X. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.  Gooding-Williams, Robert. In the Shadow of Du Bois: Afro Modern Political Thought in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.  Goodman, Jordan. Paul Robeson: A Watched Man. London: Verso, 2013.  Gordon, Lewis R. What Fanon Said: A Philosophical Introduction to His Life and Thought. New York: Fordham University Press, 2015.  Gore, Dayo. Radicalism at the Crossroads: African American Women Activists in the Cold War. New York: New York University Press, 2011.  Gore, Dayo F., Jeanne Theoharis, Komozi Woodard, eds. Want to Start a Revolution? Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: New York University Press, 2009.  Griffler, Keith P. What Price Alliance? Black Radicals Confront White Labor, 1918-1938. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995.  Grimshaw, Anna, ed. The C.L.R. James Reader. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1992.  Hall, Stuart. Deviancy, Politics and the Media. Birmingham, England: University of Birmingham, Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 1971. 5  Hall, Stuart. Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse. Birmingham, England: University of Birmingham, Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 1973.  Hall, Stuart. The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left. London: Verso, 1988.  Hall, Stuart (Jennifer Daryl Slack and Lawrence Grossberg, eds.) Cultural Studies 1983: A Theoretical History. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016.  Hall, Stuart (Kobena Mercer, ed.) The Fateful Triangle: Race, Ethnicity, Nation (The W.E.B. Du Bois Lectures). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.  Hall, Stuart (Sally Davison, et al., eds.) Selected Political Writings: The Great Moving Right Show and Other Essays. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017.  Hall, Stuart and Paddy Whannel. The Popular Arts. New York: Pantheon Books, 1965.  Hall, Stuart, et al. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order. London: Macmillan, 1978.  Hamlin, Michael (with Michelle Gibbs). A Black Revolutionary’s Life in Labor: Black Workers Power in Detroit. Detroit, MI: Against the Tide Books, 2013.  Harsch, Ernest. Thomas Sankara: An African Revolutionary. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2014.  Haywood, Harry. Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-American Communist. Chicago, IL: Liberator Press, 1978.  Herbert, Michael. Never Counted Out! The Story of Len Johnson, Manchester’s Black Boxing Hero and Communist. Manchester, England: Dropped Aitches Press, 1992.  Herzog, Melanie Anne. Elizabeth Catlett: An American Artist in Mexico. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2000.  Herzog, Melanie Anne. Elizabeth Catlett: In the Image of the People. Chicago, IL: Art Institute of Chicago, 2005.  Higashida, Cheryl. Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1945–1995. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2012.  Hine, Darlene Clark and John McCluskey, Jr., eds. The Black Chicago Renaissance. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2011.  Holcomb, Gary Edward. Claude McKay, Code Name Sasha: Queer Black Marxism and the Harlem. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2007.  Honey, Michael K. Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King’s Last Campaign. New Yorki: W.W, Norton & Co., 2007.  Honey, Michael K. To the Promised Land: Martin Luther King and the Fight for Economic Justice. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2019.  Hooker, James R. Black Revolutionary: George Padmore’s Path from Communism to PanAfricanism. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1967. 6  Horne, Gerald. Black and Red: W.E.B. Dubois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1986.  Horne, Gerald. Communist Front? The Civil Rights Congress, 1946-1956. Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/London: Associated University Presses, 1988.  Horne, Gerald. Black Liberation/Red Scare: Ben Davis and the Communist Party. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1993.  Horne, Gerald. Race Woman: The Lives of Shirley Graham Du Bois. New York: New York University Press, 2000.  Horne, Gerald. Black Revolutionary: William Patterson and the Globalization of the African American Freedom Struggle. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2013.  Horne, Gerald. Paul Robeson: The Artist as Revolutionary. London: Pluto Press, 2016.  Houston, Gregory and James Ngculu. Voices of Liberation: Chris Hani. Cape Town, South Africa: HSRC Press, 2014.  Hughes, Langston. I Wonder as I Wander: An Autobiographical Journey. New York: Rinehart & Co., 1956.  Hutchinson, Earl Ofari. Blacks and Reds: Race and Class in Conflict, 1919-1990. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1995  Jackson, George L. Soledad Brother: The Prison Letters of George Jackson. Chicago, IL: Lawrence Hill Books, 1994 (first published in 1970, New York: Coward-McCann)  Jackson, George L. Blood in My Eye. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1990.  James, C.L.R. World Revolution, 1917-1936: The Rise and Fall of the Communist International. London: Secker & Warburg, 1937/ New York: Prism Key Press, 2011.  James, C.L.R. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution. New York: Random House/Vintage Books, 2nd ed., 1963/1989 (1938).  James, C.L.R. A History of the Pan-African Revolt. Oakland, CA: PM Press, in conjunction with Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co. (Chicago), 2012 (1938).  