Version 2.1. (Information on coin values added on page 2; corrections suggested by readers added throughout the paper) An English translation of the Edict on Maximum Prices, also known as the Price Edict of Diocletian. (Edictum de pretiis rerum venalium). Antony Kropff www.thirdcentury.nl info@thirdcentury.nl Published at Academia.edu April 27, 2016 Issued between November 20 and December 10 of the year 301 AD, the price edict gives maximum prices for more than 1.200 products, raw materials, labour and services, transport, animals and even slaves. Prices ranged from 1 denarius communis for fresh green animal fodder to 150.000 denarii for a male lion or for purple dyed silk. The price edict and the monetary edict issued some months before were an attempt to check inflation. The edict came to us through (fragments of) inscriptions on stone slabs (fig. 1) found at a number of sites, all but one in the eastern part of the Empire where Diocletianus resided. Fig 1. Part of the Price Edict in the Pergamon Museum, Berlin The edict presents some questions. The edict was part of the legislation of the first tetrarchy (293-305 AD): co-Augusti Diocletian and Maximianus and their Caesares Galerius and Constantius ruled the Roman Empire. The tetrarchs state in the preface that the maximum prices are effective in ‘our whole realm’. We would expect the edict to apply also to the western part of the Empire where Maximianus resided. Why was the edict not displayed in stone in the west, as the absence of surviving fragments seem to suggest? After all, chapter XXXVII (maximum sea freight rates) does include western harbours. Was the price edict effective and if so, for how long? From the (hostile) account of Lactantius (De Mortibus Persecutorum 7.6-7.7) we might conclude that the edict all but destroyed trade, caused a lot of bloodshed and had to be withdrawn. But can we trust Lactantius on the outcome of the edict? What do we know about the coins and their values at the time of the price edict? Although all prices are quoted in denarii communes, the denarius had in fact transformed from an actual coin in mass circulation into a unit of account. Actual payments were made in other coins. The aureus at the time functioned as gold bullion and did not circulate. The argenteus (nominal value 100 dc) was scarce and hardly formed a part of regular circulation. The argenteus barely left a trace in hoards and is rather scarce as a site find in many areas. Diocletian’s currency scheme, designed to be trimetallic, was in reality a monometallic system, based on the slightly argentiferous nummus (25 dc) and on the new radiate fractal, and for a time on the old but initially still circulating aurelianiani (both 4 dc). In the West, the old antoninianus filled the role of fractal adjunct to the omnipresent nummus and we should consider the possibility that, if the Currency Revaluation and Edict on Maximum Prices were applicable in the West, this coin might have had a face value of 4 dc after 1 September 301, equal to that of the (in the west) virtually absent aurelianiani and copper radiate fractals. The rare small copper laureate never circulated. The nummus was in fact the pivot of the tetrarchic currency system and it circulated in the entire Roman Empire. As neither aureus nor argenteus were in fact available for payments, folles or sealed and standardized bags of nummi were probably used for large payments. See Kropff, A. 2017. Diocletian’s Currency System after 1 September 301 AD: an inquiry into values. Revue Belge de Numismatique et de Sigillographie 163, p. 167-187. Fig. 2. Nummus Maximianus (28mm, 10.22 g). Heraclea mint, RIC VI 19b. © CNG, Inc. This webpage presents the first online translation in English of the full text of the Price Edict. Translations of some selected parts of the edict (for instance on the price of labour, of fish, of transport) and selections or cross-sections of a range of prices were available on the internet, but no translation of the entire edict. This translation does not pretend to be a scientific contribution to any discussion, as some of the published papers on my website www.thirdcentury.nl do. Latin and Greek texts are not included and no provenances (CIL reference, publication, and whereabouts of the fragments) are given. All this can be found in the source material, summarized under ‘Literature’ below. Graser (1940) gives an English translation, but is based on the then known sixty fragments. Many more fragments have been found since then and Graser is outdated now. Lauffer (1971) has included 126 fragments but provided no translation in English, only notes in German. Giacchero (1974) offers a more complete edition, but translates in Italian. Some of the publications on more recent finds include no translation at all, as these were written with classicists in mind. The Latin text of the first ten chapters with numbered items (numbers not always following Lauffer) can be found in the Bibliotheca Augustana, at www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Diocletianus/dio_ep_i.html. The Latin text of some of the fragments, including an important one found at Aphrodisias (CIL III, pp. 2208-2209) can be found at http://droitromain.upmf-grenoble.fr/Constitutiones/maximum_CIL.html. The items are in CIL format and consequently not numbered, so locating a Latin text for any given item from chapter XI on will be quite a challenge! The Aezani text (Crawford and Reynolds) in Latin can also be found at http://www.mikoflohr.nl/data/texts/Aezani_Aezani/ An extensive (but unnumbered and incomplete) Italian translation can be found at http://www.circolonumismaticomonzese.org where the link Editto dei prezzi di Diocleziano will open the xls file of the translation. We hope the present translation will be useful for those interested in Roman history and in ancient economy. Many items can be found in the edict, from onions to linen garments, from Menapian ham to a travel coach, from the wages of untrained farm workers to the tariffs of solicitors and Latin grammar teachers. Or the price of a slave. The edict provides a fascinating read. Surprising are the relatively high prices of garments compared to the relatively low prices of the cheaply produced clothes of today. After all, every thread had to be spun by hand, using a spindle. The translation follows the numbers used by Lauffer following Mommsen (numbers added or inserted for new material) and is textually based on Graser wherever possible. Her translation has been changed for some entries. For instance: in chapter XII.1. (timber) her incorrect ‘inch’ (2,54 cm) was replaced with the original digitus (‘finger’, 1,85 cm). Some comments, marked A(ntony) K(ropff) were inserted by the present compiler. When an entrance seems to require a clarification, one is proposed. For instance: the garments strictoria, dalmatica and dalmaticomafortium are explained at their first appearance. Also, for prices we followed Lauffer’s reading rather than Graser’s wherever entries diverged. For instance: where Graser gives a maximum price 3.500 d for linen towels (XXVIII.57). This translation follows Lauffer and gives 2.500 d. Lauffer (1971) has been consulted for all entries. This filled in many gaps in Graser’s text, for instance the metals (XV.63-67, etc). Also included are some more recent publications (providing the prices of glass, slaves, the correct prices of gold, additional items under chapter XXXVI, etc.) See the list of literature for details. A translation of the edict can never be called complete, as new fragments will probably be found in future. This translation certainly is a work in progress. For some entries the indication ‘follows’ implies that a translation will be included in next versions, which will also be published here. If you discover a mistake or would like an alternative comment or new material to be included, please contact Antony Kropff at info@thirdcentury.nl . Your comments are welcome! Literature Crawford, M.H. and J.M. Reynolds, 1977: The Aezani Copy of the Price Edict, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 26, 125-151. Crawford, M.H. and J.M. Reynolds, 1979: The Aezani Copy of the Price Edict, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 34, 163-210. (Note AK: prices of gold, slaves, marble and other stone, domestic and wild animals, etc.) Erim, K.T. and J.M. Reynolds, 1973: The Aphrodisias Copy of Diocletian’s Edict on Maximum Prices, Journal of Roman Studies vol. 63, 99-110. (Note AK: glass) Giacchero, M., 1974: Edictum Diocletiani et Collegarum de pretiis rerum venalium in integrum fere restitutum a Latinis Graecisque fragmentis, i-ii, Genoa. Graser, E.R., 1940: The edict of Diocletian on maximum prices, in: T. Frank (ed), An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, V. Rome and Italy of the Empire, Baltimore, 305-421. Lauffer, S., 1971: Diokletians Preisedikt, Berlin. Naumann, R. and F., 1973: Der Rundbau in Aezani mit dem Preisedikt des Diocletian und das Gebäude mit dem Edict in Stratonikeia, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Istanbul, Istanbuler Mitteilungen Beiheft 10, Tubingen. (Note AK: text on slaves and interpretation) Salway, B., 2010: Mancipium Rusticum sive Urbanum. The Slave Chapter of Diocletian’s edict on Maximum Prices, in: U. Roth (ed), By the sweat of your brow: Roman slavery in its socio-economic setting, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement 109, London, 1-20. (Note AK: text on slaves and interpretation) Whitehouse, D., 2004: Glass in the Price Edict of Diocletian, Glass Studies, Vol 46, 189-191. Roman measures, weights etc. Roman weights, measures etc. are partly still under discussion. An Ital. Libra (Roman pound) has been calculated in the past between 322 and 329 grams, for instance. We will conform to one source: Lauffer 1971, 54-55. Weights and units of capacity Centenarium (cent.) hundredweight 100 Roman pounds Italicum libra (lb.) Roman pound 327,45 grams Semilibra (s. lb.) half a Roman pound 163,73 grams Uncia Roman ounce (1/12 pound) 27,28 grams kastrensis modius (k. mod.) Roman double bushel 17,51 litre Italicus modius (mod.) Roman bushel 8,754 litre Italicus sextarius (sext.) Sextarius, ‘pint’ 0,547 litre Length and measures passus mille (p.m.) Roman mile 1,479 km Cubitum Cubit 44,36 cm Pes Roman foot 29,57 cm Pes Roman cubic foot 25,86 litre Digitus Roman finger-width 1,85 cm Prices All prices are in the denarius communis, a unit of account rather than an actual coin. The Price Edict of Diocletian (© this production, other than the preface, Antony Kropff) table of contents: Preface I. Pulse and cereals XX. Wages for embroiderers II. Wine XXI. Wages for weavers III. Oil, salt etc. XXII. Wages for fullers IV. Meat XXIII. Silk V. Fish XXIV. Purple thread VI. Vegetables, fruits XXV. Woollens VII. Wages XXVI. Linens VIII. Hides, leather XXVII. Linens IX. Shoes XXVIII. Linens X. Leather goods XXIX. Purple textiles XI. Products made of camel- and goat’s hair XXX. Gold and silver XII. Timber XXXI. Slaves XIII. Combs, spindles XXXII. Cattle XIV. Poles, firewood XXXIII. Marbles and other stone XV. Wagons, wooden tools, metals and terracotta, pottery XXXIV. Animals from the wild XVI. Ivory, needles XXXV. For waxes and resins, etc XVII. Freight, fodder XXXVI. For drugs, paints, dyes, glues XVIII. Feathers, cushions, writing utensils XXXVII. Sea freight XIX. Clothing Preface (©Jacqueline Long ) The Emperor Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletian, dutiful, blessed, unconquered Augustus, chief priest of the Roman state religion, conqueror of the Germans 6 times, conqueror of the Sarmatians 4 times, conqueror of the Persians 2 times, conqueror of the Britons, conqueror of the Carpi, conqueror of the Armenians, conqueror of the Medes, conqueror of the Adiabeni, holding tribunician power for the 18th year, 7 times consul, 18 times acclaimed emperor, Father of our Country, proconsul, and the Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximinian, dutiful, blessed, unconquered Augustus, chief priest of the Roman state religion, conqueror of the Germans 5 times, conqueror of the Sarmatians 4 times, conqueror of the Persians 2 times, conqueror of the Britons, conqueror of the Carpi, conqueror of the Armenians, conqueror of the Medes, conqueror of the Adiabeni, holding tribunician power for the 17th year, 6 times consul, 17 times acclaimed emperor, Father of our Country, proconsul, and Flavius Valerius Constantius, conqueror of the Germans 2 times, conqueror of the Sarmatians 2 times, conqueror of the Persians 2 times, conqueror of the Britons, conqueror of the Carpi, conqueror of the Armenians, conqueror of the Medes, conqueror of the Adiabeni, holding tribunician power for the 9th year, 3 times consul, most noble Caesar, and Gaius Valerius Maximinian [II; a.k.a. Galerius], conqueror of the Germans 2 times, conqueror of the Sarmatians 2 times, conqueror of the Persians 2 times, conqueror of the Britons, conqueror of the Carpi, conqueror of the Armenians, conqueror of the Medes, conqueror of the Adiabeni, holding tribunician power for the 9th year, 3 times consul, most noble Caesar - they declare: We may thank the good fortune of our state, as well as the immortal gods, on remembering the wars we have waged successfully. The condition of the world has been placed, tranquil, in the lap of the deepest quiet and peace towards good men. For this reason we have labored and spent our effort lavishly. Now both Roman dignity and majesty desire that the public honor be arranged faithfully and fittingly adorned. We, who by supernatural forces' benevolent support have suppressed the raging depredations of the past by slaughtering the very peoples of the barbarian tribes, will secure the quiet we have established with the reinforcements Justice deserves. Greed raves and burns and sets no limit on itself. Without regard for the human race, it rushes to increase and augment itself not by years or months or else days, but almost by hours and very moments. If some thought of restraint were curbing its means - or if our shared fortunes could calmly endure this free rein for going wild (it rips them apart, day after day in the worst way with conditions as they are), perhaps a place for pretending it all away and keeping quiet would still seem to remain, since a shared endurance of our spirits would be moderating the detestable enormity and the pitiable state of affairs. But unmastered insanity has one desire: to have no soft spot for a necessity all share. Unprincipled and licentious persons think greed has a certain sort of obligation (greed that swells and roils with rapid fires), in ripping up the fortunes of all, to lose the need rather than the will to continue. They whom the extremes of poverty have forced to perceive their most miserable condition cannot strive farther. It is appropriate to the forethought of us who are the parents of the human race, that justice intervene in matters as a judge. We purpose that what humanity long hoped for but could not furnish itself may be conferred to the shared good balance of all by the remedies of our foresight. And provision for this particular situation, indeed, as much as everyone's shared consciousness recognizes and the proof of things themselves cries out, is almost late. We have been devising counsels with this hope or else holding back the remedies we found, so that - as by the laws of nature had to be expected - humanity itself, having been caught in the most serious crimes, might remove its own fault. We thought it far better that the blots of an unendurable plundering be removed from shared judgments by perception and decision of the very people whom the grave injury of blackest inhumanity had handed over as defendants, those enemies of one and all, when they were daily going headlong into worse and by some blindness of their spirits edging towards abomination against the populace. Toward remedies, therefore, that have long been desired by the necessity of things, we spring into action. We care not for complaints. Unprincipled people perceived our so many years' silence was giving a lesson in restraint but nevertheless refused to comply - not even among them may the intervention of our cure be thought too trivial or too cheap on the grounds it was untimely or superfluous. Who has so insensible a heart or has removed himself so far from human feeling that he can fail to know - that he has not in fact felt in commercial affairs, whether done in trade or dealt with in the cities' daily exchange - to what an extent shameless pricing has spread? Neither abundance of goods nor the bounty of good years tempers this unrestrained lust for stealing! As a result, there is no doubt this sort of men who have experience in these jobs plainly always hang in suspense even concerning the motions of the stars, they try to catch the very breezes and storms, and by their own iniquity they cannot endure that prosperous farmland should be drenched by rains from above, to the hope of future fruits - since they think it their own loss if material plenty is produced by the moderating influences of the very sky. Some people always are eager to turn a profit even on blessings from the gods: they seize the abundance of general prosperity and strangle it. Or again they make much of a year's bad harvest and traffic by the operations of hucksters. Although they each wallow in the greatest riches, with which nations could have been satisfied, they chase after personal allowances and hunt down their chiseling percentages. On their greed, provincial citizens, the logic of our shared humanity urges us to set a limit. But now we ought to explain also the causes themselves whose necessity finally has forced our long-displayed endurance to take steps. Although it is difficult to unmask the greed raging in the whole world, by special reasoning or rather act, nevertheless our establishment of remedy may be thought more just, since by some description and marks very immoderate men will be forced to recognize the ungoverned desires of their own minds. Therefore, who would not know that effrontery hijacks the public interest? Whatever way everyone's shared security demands our armies be directed, through villages or towns and on every route, effrontery goes to meet them with a spirit of thievery. It ratchets up the prices of things for sale, not fourfold or eightfold but so much that the human tongue's reckoning cannot untangle what to call the accounting and the deed! In sum, meanwhile, by the purchase of one thing a soldier is deprived of his bonus and his salary: he yields to the detestable profits of robbers all the tax the whole world pays to support the armies. By their own hand our soldiers seem to give up the expectation of their own service and the labors they have completed to those who steal from everyone. In this way, day after day, the plunderers of the state itself carry off so much they don't know they have it! We have been moved by all these things that have been included above, rightly, as we should. Since human feeling itself seems to beg for relief, we have taken the position, not that we must set prices of goods and services for sale - nor indeed would it be thought right, since meanwhile very many provinces rejoice in the blessing of desired low prices as if by some special condition of abundance - but that we must set a limit. When some expensiveness should arise (the gods forbid it!) the greed that could not be restrained, as if it ranged in fields spread over some limitless expanse, will be choked off by the limits of our statute and the boundaries of a moderating law. Therefore we decree that these prices, which the written text of the subjoined abstract indicates, be kept by the observance of our whole realm: let all understand that license to exceed the same limits has been cut off in advance. As a result, in those places where a profusion of goods should noticeably abound, the benefit of low prices, which is very much the object of our