James, C.L.R. (Noel Ignatiev, ed.) A New Notion: Two Works by C.L.R. James (The Invading Socialist Society and ‘Every Cook Can Govern’). Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2010 (1947 and 1956, respectively).  James, C.L.R. The Future in the Present. London: Allison & Busby, 1977.  James, C.L.R. Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution. London: Allison & Busby, 1977.  James, C.L.R. Mariners, Renegades, and Castaways: The Story of Herman Melville and the World We Live In. Detroit, MI: Beswick, 2nd ed., 1978/London: Allison & Busby, 1985.  James, C.L.R. Notes on Dialectics: Hegel, Marx, Lenin. London: Allison & Busby, 1980.  James, C.L.R. Spheres of Existence. London: Allison & Busby, 1980.  James, C.L.R. At the Rendezvous of Victory. London: Allison & Busby, 1984.  James, C.L.R. (in collaboration with Raya Dunayevskaya and Grace Lee) State Capitalism and World Revolution. Chicago, IL: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Co., 1986. 7  James, Joy, ed. The Angela Y. Davis Reader. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1998.  James, Leslie. George Padmore and Decolonization from Below: Pan-Africanism, the Cold War, and the End of Empire. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.  Johns, Sheridan. Raising the Red Flag: The International Socialist League and the Communist Party of South Africa, 1914 – 1932. Bellville, South Africa: Mayibuye Books, 1995.  Johnson, Cedric. Revolutionaries to Race Leaders: Black Power and the Making of African American Politics. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.  Johnson, Howard Eugene. A Dancer in the Revolution: Stretch Johnson, Harlem Communist at the Cotton Club. New York: Empire State Editions/Fordham University Press, 2014.  Kelley, Robin D.G. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2002.  Kelley, Robin D.G. Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists during the Great Depression. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.  King, Martin Luther, Jr. (James M. Washington, ed.) A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York: HarperCollins, 1986.  Kornweibel, Theodore, Jr. “Seeing Red”: Federal Campaigns against Black Militancy, 1919-1925. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998.  Lefalle-Collins, Lizetta and Shifra M. Goldman. In the Spirit of Resistance: African-American Modernists and the Mexican Muralist School. New York: American Federation of Arts, 1996.  Lewis, David Levering, Michael H. Nash, and Daniel J. Leab, eds. Red Activists and Black Freedom: James and Esther Jackson and the Long Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Routledge, 2010.  Lewis, Rupert Charles. Walter Rodney’s Intellectual and Political Thought. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1998.  Lieberman, Robbie and Clarence Lang. Anticommunism and the African American Freedom Movement: “Another Side of the Story.” New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.  Lodge, Tom. Black Politics in South Africa since 1945. New York: Longman, 1983.  Lumumba, Patrice and Sankar Srinivasan. May our People Triumph: Poem, Speeches & Interviews. ?: Leopard Books, 2015.  Lynch, Hollis Ralph. Black American Radicals and the Liberation of Africa: The Council on African Affairs, 1937-1955 [until 1941 it was called the International Committee on African Affairs (ICAA)]. Ithaca, NY: Africana Studies and Research Center, Cornell University, 1978.  Makalani, Minkah. In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917-1939. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.  Malcolm X (with the assistance of Alex Haley) The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Grove Press, 1964.  Malcom X. (George Breitman, ed.) Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements. New York: Merit Publishers, 1965. 8  Malcolm X. Malcolm X Talks to Young People. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1965.  Malcom X. Two Speeches by Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press, 3rd ed., 1990 (1965).  Malcolm X. Malcolm X on Afro-American History. New York: Merit Publishers, 1967.  Malcolm X. (Archie Epps, ed.) The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard. New York: Morrow, 1968.  Malcolm X. (George Breitman, ed.) By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970.  Malcolm X. (Benjamin Karim, ed.) The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971.  Malcolm X (Bruce Perry, ed.) Malcolm X: The Last Speeches. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1989.  Malcolm X (Clark, Steve, ed.) February 1965: The Final Speeches. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1992.  Maloka, Eddy. The South African Communist Party in Exile, 1963 – 1990. Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa, 2002.  Maloka, Eddy. The South African Communist Party: Exile and After Apartheid. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jacana Media, 2013.  Marable, Manning. Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention. New York: Viking, 2011.  Martin, Charles H. The Angelo Herndon Case and Southern Justice. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1976.  Maxwell, William J. New Negro, Old Left: African American Writing and Communism Between the Wars. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.  Mbeki, Govan. South Africa: The Peasants’ Revolt. London: Penguin, 1964.  