care and foresight, is not hindered while greed, checked in advance, is restrained. Moreover, this restraint of their shared activity will be obligatory among sellers and buyers whose habit is to go to ports and visit foreign provinces. Since even they themselves know that the statutory prices for goods and services cannot be overstepped in the straits of expensiveness, at the time of sale those places and the journey and the account of the whole transaction will be calculated. In this way the justice of our decree will be conspicuous, that they who do the transporting will not sell more dearly anywhere. Since, therefore, it is agreed that our ancestors too passed legislation for this reason, that effrontery should be repressed by the dread prescribed - because human nature left to its own will turns out altruistic only in absolutely exceptional instances, and dread, as a preceptor, proves to regulate duties most justly - we decree that if anyone should, in his boldness, strive against the form of this statute, he shall undergo a capital penalty. And let not anyone suppose that a hardship is being enacted, since the observance of restraint is present and available as a safe haven for avoiding the penalty. To the same penalty also will be subject that person who from his eagerness to buy colludes with the greed of the seller contrary to the statute. Nor will he be, exceptionally, exempt from injury of this sort who supposes that he ought to hold back necessary kinds of food or service when he has them after the regulation of this statute, since the punishment ought to be even more serious for someone who initiates a scarcity than for someone who brandishes it contrary to the statute. Therefore we encourage the commitment of all people: let the thing that has been established in law for the public advantage be maintained with well-intentioned compliance and the obligation that is owed, especially since with a statute of this kind it is seen to have been provided not for individual communities and populations and provinces but for the entire world. The people who have senselessly pursued its destruction, it is known, are very few: their greed cannot be softened or sated by an excess either of time or of the wealth they are found to have been so eager to get. I. 1. For pulse and cereals. No. in edict Item Quantity Price in den. comm. 1a Wheat 1 k. mod. 100 2 Barley 1 k. mod. 60 3 Rye 1 k. mod. 60 4 Millet, hulled 1 k. mod. 100 5 Millet, unhulled 1 k. mod. 50 6 Panic grass (Panicum) 1 k. mod. 50 7 Spelt 1 k. mod. 100 7a … … … 8 Emmer 1 k. mod. 30 8a Vetch ... ... 9 Broad beans, shelled ... 100 10 Broad beans, unshelled … 60 11 Lentils … 100 12 Sweet peas … 80 13 Peas, shelled … 100 14 Peas, unshelled 1 k. mod. 60 15 Chick peas 1 k. mod. 100 16 Bitter vetch 1 k. mod. 100 17 Oats 1 k. mod. 30 18 Fenugreek 1 k. mod. 100 19 Lupines, raw … 60 20 Lupines, cooked … 4 21 Kidney beans, dried … 100 22 Flaxseed … 150 23 Rice, hulled … 200 24 Barley grits, hulled … 100 25 Spelt grits, hulled … 200 26 Sesame 1 k. mod. 200 27 Hay seed 1 k. mod. 30 28 Alfalfa seed 1 k. mod. 150 29 Hemp seed 1 k. mod. 80 30 Vetch, dried 1 k. mod. 80 31 Poppy seed 1 k. mod. 150 32 Cumin, cleaned 1 k. mod. 200 33 Radish deed 1 k. mod. 150 34 Mustard seed 1 k. mod. 150 35 Mustard, prepared 1 sextarius 8 II.1. For wines 1a Picene 1 sextarius 30 2 Tiburtine 1 sextarius 30 3 Sabine 1 sextarius 30 4 Aminian 1 sextarius 30 5 Setine 1 sextarius 30 6 Surrentine 1 sextarius 30 7 Falernian 1 sextarius 30 8 Falernian, one year old, first quality 1 sextarius 24 9 Wine, one year old, second quality 1 sextarius 16 10 Ordinary wine 1 sextarius 8 11 Wheat beer 1 sextarius 4 12 Barley beer 1 sextarius 2 13 Maeonian wine, boiled down one third 1 sextarius 30 14 Golden Attic wine 1 sextarius 24 15 Must, boiled down 1 sextarius 16 16 Must, boiled down one half 1 sextarius 20 17 Spiced wine 1 sextarius 24 18 Wine with wormwood 1 sextarius 20 19 Rose wine 1 sextarius 20 III.1. For oils, etc. 1a Olive oil, virgin, first quality 1 sextarius 40 2 Olive oil, second pressing 1 sextarius 24 3 Olive oil, ordinary 1 sextarius 12 4 Oil from radish seed 1 sextarius 8 5 Vinegar 1 sextarius 6 6 Fish sauce, first quality 1 sextarius 16 7 Fish sauce, second quality 1 sextarius 12 8 Salt 1 k. mod. 100 9 Spiced salt 1 sextarius 8 10 Honey, best quality 1 sextarius 40 11 Honey, second quality 1 sextarius 24 12 Phoenician date honey 1 sextarius 8 IV.1. For meat 1a Pork 1 lb 12 2 Beef 1 lb 8 3 Goat’s meat or mutton 1 lb 8 4 Sow’s uterus 1 lb 24 5 Sow’s udder 1 lb 20 6 Liver of swine, fed on figs, best quality 1 lb 16 7 Pork, salted, best quality 1 lb 16 8 Ham, Menapian or Cerritane, best quality 1 lb 20 9 Marsic 1 lb 20 10 Pork fat, fresh 1 lb 12 11 Ointment of pork fat 1 lb 12 12 The four feet and the stomach are sold at the same price as the meat 13 Pork sausage 1 uncia 2 14 Beef sausage 1 lb 10 15 Smoked Lucanian pork sausage 1 lb 16 16 Smoked Lucanian beef sausage 1 lb 10 17 Pheasant, fattened 1 250 18 Pheasant, not fattened 1 125 19 Hen pheasant, fattened 1 200 20 Hen pheasant, not fattened 1 100 21 Goose, fattened 1 200 22 Goose, not fattened 1 100 23 Chickens pair 60 24 Partridge 1 30 25 Turtle dove, kept, in good condition 1 16 26 Turtle dove, wild 1 12 27 Thrushes 10 60 28 Wild dove pair 20 29 Pigeon pair 24 30 Francolin 1 20 31 Duck pair 40 32 Hare 1 150 33 Rabbit 1 40 34 Goldfinch, kept, in good condition 10 40 35 Goldfinch, wild 10 20 36 Figpeckers 10 40 37 Sparrows 10 16 38 Dormice 10 40 39 Peacock 1 300 40 Peahen 1 200 41 Quails 10 20 42 Starlings 10 20 43 Boar meat 1 lb 16 44 Venison 1 lb 12 45 Meat of gazelle, wild goat or roe 1 lb 12 46 Suckling pig 1 lb 16 47 Lamb 1 lb 12 48 Kid 1 lb 12 49 Suet, beef or mutton 1 lb 6 50 Butter 1 lb 16 V.1. For fish 1a Sea fish, not boney 1 lb 24 2 Sea fish, second quality 1 lb 16 3 River fish, first quality 1 lb 12 4 River fish, second quality 1 lb 8 5 Salted fish 1 lb 6 6 Oysters 100 100 7 Sea urchins 100 50 8 Sea urchins, fresh, cleaned 1 sextarius 50 9 Sea urchins, salted 1 sextarius 100 10 Sea mussels 100 50 11 Dried cheese 1 lb 12 12 Sardines 1 lb 16 VI.1 For vegetables and fruits 1a Artichokes, large size 5 10 2 Hearts of artichokes 10 6 3 Endive, best quality 10 10 4 Endive, second quality 10 4 5 Mallow, largest size 5 4 6 Mallow, smaller 10 4 7 Lettuce, best quality 5 4 8 Lettuce, second quality 10 4 9 Cabbage, best quality 5 4 10 Cabbage, second quality 10 4 11 Cabbage sprouts 1 bundle 4 12 Leeks, largest size 10 4 13 Leeks, smaller 20 4 14 Beets, largest 5 4 15 Beets, smaller 10 4 16 Radishes, largest size 10 4 17 Radishes, smaller size 20 4 18 Turnips, largest 10 4 19 Turnips, smaller 20 4 20 Onions, dried 1 mod. 50 21 Onions, green, first size 25 4 22 Onions, green, smaller 50 4 23 Garlic 1 mod. 60 24 Watercress Fascis in n. viginti (20 bundles, or bundle of 20?) 10 25 Capers 1 mod. 100 26 Gourds, first size 10 4 27 Gourds, smaller 20 4 28 Cucumbers, first size 10 4 29 Cucumbers, smaller 20 4 30 Sugar melons, large 2 4 31 Sugar melons, smaller 4 4 32 Watermelons 4 4 33 Kidney beans? (fasiolorum) 1 bundle of 25 4 34 Asparagus, cultivated 1 bundle of 25 6 35 Asparagus, wild 50 4 36 Butcher’s broom 1 bundle of 60 4 37 Chickpea, green 1 bundle of 4 (?) 4 38 Beans, green, shelled 1 sextarius 4 39 Kidney beans, green, shelled 1 sextarius 4 40 Palm shoots 4 4 41 Onions, African or Fabrian, largest size 20 12 42 Onions, African or Fabrian, smaller size 40 12 43 Eggs 4 4 44 Parsnips, largest size 1 bundle of 25 6 45 Parsnips, smaller size 1 bundle of 50 6 46 Snails, largest size 20 4 47 Snails, smaller 40 4 48 Mixed herbs 1 bundle of 8 4 49 Chestnuts 100 4 50 Walnuts, green, best quality 50 4 51 Walnuts, dried 100 4 52 Almonds, shelled 1 sextarius 6 53 Hazelnuts 1 sextarius 4 54 Pine nuts, shelled 1 sextarius 12 55 Pistachios 1 sextarius 16 56 Jujubes 1 sextarius 4 57 Cherries 4 lb 4 58 Apricots 10 4 59 Peaches, firm fleshed, largest 10 4 60 Peaches, firm fleshed, smaller 20 6 61 Peaches, largest size 10 4 62 Peaches, smaller 20 4 63 Pears, largest size 10 … 64 Pears, smaller 20 … 65 Apples, Matian or Salignian, best quality 10 4 66 Apples, Matian or Salignian, second quality 20 4 67 Apples, smaller 40 4 68 Rosehips 100 8 69 Plums, yellow, largest size 30 4 70 Plums, yellow, smaller size 40 4 71 Pomegranates, largest size 10 8 72 Pomegranates, smaller size 20 8 73 Quinces 10 4 74 Quinces, smaller size 20 4 75 Citron, largest size … 24 76 Citron, smaller size … 16 77 Mulberries 1 sextarius 4 78 Figs, best quality 25 4 79 Figs, second quality 40 4 80 Table grapes, hard fleshed or long 4 lb 4 81 Dates, Nicolaän, best quality 8 4 82 Dates, Nicolaän, second quality 16 4 83 Dates, small 25 4 84 Figs, Carian 25 4 85 Figs, Carian, pressed ? 4 86 Damsons, dried, Moneaean 8 4 87 Damsons, dried, Moneaean, second quality 16 4 88 Figs, delacere (?) 1 lb 4 89 Olives from Tarsus 20 4 90 Olives in brine 40 4 91 Ripe, black olives 1 sextarius 4 92 Raisins, smoke dried 1 sextarius 8 93 Raisins, largest 1 sextarius 4 94 Truffle 1 lb 16 95 Sheep’s milk 1 sextarius 8 96 Fresh cheese 1 lb 8 VII.1. For wages 1a Farm labourer, with maintenance For a day 25 1b … … … 2 Stonemason, with maintenance For a day 50 3 Cabinet maker, with maintenance For a day 50 3a Carpenter, with maintenance For a day 50 4 Lime burner, with maintenance For a day 50 5 Worker in marble pavements, with maintenance For a day 60 6 Worker in wall mosaics, with maintenance For a day 60 7 Worker in tessellated floors, with maintenance For a day 50 8 Wall painter, with maintenance For a day 75 9 Figure painter, with maintenance For a day 150 10 Wagon wright, with maintenance For a day 50 11 Blacksmith for wagons, with maintenance For a day 50 12 Baker, with maintenance For a day 50 13 Shipwright, working on seagoing vessels, with maintenance For a day 60 14 Shipwright, working on river vessels, with maintenance For a day 50 15 For a maker of bricks ready for firing, for every 4 bricks of two feet and for the preparation of the clay, with maintenance For 1 unit (?) 2 16 For a maker of sun-dried bricks, for every 8 bricks and for the preparation of the clay, with maintenance For 1 unit (?) 2 17 Driver of camels, asses or mules, with maintenance For a day 25 18 Shepard, with maintenance For a day 25 19 Mule driver, with maintenance For a day 25 20 Veterinary, for clipping and preparing the hoofs For each animal 6 21 Veterinary, for bleeding and (also interior?) cleaning of the head For each animal 20 22 Barber For each client 2 23 Shearer, with maintenance For each animal 2 24 For bronze work 24a Bronze smith For each lb of processed metal 8 25 Copper smith For each lb of processed metal 6 26 Copper smith, for small vessels of various kind For each lb of processed metal 6 27 Copper smith, for figurines For each lb of processed metal 4 28 Copper smith for bronze inlays For each lb of processed metal 6 29 Maker of terracotta figurines, with maintenance For a day 75 30 Maker of plaster figurines, with maintenance For a day 50 31 Water carrier, full day, with maintenance For a day 25 32 Sewer cleaner, full day, with maintenance For a day 25 33 Armourer, for sharpening a used sword For 1 item 25 34 Armourer, for maintenance of a used helmet For 1 item 25 35 Armourer, for sharpening an axe For 1 item 6 36 Armourer, for sharpening a double bladed axe For 1 item 8 37 Armourer, for making (?) a sword scabbard For 1 item 100 38 Parchment maker for making a quaternion measuring a foot, of white or yellow parchment 40 39 Scribe, for the best writing For 100 lines 25 40 Scribe, for writing of the second quality For 100 lines 20 41 Notary, for writing petitions or legal documents For 100 lines 10 42 Tailor, for cutting and finishing a hooded cloak (birrus) of the finest quality For 1 item 60 43 Tailor, for cutting and finishing a hooded cloak (birrus) of the second quality For 1 item 40 44 Tailor, for cutting and finishing a cloak, caracalla, largest For 1 item 25 45 Tailor, for cutting and finishing a cloak, caracalla, smaller For 1 item 20 46 Tailor, for cutting and finishing breeches For 1 item 20 47 Tailor, for making felt leggings For 1 item 4 48 Tailor, for folding and sewing a fine garment For 1 item 6 49 Tailor, for making and attaching silk bands on neck and sleeves For 1 item 50 50 Tailor, for making and attaching partly silk bands on neck and sleeves For 1 item 30 51 Tailor, for stitching a seam in a coarse garment For 1 item 4 52 Tailor, for making a white or black horse blanket of felt, weighing 3 pounds For 1 item 100 53 Tailor, for making a first quality embroidered horse blanket, weighing 3 pounds For 1 item 250 54 For bleaching or colouring a woman’s new ordinary tunic For 1 item 16 55 For bleaching or colouring a woman’s new ordinary tunic which is already in use For 1 item 10 56 For bleaching or colouring a close fitting man’s shirt with sleeves, new from the loom For 1 item 10 57 For bleaching or colouring a close fitting man’s shirt with sleeves which is already in use For 1 item 6 58 For bleaching or colouring a close fitting child’s shirt with sleeves, new from the loom For 1 item 6 59 For bleaching or colouring a close fitting child’s shirt with sleeves which is already in use For 1 item 2 60 For bleaching or colouring a soldier’s new cloak, a sagum or rachanam For 1 item 16 61 For bleaching or colouring a soldier’s cloak, a sagum or rachanam which is already in use For 1 item 6 62 For bleaching or colouring a new cloth or rug used for covering For 1 item 24 63 For bleaching or colouring cloth or rug used for covering which is already in use For 1 item 10 64 Gymnastic instructor Monthly for each pupil 50 65 Pedagogue Monthly for each charge 50 66 Elementary teacher Monthly for each pupil 50 67 Teacher of arithmetic Monthly for each pupil 75 68 Teacher for shorthand Monthly for each pupil 75 69 Teacher of manuscript writing or palaeography Monthly for each pupil 50 70 Teacher of Greek or Latin literature and of geometry Monthly for each pupil 200 71 Teacher of rhetoric or public speaking Monthly for each pupil 250 72 Attorney for opening a case 250 73 Attorney for pleading a case 1.000 74 Teacher of architecture Monthly for each pupil 100 75 Guard of clothes in public bath For each bather 2 76 Bath superintendent in a private bath For each bather 2 VIII.1. For Babylonian, Trallian or Phoenician hides (Note: refers to types of hides and –in chapter IX and X- leather. For instance: ‘Babylonian’ indicates the colour, red or purple) 1a Babylonian hide, first quality 500 2 Babylonian hide, second quality 400 3 Trallian hide 200 4 Phoenician hide 100 5 Hide dyed indigo 400 6 For ox hides 6a Ox hide, untanned, first quality 500 7 Ox hide, tanned for shoe soles 750 8 Ox hide, tanned for harnesses, etc. 600 9 Ox hide untanned, second quality 300 10 Ox hide tanned, second quality 400 11 Goat skin, largest, untanned 40 12 Goat skin, largest, tanned 50 13 Sheep skin, largest, untanned 20 14 Sheep skin, largest, tanned 30 15 Sheep skin for a cap, first quality 100 16 Sheep skin cap, completed 200 17 Kid skin, untanned 10 18 Kid skin, tanned 16 19 Hyena skin, untanned 40 20 Hyena skin, tanned 60 21 Gazelle skin, untanned 10 22 Gazelle skin, tanned 15 23 Deer skin, untanned, first quality 75 24 Deer skin, tanned, first quality 100 25 Wild sheep skin, untanned 20 26 Wild sheep skin, tanned 30 27 Wolf skin, untanned 25 28 Wolf skin, tanned 40 29 Marten (Lauffer 1971) or badger (Graser 1940) skin, untanned 10 30 Marten (Lauffer 1971) or badger (Graser 1940) skin, tanned 15 31 Beaver skin, untanned 20 32 Beaver skin, tanned 30 33 Bear skin, largest, untanned 100 34 Bear skin, largest, tanned 150 35 Lynx skin, untanned 40 36 Lynx skin, tanned 60 37 Seal skin, untanned 1.250 38 Seal skin, tanned 1.500 39 Leopard skin, untanned 1.000 40 Leopard skin, tanned 1.250 41 Lion skin, tanned 1.000 42 For leather covers, used in wagons 42a Leather cover of eight first quality goat skins 600 43 Finest and largest cover 600 IX.1. For lasts for boots and shoes 1a Lasts for boots, largest size 100 2 Lasts, second size 80 3 Women’s lasts 60 4 Children’s lasts 30 5 Boots 5a Boots for mule drivers or farm workers, first quality, without hob nails 120 6 Boots for soldiers, without hob nails 100 7 Shoes for patricians 150 8 Shoes for senators 100 9 Shoes for equestrians 70 10 Mule drivers boots 60 11 Soldier’s shoes 75 12 For sandals and Gallic sandals 12a Gallic men’s sandals for farm workers, double soled 80 13 Gallic men’s sandals, single soled 50 14 Gallic sandals for couriers 60 15 Women’s ox hide sandals, double soled 50 16 Women’s ox hide sandals, single soled 30 17 For Babylonian and Phoenician purple or white slippers 17a Babylonian sandals 120 18 Purple or Phoenician slippers 60 19 White slippers … 20 … … 20a Men’s slippers, first quality 60 21 Women’s slippers, first quality 50 22 Gilded slippers 80 23 Babylonian purple slippers 80 24 Gilded ox hide slippers 75 25 Ox hide slippers, lined with wool 50 X.1. For leather goods 1a Traveling bag, first quality 1.500 2 Military saddle 500 3 Mule saddle, with whip 800 4 Halter for a horse, with rings and leading rein 75 5 Complete bride for a horse, with bit 100 6 Bridle for a mule, with halter 120 7 Halter for a mule 80 8 For soldier’s belts 8a Babylonian belt, … wide 100 9 Babylonian belt, … wide 200 10 Babylonian chest strap 100 11 White belt, four digiti wide 60 12 White belt, six digiti wide 75 13 For leather sacks 13a Sack, first quality 120 14 Sack for oil, first quality 100 15 Daily charge for rental of a sack 2 16 For leather articles 16a Leather container holding one sextarius 20 17 Box for five reed pens 40 18 Mule whip with handle 16 19 Driver’s reins 2 XI.1. For products made of camel- and goat’s hair 1a Unworked hair 1 lb 6 2 Hair, woven into bags or clothes sacks 1 lb 10 3 Hair, twisted to a rope 1 lb 10 4 For packsaddles 4a Packsaddle for a mule 350 5 Packsaddle for an ass 250 6 Packsaddle for a camel 350 7 For bags for clothing 7a Double sacks for clothing A pair weighing 30 lb 400 8 Bag, 3 feet wide and of any desired length For each lb weight (AK: or carrying capacity?) 16 XII.1. For timber 1a Fir planks, 50 cubits long, 4 cubits in perimeter 50.000 2 Fir planks, 45 cubits long, 4 cubits in perimeter 40.000 3 Fir planks, 40 cubits long, 4 cubits in perimeter 30.000 4 Fir planks, 35 cubits long, 80 digiti in perimeter 12.000 5 Fir planks, 28 cubits long, 4 cubits in perimeter 10.000 6 Fir planks, 30 cubits long, 72 digiti in perimeter 8.000 7 Fir planks, 28 cubits long, 64 digiti in perimeter 6.000 8 Fir planks, 25 cubits long, 64 digiti in perimeter 5.000 9 The prices above are also established for pine 10 Oak planks, 14 cubits long, 68 digiti in perimeter 250 11 Ash planks, 14 cubits long, 48 digiti in perimeter 250 12 Beech planks, 14 cubits long, 48 digiti in perimeter 250 13 Cypress planks, 12 cubits long, 48 digiti in perimeter 300 14 Fir or pine planks, 12 cubits long, 48 digiti in perimeter 250 15 Oak saw-wood 1 cubit (AK: square or cubic?) … 16 ………..foot, a foot….. … 16a (follows) 17 (follows) 18 (follows) 19 (follows) 19a (follows) 20 (follows) 21 (follows) 22 (follows) XXIII.1. For spindles, shuttles and combs 1a Shuttle of boxwood 14 2 Shuttles of other woods 30 3 Weavers comb of boxwood 12 4 Weavers comb of other woods 14 5 Spindle of boxwood, with whorl 12 6 Spindle of other woods, with whorl 15 7 Women’s comb of boxwood 14 8 Women’s scraping knife 12 9 Scraper made of tortoise shield 4 10 Scraper made of amber … XIV.1. For poles and firewood 1a Round stakes 2 40 2 Medium reeds 2 50 3 Large reeds 2 100 4 Lance shaft of cornel wood 30 5 Shaft for long lance 50 6 Ordinary large ladder of 30 rungs 150 7 Plant stakes Bundle of 100 10 8 Wagonload of firewood 1.200 lb 150 9 Camel load of firewood 400 lb 50 10 Mule load of firewood 300 lb 30 11 Ass load of firewood 200 lb … 12 Twigs and pieces of firewood, for use in ovens Bundle of 15 lb 30 XV.1. For wood for wagons, for wagons, for wooden items and metals, for terracotta / pottery 1a Turned axle 250 2 Axle, unturned 200 3 Hub