Mbeki, Govan. Learning From Robben Island: The Prison Writings of Govan Mbeki. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1991.  Mbeki, Govan. The Struggle for Liberation in South Africa: A Short History. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip, 1992.  McDuffie, Erik S. Sojourning for Freedom: Black Women, American Communism, and the Making of Black Left Feminism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011.  McKay, Claude. A Long Way from Home. New York: L. Furman, Inc., 1937.  McLemee, Scott, ed. C.L.R. James on the ‘Negro Question.’ Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1996.  McLemee, Scott and Paul Le Blanc, eds. C.L.R. James and Revolutionary Marxism: Selected Writings, 1939-1949. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1994.  Morgan, Stacy I. Rethinking Social Realism: African American Art and Literature, 1930-1953. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2004.  Morris, Aldon. The Scholar Denied: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2015.  Morrison, Karen Y. Cuba’s Racial Crucible: The Sexual Economy of Social Identities, 1750-2000. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2015. 9  Mullen, Bill V. Popular Fronts: Chicago and African-American Cultural Politics, 1935-46. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1999.  Mullen, Bill V. Un-American: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Century of World Revolution. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2015.  Mullen, Bill V. and James Smethurst, eds. Left of the Color Line: Race, Radicalism, and TwentiethCentury Literature of the United States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.  Naison, Mark. Communists in Harlem during the Great Depression. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983.  Nascimento, Beatriz (Christian A. Smith, Bethânia N.F. Gomes, and Archie Davies, trans. and eds.) The Dialectic Is in the Sea: The Black Radical Thought of Beatriz Nascimento. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2023.  Nesbett, Peter T. and Michelle DuBois. Jacob Lawrence: Paintings, Drawings, and Murals (19351999)—A Catalogue Raisonné. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, in association with Jacob Lawrence Catalogue Raisonné Project, 2000; and Nesbett, Peter T. and Michelle DuBois, eds. Over the Line: The Art and Life of Jacob Lawrence. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, in association with Jacob Lawrence Catalogue Raisonné Project, 2000.  Oehler, Sarah Kelly and Esther Adler, eds. Charles White: A Retrospective. Art Institute of Chicago and Museum of Modern Art, New York/New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018.  O’Malley, Padraig. Shades of Difference: Mac Maharaj and the Struggle for South Africa. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.  Morris, Vivien. Ain’t Gonna Let Nobody Turn Us Around: The Birth and Development of the Black Student Movement, 1960 – 1990. Boston, MA: Freedom Road Socialist Organization, 1991.  Padmore, George. The Life and Struggles of Negro Toilers. London: Red International of Labour of Unions Magazine for the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, 1931.  Padmore, George. How Britain Rules Africa. London: Wishart Books, 1936.  Padmore, George. Africa and World Peace. London: Martin Secker and Warburg, 1937.  Padmore, George (with Dorothy Pizer) How Russia Transformed Her Colonial Empire: A Challenge to the Imperialist Powers. London: Dennis Dobson, 1946.  Padmore, George. Africa: Britain’s Third Empire. London: Dennis Dobson, 1949.  Padmore, George. The Gold Coast Revolution: The Struggle of an African People from Slavery to Freedom. London: Dennis Dobson, 1953.  Padmore, George. Pan-Africanism or Communism? The Coming Struggle for Africa. London: Dennis Dobson, 1956.  Painter, Nell Irvin. The Narrative of Hosea Hudson: His Life as a Negro Communist in the South. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979. 10  Peery, Nelson. Black Fire: The Making of an American Revolutionary. New York: The New Press, 1994.  Peery, Nelson. Black Radical: The Education of an American Revolutionary. New York: The New Press, 2007.  Perry, Jeffrey B. Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism, 1883-1918. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.  Perry, Jeffrey B., ed. A Hubert Harrison Reader. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.  Ransby, Barbara. Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. 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James and the Struggle for a New Society. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2008.  Rowley, Hazel. Richard Wright: The Life and Times. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001.  Sales, William W., Jr. Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994.  Sankara, Thomas. Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–87. Atlanta, GA: Pathfinder Press, 2nd ed., 2007.  Shawki, Ahmed. Black Liberation and Socialism. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, 2006.  Shelby, Tommie. We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.  Shelby, Tommie and Brandon M. Terry, eds. To Shape a New World: Essays on the Political Philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2018.  Smith, Homer. Black Man in Red Russia: A Memoir. Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing Co., 1965. 11  Smethurst, James Edward. 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