of a wheel, turned 240 4 Hub of a wheel, unturned 200 5 Spoke of a wheel, turned 70 6 Spoke of a wheel, unturned 30 7 Seats, turned 200 plus 8 Seats, unturned 200 9 Wagon fork, turned … 10 Wagon fork, unturned 175 11 Wagon tongue, turned 200 12 Wagon tongue, unturned 100 13 Straight piece, turned 75 14 Straight piece, unturned 35 15 Clamp, turned 75 16 Clamp, unturned 45 17 Prod or whip, turned 5 18 Prod or whip, unturned 4 19 Side pieces or ribs(?), turned … 20 Side pieces or ribs, unturned 30 21 Hay implement (?), turned 16 22 Hay implement, unturned … 23a … … 23b … … 24 … 40 25 … 20 26 … 70 27 … 70 28 … 70 29 … 30 30 … 36 31 For vehicles 31a Freight wagon, best quality, with wheel-rims of one piece, ironwork not included 6.000 32 Freight wagon, with joined wheel rims, ironwork not included 3.500 33 Four wheeled passenger wagon, with joined wheel rims, ironwork not included 3.000 34 Sleeping wagon, with wheel-rims of one piece, ironwork not included 7.500 35 Sleeping wagon, with joined wheel rims, ironwork not included 4.000 36 Freight wagons with wheel-rims of one piece, and other wagons with wheels fitted out with ironwork are to be sold at a price which includes the ironwork 37 Four wheeled travelling wagon, with the wheel rims of one piece, ironwork not included 7.000 38 For wagons 38a Four wheeled wagon with yoke, not including the ironwork 1.500 39 A wagon with ironwork is to be sold at a price in which the value of the wood and iron are included 40 Two wheeled freight wagon with yoke, not including the ironwork 800 41 Wooden threshing sledge 200 42 Wooden plow with yoke 100 43 Rammer or two-sided hoe(?) or fork 100 44 Double sided hoe? 12 45 Shovel 4 46 Three-pronged fork 8 47 Two-pronged fork 4 48 Five-modius trough 150 49 Wooden one-modius measure 50 50 Wooden one-modius measure, iron bound 75 51 Turned wooden bowl, one half modius 30 52 For mills 52a Horse mill with millstones 1.500 53 Ass mill 1.250 54 Water driven mill 2.000 55 Hand mill 250 56 For sieves 56a Leather sieve for threshing 250 57 Leather sieve for the finest wheat meal 400 58 Large woven sieve 200 59 Ordinary woven sieve 100 60 Woven sieve for pulse 50 61 Woven sieve for… 35 62 Woven sieve … 60 63 For metals 63a Brass 1 lb 100 64 Copper 1 lb 75 65 Hammered bronze plate 1 lb 60 66 Unworked bronze 1 lb 50 67 [for terracotta and pottery] 68 Ordinary tile with joint-tile … 69 Brick for wall, two feet long … 70 Brick for wall, one foot long 4 71 Round brick 4 72 Fluepipe for hypocaust heating 6 73 Exit-stack for fluepipe 6 74 Water pipe ‘qqualem modialem’(?) 12 75 Water pipe ‘sev. modialem’(?) 6 76 Water pipe, 4 digitus wide 4 77 Storage jar of 1000 sextarii 1 1000 78 Jar of 2 sextarii 1 2 79 Oil lamp 10 (?) 4 80 Jar of 20 sextarii 1 12 81 More containers with a price on the basis of capacity XVI.1. For glass, ivory, needles (Note AK: sources for glass, see literature; for terracotta -including pottery- see introduction) 1 For glass 1a Alexandrian glass 1 lb 24 2 Judaean greenish glass 1 lb 13 3 Alexandrian plain glass cups and vessels 1 lb 30 4 Judaean plain glass cups and vessels 1 lb 20 5 Window glass, best quality 1 lb 8 6 For ivory and tortoise 6a Ivory 1 lb 150 7 Shield of tortoise from India 1 lb 100 8 For needles 8a Sewing needle, very fine 4 9 Sewing needle, second quality 2 10 Needle for sewing sacks or packsaddles 2 XVII.1. For road transport charges 1a Charge for one person For each mile 2 2 Charge for a full wagon For each mile 12 3 Freight charge for a 1.200 lb wagonload For each mile 20 4 Freight charge for a 600 lb wagonload For each mile 8 5 Freight charge for an ass load For each mile 4 6 For fodder 6a Vetch fodder 2 lb 2 7 Hay or chaff 4 lb 2 8 Green fodder 6 lb 1 XVIII.1. For down, feathers and cushioning 1a Goose down 1 lb 100 2 Down of different birds 1 lb 50 3 Soft feathers of various birds 1 lb 2 4 Fluff from willows 100 lb 1.000 5 Cushioning of Verbascum 100 lb 1.000 6 Cushioning of reed tufts 100 lb 100 7 Cushioning of wool flocks 1 lb 8 8 Cushioning of wool flocks, second quality 1 lb 4 9 Peacock’s feather, finest 1 2 10 Vulture’s feathers 25 6 11 For writing reeds and ink 11a Ink 1 lb 12 12 Reeds with one knot from Paphos and Alexandria 10 4 13 Reeds, second quality 20 4 XIX.1 For clothing 1a Military mantle, best quality, as described in the indictio (note AK: tax regulations) 4.000 2 Shirt, as described in the indictio 2.000 3 Shirt, as described in the indictio, without purple bands 1.250 4 Cover to be used as a tent, 16 by 16 feet, dyed 2.500 5 White cover for a bed, weighing 12 lb, best quality 1.600 6 A dyed cover, Arabian or Damascene or any other provenance, is to be sold at a price in which the weight of the wool and the cost of the embroidery are included 7 Ordinary cover, weight 10 lb 500 8 Women’s dalmatica (note AK: a wide sleeved tunic) of coarse wool, striped with archil purple, weight 2 lb … 9 Men’s dalmatica, with light purple bands, part silk … unciae … 10 Close fitting strictoria (note AK: close fitting undershirt with narrow sleeves) part silk, with light purple bands … 11 Close fitting strictoria with coloured bands 6.000 12 Dalmaticomafortium (Note AK: hooded wide garment with sleeves), part silk, with light purple bands 44.000 13 Dalmaticomafortium, part silk, part wool from Mutina, with light purple bands 46.000 14 Dalmaticomafortium, part silk, part ‘sea wool’ (Note: ‘wool’ made from the byssus thread of the Pinna nobilis musle shell) with light purple bands 48.000 15 Men’s silk dalmatica with dark purple bands, … lb 50.000 16 Men’s silk dalmaticomafortium with coloured bands, weighing 2 lb 135.000 17 (follows) 18 Silk strictoria with purple bands, weighing six unciae 40.000 19 ….. silk, without bands… 45.000 20 …quality of the wool…and the quantity of the gold thread and the embroidering must be taken into account 21 Cloak of wool from Mutina, double, purple bands, dyed once … 22 ….cloak…. (follows) … 23 Cloak of wool from Mutina, single, with purple bands.. five unciae … 24 Women’s garment of wool from Mutina, closed with clasps, single, with purple bands, once dyed, … unciae … 25 Women’s garment of wool from Mutina, from Laodicea, closed with clasps, single, with purple bands, once dyed, four unciae (AK: garment or paint?) 40…. 26 Cloak of wool from Mutina or Laodicea, single, with purple bands, once dyed, … unciae 15.000 27 Women’s garment from Laodicea, closed with clasps, with purple bands, first …four unciae 4.000 28 Cover from Britannia, first quality 5.000 29 Cover from Britannia, second quality 4.000 30 Cover from Cappadocia or Pontia, first quality 3.000 31 Cover from Cappadocia or Pontia, second quality 2.000 32 Cover from Egypt 1.750 33 Cover from… 4.000 34 Cover from… for covering a reclining dinner sofa 4.500 35 Cover from Africa 1.500 36 Covers are to be sold according to the value of the weight of the wool and the dying and the embroidery 37 Laodicean hooded cloak 4.500 38 Laodicean hooded cloak, resembling a Nervian cloak 10.000 39 Tunic from Laodicea, undecorated, without bands, twilled 2.000 40 The price of a bordered tunic from Laodicea must include the price of the purple used 41 … … 42 … … 43 … …5 44 First quality Nervian hooded cloak, the colour of a lion 15.000 45 Hooded cloak of the type taurogastrico 12.000 46 Hooded cloak from the lower Danube 8.000 47 Hooded cloak from Noricum 10.000 48 Hooded cloak from Britannia 6.000 49 Hooded cloak from Melitomagus 6.000 50 Striped hooded cloak from Canusius (AK: Apulia), first quality 4.000 51 Hooded cloak from Numidia 3.000 52 Argolic hooded cloak, first quality 6.000 53 Achaean or Phrygian hooded cloak, first quality 2.000 54 African hooded cloak 1.500 55 ‘Banata’ (AK: unexplained), double, from Noricum 20.000 56 ‘Fedox’( AK: unexplained), from Noricum, first quality 10.000 57 Gallic ‘banata’ 15.000 58 Gallic ‘fedox’ 8.000 59 Singilio (AK: unexplained, shirt?) from Noricum 1.500 60 Singilio (AK: unexplained) from Gallia 1.200 61 Singilio (AK: unexplained) from Numidia 600 62 Singilio (AK: unexplained) from Phrygia or Bissicus 600 63 Hooded cape from Laodicea, best quality 5.000 64 Hooded cape from Balesium 4.000 65 Cloak with clasp from Rhaetia 12.000 66 Cloak with clasp from the Treveri 8.000 67 Cloak with clasp from Petovionicum (AK: Poetovio in Pannonia/ present day Slovenia) 5.000 68 Cloak with clasp from Africa 2.000 69 Short mantle from Dardenica, double, best quality 12.500 70 Short mantle from Dardania, single, best quality 7.000 71 Short cloak 1.000 72 Short cloak from Africa 500 73 Short cloak from Gallia, from the Ambiani or the Bituriges 8.000 73a Close fitting strictoria (note AK: close fitting undershirt with narrow sleeves) from the wool of hares (Lauffer 1971) or rabbits (Graser 1940) 6.000 73b dalmat……. … 73b Dalmaticomafortium (Note AK: hooded wide garment with sleeves) from the wool of hares (Lauffer 1971) or rabbits (Graser 1940) with purple bands 7.000 XX.1. For Payments for embroiderers and silk workers 1a For embroidery on a close fitting strictoria (note AK: close fitting undershirt with sleeves), part silk For one uncia of thread 200 2 For embroidery on a close fitting strictoria (note AK: close fitting undershirt with narrow sleeves), pure silk For one uncia of thread 300 3 For embroidery on a light cloak of wool from Mutina For one uncia of thread 25 4 For embroidery on a light cloak from Laodiceia in the way of Mutina For one uncia of thread 25 5 For a brocade maker, working in gold thread, for work of the best quality For one uncia of thread 1.000 6 For a brocade maker, working in gold thread, for work of the second quality For one uncia of thread 750 7 For a gold embroiderer on pure silk For one uncia of thread 500 8 For a gold embroiderer on pure silk, in second quality For one uncia of thread 400 9 Silk worker on part silk, with maintenance For a day 25 10 Silk worker on pure silk, with maintenance For a day 25 11 Silk worker on pure silk, checkered, with maintenance For a day 40 12 Woman weaver of tunica’s of soft cloth, according to the indictio, with maintenance For a day 12 13 Woman weaver of tunica’s of cloth from Mutina and other places, with maintenance For a day 16 XXI.1. (…) (Graser fills in:) For wool weavers 1a Wool weaver, working in wool from Mutina or ‘sea wool’ (Note: ‘wool’ made from the byssus thread of the Pinna nobilis musle shell), with maintenance For 1 lb 40 2 Wool weaver, working in wool from Tarentum, Laodiceia or Altinum For 1 lb 30 3 Wool weaver, working in wool of the second quality For 1 lb 20 4 Wool weaver, working in wool of the third, coarse quality For 1 lb 15 5 Linen weaver for first quality work, with maintenance For a day 40 6 Linen weaver for second quality work, with maintenance For a day 20 XXII.1. For wages for fullers and launderers 1a Fuller, for a light new cloak, as described in the indictio (note AK: tax regulations) 50 2 For a new strictoria (note AK: close fitting undershirt with narrow sleeves) as described in the indictio 25 3 For a shirt without decoration, of coarser wool 20 4 For a new cover 30 5 For a new dalmaticomafortium (Note AK: hooded wide garment with sleeves) of coarser wool 50 6 For a new dalmaticomafortium of pure soft-finished wool 100 7 For a new strictoria of pure soft-finished wool 50 8 For a man’s new dalmatica, part silk 200 9 For a new strictoria, part silk 175 10 For a new strictoria, part silk, without purple bands 125 11 For a new dalmaticomafortium, part silk 300 12 For a man’s new dalmatica in pure silk 400 13 For a new dalmaticomafortium, pure silk 600 14 For a new strictoria, pure silk 250 15 For a new strictoria, pure silk, without purple bands 200 16 For a new light cloak, double, of wool from Mutina 500 17 For a new light cloak, single, of wool from Mutina 250 18 For a new garment closed with clasps, of wool from Mutina 200 19 For a new garment closed with clasps, of wool from Laodiceia 200 20 For a light new cloak of wool from Laodiceia 200 21 For a new hooded cloak of wool from the Nervii 600 22 For a new hooded cloak of wool from Laodiceia 175 23 For a new hooded cloak from Ripensi or of the type taurogastrico 300 24 For a new hooded cloak from Noricum 200 25 For other hooded cloaks 100 26 For African or Achaean hooded cloaks 50 XXIII.1. For the price of silks 1a White unprocessed silk 1 lb 12.000 2 For those unravelling silk, with maintenance 1 uncia 64 XXIV.1. For purple 1a Unprocessed silk, dyed purple 1 lb 150.000 2 Wool dyed purple 1 lb 50.000 3 Wool dyed lighter purple 1 lb 32.000 4 Wool dyed bright Tyrian purple 1 lb 16.000 5 Wool, dyed purple once 1 lb 12.000 6. Wool, dyed twice in the best Milesian purple 1 lb 12.000 7 Wool, dyed in second quality Milesian purple 1 lb 10.000 8 Wool, dyed scarlet-red with Nicene Kermes (AK: shield lice) 1 lb 1.500 9 Wool, dyed in the best quality archil purple (AK: a lichen) 1 lb 600 10 Wool, dyed in second quality archil purple 1 lb 500 11 Wool, dyed in third quality archil purple 1 lb 400 12 Wool, dyed in fourth quality archil purple 1 lb 300 13 For those unravelling unprocessed silk, dyed purple or any other colour 1 uncia 3(??) (AK: probably:) 50 14 For those spinning purple silk for pure silk cloth 1 uncia 116 15 For those spinning purple silk for part silk cloth 1 uncia 60 16 For those spinning purple wool of the first quality for soft-finished cloth 1 uncia 24 17 (follows) 18 (follows) 19 (follows) 20 (follows) 21 (follows) XXV.1. For wool 1a Wool from Tarentum, washed 1 lb 175 2 Wool from Laodiceia, washed 1 lb 150 3 Wool from Asturia, washed 1 lb 100 4 Wool of the best middle quality, washed 1 lb 50 5 All other wool, washed 1 lb 25 6 Sea wool (Note AK: ‘wool’ made from the byssus thread of the Pinna nobilis musle shell) 1 lb 150 7 Rabbit’s hair, unsorted 1 lb 100 8 Wool from Aria (AK: Persia?) 1 lb 150 9 Wool from the Atrebetes 1 lb 200 10 (follows) 11 (follows) 12 (follows) 13 (follows) XXVI.1. For linen 1a Combed, unspun flax, first quality 1 lb 24 2 Combed, unspun flax, second quality 1 lb 20 3 Combed, unspun flax, third quality 1 lb 16 4 For the different kinds of linen yarn, the prices below must not be exceeded 4a First quality 1 lb 1.200 5 Second quality 1 lb 960 6 Third quality 1 lb 840 7 Further, linen yarn inferior to the third quality mentioned above 7a First quality 1 lb 720 8 Second quality 1 lb 600 9 Third quality 1 lb 450 10 Coarse linen, for common people, farmers and slaves 10a First quality 1 lb 250 11 Second quality 1 lb 125 12 Third quality 1 lb 72 13 Linen unit of textile (AK: will be referred to below as ‘1 web’), woven for a shirt without colour bands 13a First quality from Scythopolis 1 web 7.000 14 First quality from Tarsus 1 web 6.000 15 First quality from Byblus 1 web 5.000 16 First quality from Laodiceia 1 web 4.500 17 First quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 4.000 18 Second quality from Scythopolis 1 web 6.000 19 Second quality from Tarsus 1 web 5.000 20 Second quality from Byblus 1 web 4.000 21 Second quality from Laodiceia 1 web 3.500 22 Second quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 3.000 23 Third quality from Scythopolis 1 web 5.000 24 Third quality from Tarsus 1 web 3.500 25 Third quality from Byblus 1 web 3.000 26 Third quality from Laodiceia 1 web 2.500 27 Third quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 2.000 28 For a soldiers’ Strictorium 28a First quality 1.500 29 Second quality 1.250 30 Third quality 1.000 31 (Strictorium?) of coarse linen for the use of common people or slaves 31a First quality … 32 Second quality 600 33 Third quality 500 34 For a woman’s dalmatica without coloured bands 34a First quality from Scythopolis 1 web 11.000 35 First quality from Tarsus 1 web 10.000 36 First quality from Byblus 1 web 9.000 37 First quality from Laodiceia 1 web 8.000 38 First quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 7.000 39 For a man’s dalmatica or for a short sleeved tunica, a Colobia 39a First quality from Scythopolis 1 web 10.000 40 First quality from Tarsus 1 web 9.000 41 First quality from Byblus 1 web 8.000 42 First quality from Laodiceia 1 web 7.500 43 First quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 6.500 44 For a woman’s dalmatica 44a Second quality from Scythopolis 1 web 9.000 45 Second quality from Tarsus 1 web 8.000 46 Second quality from Byblus 1 web 7.000 47 Second quality from Laodiceia 1 web 6.000 48 Second quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 4.500 49 For a man’s dalmatica or for a short sleeved tunica, a colobia 49a Second quality from Scythopolis 1 web 7.500 50 Second quality from Tarsus 1 web 6.500 51 Second quality from Byblus 1 web 6.000 52 Second quality from Laodiceia 1 web 5.000 53 Second quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 4.500 54 For a woman’s dalmatica 54a Third quality from Scythopolis 1 web 7.000 55 Third quality from Tarsus 1 web 6.000 56 Third quality from Byblus 1 web 5.000 57 Third quality from Laodiceia 1 web 4.000 58 Third quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 3.000 59 For a man’s dalmatica or for a short sleeved tunica, a colobia 59a Third quality from Scythopolis 1 web 6.000 60 Third quality from Tarsus 1 web 5.000 61 Third quality from Byblus 1 web 4.000 62 Third quality from Laodiceia 1 web 3.000 63 Third quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 2.000 64 For linen clothing without coloured bands 65 The following prices for linens below the third quality, which are produced at the majority of weaving sheds, no one is permitted to exceed 66 For a woman’s dalmatica 66a First quality 1 web 2.500 67 Second quality 1 web 2.250 68 Third quality 1 web 1.750 69 For coarser linen for common people or slaves 69a First quality 1 web 1.000 70 Second quality 1 web 800 71 Third quality 1 web 600 72 For a man’s dalmatica or for a short sleeved tunica, a colobia 72a First quality 1 web 2.500 73 Second quality 1 web 2.000 74 Third quality 1 web 1.500 75 For coarser linen for common people or slaves 75a First quality 1 web 800 76 Second quality 1 web 600 77 Third quality 1 web 500 78 For wraps 78a First quality from Scythopolis 1 web 7.500 79 First quality from Tarsus 1 web 7.000 80 First quality from Byblus 1 web 6.000 81 First quality from Laodiceia 1 web 5.500 82 First quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 4.500 83 Second quality from Scythopolis 1 web 6.500 84 Second quality from Tarsus 1 web 5.500 85 Second quality from Byblus 1 web 5.000 86 Second quality from Laodiceia 1 web 4.000 87 Second quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 3.000 88 Third quality from Scythopolis 1 web 5.000 89 Third quality from Tarsus 1 web 4.000 90 Third quality from Byblus 1 web 3.500 91 Third quality from Laodiceia 1 web 3.000 92 Third quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 2.500 93 Wraps inferior to the third quality mentioned above 93a First quality 1 web 2.250 94 Second quality 1 web 1.750 95 Third quality 1 web 1.250 96 For coarser linen for common people or slaves 96a First quality 1 web 800 97 Second quality 1 web 600 98 Third quality 1 web 500 99 For a face cloth (sweat cloth), without coloured bands 99a First quality from Scythopolis 1 web 3.250 100 First quality from Tarsus 1 web 3.000 101 First quality from Byblus 1 web 2.500 102 First quality from Laodiceia 1 web 2.250 103 First quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 1.750 104 Second quality from Scythopolis 1 web 2.500 105 Second quality from Tarsus 1 web 2.250 106 Second quality from Byblus 1 web 2.250 107 Second quality from Laodiceia 1 web 2.000 108 Second quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 1.500 109 Third quality from Scythopolis 1 web 2.250 110 Third quality from Tarsus 1 web 2.000 111 Third quality from Byblus 1 web 1.750 112 Third quality from Laodiceia 1 web 1.500 113 Third quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 1.250 114 For face cloths (sweat cloths), inferior to the third quality mentioned above 114a First quality 1 web 1.000 115 Second quality 1 web 750 116 Third quality 1 web 500 117 For coarser linen for common people or slaves 117a First quality 1 web 350 118 Second quality 1 web 225 119 Third quality 1 web 200 120 Hooded cloaks (caracallae), short to medium 120a First quality from Scythopolis 1 web 3.500 121 First quality from Tarsus 1 web 3.000 122 First quality from Byblus 1 web 2.500 123 First quality from Laodiceia 1 web 2.250 124 First quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 1.750 125 Second quality from Scythopolis 1 web 3.000 126 Second quality from Tarsus 1 web 2.500 127 Second quality from Byblus 1 web 2.250 128 Second quality from Laodiceia 1 web 2.000 129 Second quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 1.500 130 Third quality from Scythopolis 1 web 2.500 131 Third quality from Tarsus 1 web 2.250 132 Third quality from Byblus 1 web 2.000 133 Third quality from Laodiceia 1 web 1.750 134 Third quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 1.250 135 For short to medium hooded cloaks, inferior to the third quality mentioned above 135a First quality 1 web 1.000 136 Second quality 1 web 750 137 Third quality 1 web 600 138 For short to medium hooded cloaks for the use of women of the lower classes 138a First quality … … 139 Second quality … … 140 Third quality … … 141ff … … … XXVII.….(For further linens) 1 … 1 web 1.250 2 For loin cloths which are inferior to the quality mentioned above 2a First quality 1 web 1.000 3 Second quality 1 web 800 4 Third quality 1 web 600 5 For loin cloths for the use of common people or slaves 5a First quality 1 web 400 6 Second quality 1 web 300 7 Third quality 1 web 200 8 For pocket handkerchiefs, first quality from Scythopolis 1 web 1.300 9 First quality from Tarsus 1 web 1.000 10 First quality from Byblus 1 web 800 11 First quality from Laodiceia 1 web 600 12 First quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 500 13 Second quality from Scythopolis 1 web … 14 Second quality from Tarsus 1 web 700 15 Second quality from Byblus 1 web 600 16 Second quality from Laodiceia 1 web 500 17 Second quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 400 18 Third quality from Scythopolis 1 web 700 19 Third quality from Tarsus 1 web 600 20 Third quality from Byblus 1 web 500 21 Third quality from Laodiceia 1 web 400 22 Third quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 300 23 For pocket handkerchiefs, inferior to the quality mentioned above 23a First quality 1 web 250 24 Second quality 1 web 200 25 Third quality 1 web 150 26 For pocket handkerchiefs for the use of common people and slaves 26a First quality 1 web 120 27 Second quality 1 web 100 28 Third quality 1 web 80 29 …women’s … … 29a First quality from Scythopolis 1 web 1.500 30 First quality from Tarsus 1 web 1.200 ? 31 First quality from Byblus 1 web … 32 First quality from Laodiceia 1 web … 33 First quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web … 34ff … … … XXVIII……(For further linens) 1 First quality 1 web 1.200 2 Second quality 1 web 1.000 3 Third quality 1 web 700 4 Of coarse linen for the use of common people or slaves 4a First quality 1 web 600 5 Second quality 1 web 450 6 Third quality 1 web 300 7 For headbands of linen from Scythopolis, Tarsus, Byblus, Laodiceia or Tarsus, Alexandrian 7a First quality 1 web 1.500 8 Second quality 1 web 1.200 9 Third quality 1 web 800 10 For headbands, inferior to the third quality mentioned above 10a First quality 1 web 450? 11 Second quality 1 web 400 12 Third quality 1 web 300 13 Of coarse linen for the use of common people or slave women 13a First quality 1 web 250 14 Second quality 1 web 200 15 Third quality 1 web 150 16 For bed linens 16a First quality from Scythopolis 1 web … 17 First quality from Tarsus 1 web … 18 First quality from Byblus 1 web … 19 First quality from Laodiceia 1 web 8.000 20 First quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 7.500 21 Second quality from Scythopolis 1 web … 21 Second quality from Tarsus 1 web … 23 Second quality from Byblus 1 web … 24 Second quality from Laodiceia 1 web …50 25 Second quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web …750 26 Third quality from Scythopolis 1 web …500 27 Third quality from Tarsus 1 web …700 28 Third quality from Byblus 1 web … 29 Third quality from Laodiceia 1 web 5.250 30 Third quality from Tarsus, Alexandrian 1 web 4.500 31 For bed linens inferior to the third quality mentioned above 31a First quality 1 web 3.000 32 Second quality 1 web 2.500 33 Third quality 1 web 1.750 34 Of coarse linen for the use of common people or slaves 34a First quality 1 web 1.400 35 Second quality 1 web 1.000 36 Third quality 1 web 800 37 Bands 37a First quality, of linen from Scythopolis, Tarsus, Byblus, Laodiceia or any other purest linen … 1.500 38 Second quality 1 1.250 39 Third quality 1 1.000 ? 40 Those which are inferior to the third quality mentioned above 40a First quality 1 750 41 Second quality 1 500 42 Third quality 1 400 43 Of coarse linen for the use of common people and slaves 43a First quality 1 300 44 Second quality 1 200 45 Third quality 1 150 46 Bed ticking and pillow ticking from Tralles or Antinoe 2.750 47 From Damascus or Cyprus or other places First quality 1.750 48 Second quality 1.250 49 Third quality 800 50 Those which are inferior to the third quality mentioned above 50a Bed ticking and pillow ticking First quality 600 51 Second quality 500 52 Third quality 400 53 Of coarse linen for the use of common people or slaves 53a First quality 350 54 Second quality 300 55 Third quality 250 56 Bed cushion for the use of common people 100 57 Linen towels, Gallic First quality 1 web 2.500 58 Second quality 1 web 2.000 59 Third quality 1 web 820 60 Linen towels, …and… 60a First quality 1 square 1.800 61 Second quality 1 square 1.200 62 Third quality 1 square … 63 Towels….. 64 (fragments) 65 (fragments) 66 (fragments) 67 ….. 68 (fragments) 69 ….. 70 (fragments) 71 (fragments) 72 (fragments) 73 (fragments) 74 …. 75 …. 76 (fragments) 77 (fragments) …. XXIX…..(AK: purple fabrics) 1 (follows) 2 (follows) 3 (follows) 4 (follows) 5 (follows) 6 (follows) 7 (follows) 8 (follows) 9 (follows) 10 (follows) 11 (follows) 12 (follows) 13 (follows) 14 (follows) 15 (follows) 16 (follows) 17 (follows) 18 (follows) 19 (follows) 20 (follows) 21 (follows) 22 (follows) 23 (follows) 24 (follows) 25 (follows) 26 (follows) 27 (follows) 28 (follows) 29 (follows) 30 Dalmatica, with purple bands, with 1 lb of archil purple 1 web 4.500 31 Dalmatica, with purple bands, with 6 unciae of archil purple 1 web 4.000 32 Dalmatica, with vertical purple bands, with 6 unciae of purple 1 web 32.000 33 With six unciae of light purple 1 web 22.000 34 With six unciae of bright Tyrian purple 1 web 13.000 35 With six unciae of simple or once-dyed purple 1 web 10.000 36 With one lb of archil purple 1 web 2.500? 37 With six unciae of archil purple 1 web 3.500 38 Face cloths, with purple bands, with six unciae of purple 1 web 30.000 39 With six unciae of light purple 1 web 22.000 40 With six unciae of bright Tyrian purple 1 web 12.000 41 With six unciae of simple or once-dyed purple 1 web 8.500 42 With one lb of archil purple 1 web 3.500 43 With six unciae of archil purple 1 web 2.500 44 Hoods (mafortia), women’s, with vertical purple bands, with 1 lb of purple 1 web 55.000 45 With 1 lb of light purple 1 web 36.000 46 With 1 lb of bright Tyrian purple 1 web 20.000 47 With 1 lb of simple or once-dyed purple 1 web 15.000 48 With one lb of archil purple 1 web 3.500 49 In all the aforesaid types of merchandise all the standards are to be observed for women’s as well as for children’s and for all other types. Any type of merchandise for which a standard has not been specifically set is to be sold after a reckoning of the quality of the purple and of the linen, and of the weight, and of the workmanship, and of the standard (that) has been made between the seller and the buyer. XXX.1 For gold and silver (AK: see Crawford and Reynolds 1979) 1a Gold, refined, in bars or in coins 1 lb 72.000 2 Spun gold (Graser: gold drawn out, gold wire) 1 lb 72.000 3 Goldsmith working in gold 1 lb 5.000 4 Gold cutters making gold foil 1 lb 3.000 5 For drawers of gold in the leaf 1 lb (Erim and Crawford 1979, p. 197: should probably be 1 uncia) 250 6 Maker of gold thread, gold spinner 1 lb 2.500 7 Goldsmith for simple work 1 uncia 50 8 Goldsmith for precise work 1 uncia 80 9 Refined silver of the first quality 1 lb 6.000 10 Silversmith for work of the first quality 1 lb 300 11 Silversmith for work of the second quality 1 lb 150 12 Silversmith for work of the third quality 1 lb 75 XXXI.1. On the price of slaves (AK: See Salway 2010) 1a Slave, rural or urban, of the masculine sex, from sixteen years to forty years 30.000 2 Woman of the above written age 25.000 3 Similarly, male from forty to sixty years 25.000 4 Woman of the above written age 20.000 5 Boy from eight years up to sixteen years and girl of the above written age 20.000 6 Man above sixty years and boy below eight years 15.000 7 Woman of the above written age 10.000 8 For a slave trained in a skill, according to gender and age, and the quality of the skill, it shall be proper to agree the price between the buyer and the seller as long as double the price for a single one should not in the least be exceeded XXXII.1 For the price of beasts (AK: see Crawford and Reynolds 1979) 1a Race horse 100.000 2 Best war horse, first category 36.000 3 Best she-mule, first category 36.000 4 Best hinny 36.000 5 Dark horse (?) 10.000 6 Bactrian camel 25.000 7 Camel with two humps 60.000 8 Camel, female, with two humps 30.000 9 Best Arabian camel 12.000 10 Best dromedary 20.000 11 Donkey for riding 15.000 12 Pack donkey 7.000 13 Female donkey for breeding 5.000+ 14 Best oxen 1 pair 10.000 15 Best bull for breeding, first quality 5.000 16 Cow, best quality 2.000 17 Neutered ram, best quality 500 18 Sheep, best quality 400 19 Billy goat, best quality 500 20 Female goat, best quality 400 XXXIII.1. For marble and other kinds of stone (AK: also see Crawford and Reynolds 1979) 1a Porphyry from Egypt 1 cubic foot 250 2 Marble from Laconia 1 cubic foot 250 3 … 1 cubic foot 200 4 Dark or black marble from Chios or Melos 1 cubic foot 150 5 Red granite from Syene 1 cubic foot 100 6 Grey granite from Claudianus mons in Egypt 1 cubic foot 100 7 White marble (Alabastrene) 1 cubic foot 75 8 White marble with red veins from Phrygia 1 cubic foot 200 9 Euthydemian (?)marble 1 cubic foot 60 10 Anacasene (?) marble 1 cubic foot 40 11 Tripontic (?) marble 1 cubic foot 75 12 Green marble from Thessaly 1 cubic foot 150 13 Carystian (?) marble 1 cubic foot 100 14 Multicolour marble from Skyros 1 cubic foot 40 15 Heracleote (?) 1 cubic foot 75 16 Lesbian marble 1 cubic foot 40 17 Marble from Thasos 1 cubic foot 50 18 Stone from the river Gallos in Phrygia 1 cubic foot 40 19 Potamogallene (?) marble 1 cubic foot 40 XXXIV.1 For wild animals from Africa (AK: additional information and numbers taken from Crawford and Reynolds (1979) 1a Lion, first class 150.000 2 Lion, second class 125.000 3 Lioness, first class 125.000 4 Lioness, second class 100.000 5 Leopard, first class 100.000 6 Leopard, second class 75.000 7 Ostrich 5.000 8 Herbivore animals 8a Bear, first class 25.000 9 Bear, second class 20.000 10 Wild boar, first class 6.000 11 Wild boar, second class 4.000 12 Stag, first class 3.000 13 Stag, second class 2.000 14 Onager 5.000 XXXV.1. ……….. (AK: waxes and resins etc.) See Crawford and Reynolds (1979), follows their numbering. 1a … 2 … 3 For waxes 3a Wax…? 4 Wax…? 5 Wax…? 6 Red wax 1 lb 25 7 Solid pitch 1 lb 8 8 Liquid pitch 1 lb 12 9 Terebinth resin 1 lb 40 10 Colophonian or Phrygian resin 1 lb 6 11 Split alum 1 lb 20 12 Alum 1 lb 10 13 Sulphur 1 lb 6 14 Dry candles 1 lb 4 15 Two dyed tapers (?) 1 lb 2 16 Cedar resin 1 lb 24 17 For hemp and esparto 17a Prepared hemp 1 lb 4 18 Hemp spun for ropes 1 lb 6 19 A bag or net must be sold according to its weight 20 Ropes (?) of hemp or flax 1 lb 8 21 Ropes (?) of esparto 1 lb 8 22 Palm fibre 1 lb … 23 Ropes of grass 1 lb 2 24 Papyrus ropes 1 lb … 25 Ropes of pith 1 lb 2 26 Bundle of esparto 1 lb … 27 Baskets of palm fibre, made by any method 4 28 Hamper of the….. quality 1 lb 2 29 For one modus capacity 4 30 … 31 … 32 … 33 … 34 … 35 … 36 Lauffer XXXVI 44 etc. ↓ Soap 1 lb 24 37 Soap ……. 1 lb … 38 46 Sodium carbonate (?) 1 lb 100 39 47 Sodium carbonate (?) 1 lb … XXXVI.1…………………(AK: For drugs, paints, dyes, glues, all sold by pigmentarii) See Crawford and Reynolds (1979), their numbering in small corps, and Lauffer XXXVI, larger corps. Under Lauffer 120a all additional items from Crawford and Reynolds (1979) can be found, under their numbers. - 1a Costmary 1 lb 250 48 2 Leaf of malabathrum 1 lb 60 49 3 Unwashed leaf of malabathrum 1 lb 60 50 4 Washed nard 1 lb … 51 5 Cassia 1 lb 120 52 6 Xylocassia 1 lb 125 53 7 Bdellium 1 lb 100 54 8 Bdellium from Petra 1 lb 175 55 9 Parsley 1 lb 120 56 10 Finest frankincense 1 lb 100 57 11 Storax resin from Cilicea 1 lb 500 58 12 Storax resin from Antioch 1 lb 200 56 13 Incense 1 lb 150 60 14 Saffron from Arabia 1 lb 2.000 61 15 Saffron from Cilicea 1 lb 1.000 62 16 Saffron from Africa 1 lb 600 63 17 White mastic from Chios 1 lb 175 64 18 Black mastic 1 lb 24 65 19 Absinth from Pontus 1 lb … 66 20 Melilot 1 lb … 67 21 Split alum (AK: cf. XXXV.1, 11 1 lb … 68 22 Round alum 1 lb 30 69 23 Alum from Melia 1 lb … 70 24 … 1 lb … 71 25 Arsenic 1 lb ... 72 26 … 1 lb 20 73 27 … … … 74 28 … … … 75 29 … … … 76 30 … … … 77 31 … … … 78 32 … … … 79 33 … … … 80 34 … … … 81 35 … … … 82 36 … … 500 83 37 Amomum 1 lb 125 84 38 Opobalsamum 1 lb 600 85 39 … 1 lb 250 86 40 … 1 lb 200 87 41 … 1 lb 600 88 42 … 1 lb 1.000 89 43 Rose oil, first quality 1 lb 80 90 44 Rose oil, second quality 1 lb 50 91 45 Storax oil 1 lb 30 92 46 Iris oil 1 lb 30 93 47 Henna oil from Canope 1 lb 50 94 48 Smoky oil (fumaria officinalis) 1 lb 30 95 49 Parthian oil 1 lb 30 96 50 Lily oil 1 lb 100 97 51 Rose honey 1 lb 75 98 52 Nard oil 1 lb 75 99 53 Marjoram oil 1 lb 100 100 54 Fresh oil 1 lb 25 101 55 Prepared ginger 1 lb 400 102 56 Dried ginger 1 lb 250 103 57 Euphorbia resin 1 lb 600 104 58 Troglitic myrrh 1 lb 400 105 59 Myrrh, for drops 1 lb … 106 60 Myrrh, first quality 1 lb … 107 61 Lead white 1 lb … 108 62 Ripensis (?) red (AK: rouge) 1 lb … 109 63 Litmus, ‘Orseille colouring’ 1 lb … 109a … … … 110 … … … 111 … … … 112 Curcuma (?) … … 113 66 Silphium 1 lb 16 114 67 Pepper 1 lb 800 115 68 Wood from the terebinth tree 1 lb 40 116 69 Wood from the buxus tree (Lauffer) or Judean balsam tree (Crawford and Reynolds 1979) 1 lb 20 117 70 Asphalt 1 lb (?) 25 118 71 Naphta, crude oil (Lauffer) or mastic oil (Crawford and Reynolds 1979) 1 lb 50 119 72 Calamus (Lauffer) or cardamom (Crawford and Reynolds 1979) 1 lb 40 120 73 Indigo (?) 1 lb 750 120a … … … 74 Dardanian cinnabar, that is minium 1 lb 500 75 Second quality cinnabar, that is minium 1 lb 300 76 Pontic castor oil 1 lb 600 77 Dalmatian castor oil 1 lb 400 78 Sandyx 1 lb 40 79 Mastic wood 1 lb 50 80 Ladanum, first quality 1 lb 100 81 Ladanum, second quality 1 lb 50 82 Iris 1 lb 25 83 Cyaneus, that is Vestorian (blue dye, AK) 1 lb 150 84 Cyaneus, second quality, that is Vestorian 1 lb 80 85 Cuprous oxide? (Aeraminis exusti) 1 lb 150 86 Unalloyed copper? (chalcoerytre v. os) 1 lb 150 87 Squama aeris, second quality 1 lb 50 88 Elecampane 1 lb 25 89 … 90 … 91 … 92 … 121 93 …second quality … … 122 94 Penicillum (AK: funghi used in foods) 1 lb 6 123 95 Schoenianthus (AK: Iuncus odoratus) 1 lb 50 124 96 Aristolochia 1 lb 50 125 97 Halacanthi (Lauffer: unexplained) 1 lb 50 126 98 Rhubarb from Pontum 1 lb 50 127 99 Mastic gum from Chios 1 lb 150 128 100 Mastic gum, second quality 1 lb 80 129 101 Pine resin 1 lb 20 130 102 Pine resin from Colophonia 1 lb 16 131 103 Opium from Thebe 1 lb 1.000 132 104 Opium from Cyrene 1 lb 1.250 133 105 Coral (?) first quality 1 lb 2.000 134 106 Coral (?) second quality 1 lb 1.000 135 107 Ochre 1 lb 100 136 108 Rose-like drug ? (rodoides) 1 lb 150 137 109 Scammonia (AK: a purgative) 1 lb 500 138 110 Chalk for cleaning silver etc. 1 lb 10 - 111 Cimolean earth 1 lb 4 139 112 Glue made from fish bones 1 lb 80 140 113 Bovine bone glue 1 lb 20 141 114 Pot of ?, or: medicinal terracotta powder (?) (Gastraciae vasum) 1 lb 10 XXXVII……. (Sea freight) (AK: all prices for a kastrensis modius, (in k. mo. uno, 17,51 litre); all entries from Lauffer (1971), entry 32-37 and 43-45 from Crawford and Reynolds (1979), 185-186. Some ports have been inferred on the basis of Seidel, W., 2013: Explaining the maritime freight charges in Diocletian’s Price Edict, version 1.0, Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. Url: https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/041307.pdf Seidel argues, that as a rule of thumb one day of sailing was 1 denarius for one k. mod. (Seidel 2013, 5-6). 1 The following sea rates must not be exceeded for transport between the following regions in different provinces. 1a Alexandria - Rome (Seidel: Ostia) 1k. mo. 16 2 Alexandria - Nicomedia 1k. mo. 12 3 Alexandria - Byzantium 1k. mo. 12 4 Alexandria - Dalmatia (Seidel: Salona) 1k. mo. 18 5 Alexandria - Aquileia 1k. mo. 24 6 Alexandria - Africa (Seidel: Carthago) 1k. mo. 10 7 Alexandria - Sicily (Seidel: Messana) 1k. mo. 10 8 Alexandria - Ephesus 1k. mo. 8 9 Alexandria - Thessalonica 1k. mo. 12 10 Alexandria - Pamphylia 1k. mo. 6 11 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Rome 1k. mo. 18 12 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Salona 1k. mo. 16 13 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Aquileia 1k. mo. 22 14 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Africa (Seidel: Carthago) 1k. mo. 16 15 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Hispania (Seidel: Tarraco or Carthago Nova) 1k. mo. 20 16 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Southern Hispania (Seidel: Gades) 1k. mo. 22 17 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Lusitania (Seidel: Olisipo) 1k. mo. 26 18 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Gallia (Seidel: Narbo) 1k. mo. 24 19 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Byzantium 1k. mo. 12 20 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Ephesus 1k. mo. 10 21 Syria (Seidel: Seleukeia Pieria) - Sicily (Seidel: Messana) 1k. mo. 16 22 Ephesus – Rome 1k. mo. 16 23 Ephesus - Africa (Seidel: Carthago) 1k. mo. 8 24 Ephesus - Dalmatia (Seidel: Salona) 1k. mo. 12 25 Africa (Seidel: Carthago) - Rome 1k. mo. … 26 Africa (Seidel: Carthago) - Salona 1k. mo. 18 27 Africa (Seidel: Carthago) - Sicily (Seidel: Messana) 1k. mo. 6 28 Africa (Seidel: Carthago) - Hispania (Seidel: Tarraco or Carthago Nova 1k. mo. 8 29 Africa (Seidel: Carthago) - Gallia (Seidel: Narbo) 1k. mo. 4 30 Africa (Seidel: Carthago) - Achaea (Seidel: Corinthus) 1k. mo. 12 31 Africa (Seidel: Carthago) – Pamphylia 1k. mo. 14 32 Rome - Sicily (Seidel: Messana) 1k. mo. 6 33 Rome – Thessalonica 1k. mo. 18 34 Rome - Achaea (Seidel: Corinthus) 1k. mo. 14 35 Rome - Hispania (Seidel: Tarraco or Carthago Nova) 1k. mo. 10 36 Rome - Gallia (Seidel: Narbo) 1k. mo. 4 37 Sicily (Seidel: Messana) - Gallia (Seidel: Narbo) 1k. mo. 8 38 Nicomedia - Rome 1k. mo. 18 39 Nicomedia - Ephesus 1k. mo. 6 40 Nicomedia - Thessalonica 1k. mo. 8 41 Nicomedia - Achaea (Seidel: Corinthus) 1k. mo. 8 42 Nicomedia – Salona 1k. mo. 14 43 Nicomedia – Pamphylia 1k. mo. 8 44 Nicomedia - Syria (Seidel: Berytus) 1k. mo. 12 45 Nicomedia - Africa (Seidel: Carthago) 1k. mo. 14 46 Byzantium – Rome 1k. mo. … 47 Byzantium – Trapezunt 1k. mo. 18 48 Byzantium – Sinope 1k. mo. 8 49 Byzantium – Amastris and Sinope Tomis 1k. mo. 8 50 (follows) 51 (follows) 52 … 4 53 … 54 … - Rome 1k. mo. … 55 For freight in official transport a special rate must be obtained 56 … 1k. mo. 2 57 … 58 … 1k. mo. 6 59 Nicomedia - … 1k. mo. 8 60 Nicomedia - … 1k. mo. 8 61 Nicomedia - … 1k. mo. 14 62 Nicomedia - … 1k. mo. 16 63 Nicomedia - … 1k. mo. 8 64 Nicomedia - … 1k. mo. 12 65 Byzantium - … 1k. mo. 18 66 … 67 … 68 Amastri and Sinope - ….. 1k. mo. 8 69 (follows) 70 (follows) 71 (follows) 72 (follows) 73 (follows) 74 (follows) 75 (follows) 93