شناخت، زبان و بدل: از نقشه شناختي تا توانش گزينشي/Cognition,language and apposition: from cognitive map to selective competence/مجله زبانشناسی شماره های 41-42

علم زبان, 2020

2019

مقاله­ی حاضر در چهارچوب نظریه­ی زبان‌شناسی شناختی به تحلیل وجه امری در ادبیات داستانی زبان فارسی می‌پردازد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر تحلیل وجه امری در سطح جمله و فراتر از آن است.‌ فرضیه­ی این پژوهش با تأکید بر تمایز موجود بین صورت و معنی وجه امری و توزیع آن در ساخت‌های زبانی متفاوت بنا شده است. بر اساس رویکرد زبان‌شناسی شناختی، زبان بخشی از نظام شناختی است و ساختار نحوی زبان را نمی‌توان مستقل از ملاحظات معنایی و کاربرد‌شناسی مطالعه نمود. ‌داده‌های پژوهش از هشت کتاب ادبیات داستانی معاصر از چهار نویسنده خانم و آقا که به روش تصادفی ساده انتخاب شده‌، گرفته شده است. تحلیل داده‌‌ها با استفاده از روش توصیفی و کیفی نشان دهنده­ی کاربرد وجه امری در صورت‌ها و سطوح متفاوت زبانی است. بر اساس تحلیل زبان‌شناسی شناختی، اگر توصیف و تبیین وجه امری صرفأ با توجه به صورت زبانی و در سطح جمله انجام شود نتیجه‌ی چالش برانگیزی را به­دست می‌دهد و طیف وسیعی از داده‌ها از دیدگاه صورت و معنا کنار گذاشته می‌شود، زیرا در برخی داده‌ها صرفأ اسم، صفت و قید مفهوم وجه امری را به ذهن تداعی می‌کنند. بنابراین، با رویکرد شناختی و...

فصلنامه پژوهش در مسائل تعلیم و تربیت اسلامی, 2018

journal of Linguistic Research, 2021

این پژوهش، بر پایة رویکرد تحلیل گفتمانی فوکو برداشت گفتمانی مشارکان را از واژه‌های تاریخی-سیاسی بررسی می‌کند و در پی آن است که صورت‌بندی‌های متفاوت تاریخی-گفتمانی و ماهیت متغیر آنها، چگونه در واژه‌ها به عنوان مصداقی از حقیقت گفتمانی (برساختة گفتمانی) نمود یافته و با واژه‌ها بازتولید و یادآوری می‌شوند؟ به عبارت دیگر چگونه «واژه» به تنهایی یک گفتمان قابل‌تحلیل است؟ این پژوهش طی دو مرحله و دو پرسشنامه و به ترتیب با 110 و 135 مشارک از دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی به عنوان نسل جوان معاصر انجام شده‌است. روش این پژوهش کیفی و کمی و مبتنی بر توصیف و تحلیل است. پرسشنامة دوم در 5 گروه پرسشی، پیوند واژه با دوره‌های تاریخی و گفتمان‌ها، تفاوت گفتمان واژه در هر دوره و گفتمان فردی مشارکان را ارزیابی می‌کند. داده‌ها به صورت کیفی و کمی و در قالب آمار و نمودار توصیف و تحلیل شده‌است. تحلیل کمی و آمار استنباطی داده‎ها که شامل 21 گویه بودند با نرم افزار SPSS ارائه شد که وجود پیوند معنادار میان «واژه‌ها» با «دوره‌ها و گفتمان‌های تاریخی» را تأیید می‌کرد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد برخی واژه‌ها مانند واژه‌های تاریخی... Based on Foucault's discourse analysis approach, this study examines participants' discourse perceptions of historical-political words and tries to find the answer to the question of how different historical-discourse formulations and their changing nature is expressed in words as a referent of discourse truth (constructed discourse) and reproduced and recalled by words. In other words, how is the "word" itself a discourse that can be analyzed? This research was conducted in two stages and two questionnaires with 110 and 135 participants. The method of this research is qualitative-quantitative and based on description and analysis. The second questionnaire in 5 groups of questions evaluates the connection of the word with historical periods and discourses, the difference between the discourse of the word in each period, and the individual discourse of the participants. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in the form of statistics and graphs. Quantitative analysis of data from 21 items by SPSS software confirmed a significant relationship between "words" and "historical periods and discourses". The results showed that some words, such as historical-political words, are to some extent formed in discourse and are tied to specific historical discourses. And reciprocally, independently and disregarding any background and verbal context, they can represent and induce that discourse and reconstruct the components related to that discourse in the mind of the addressee. Thus, although the words have their own lexical meaning in the language, according to different contexts, conditions of occurrence, different minds, and finally different discourses, they show different perceptions, influences, and relative meanings and carry different discourses, and the concept they have in the mind is a historical one that has been formed in history. This study concludes that words reflect the reorientation of the discourse formulations and articulations of history and they alone can be studied in discourse analysis and ethnology.

University of Tehran, 2019

چکیده هدف از اجرای تحقیق بررسی تاثیر بازی ستاره بر توجه انتخابی، حافظه ی فعال، سرعت پردازش و استدلال ادراکی دانش آموزان پسر دبستانی شهرستان بابل بود. روش تحقیق بکار رفته از نوع نیمه‌تجربی شامل دانش‌آموزان پسر اول ابتدایی بود. این دانش‌آموزان از یکی از مدارس آموزشی شهرستان بابل به صورت نمونه در دسترس انتخاب شدند. پس از مطالعه پرونده‌های تحصیلی این دانش‌آموزان، 24 دانش‌آموز پسر اول ابتدایی که وضعیت همگن تری داشتند انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه 12 نفره آزمایش و کنترل تقسیم شدند. گروه تجربی در معرض یک دوره برنامه بازی ستاره، 11 جلسه ای قرار گرفتند. قبل و بعد از دوره ‌تمرینی میزان توجه و سرعت پردازش افراد گروه نمونه به وسیله مقیاس هوشی وکسلر 4 اندازه‌گیری شد. مقایسه داده‌های پیش و پس‌آزمون در هر گروه با تحلیل‌ کواریانس انجام گردید. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که بازی ستاره با اطمینان 99 درصد باعث افزایش معنادار (P=./001) درک مطلب کلامی، حافظه فعال، استدلال ادراکی و سرعت پردازش در گروه آزمایش نسبت به گروه کنترل شده است. این روش قرار است مبنای نظریه ی جدیدی با عنوان فراآموزش در جهان گردد. همچنین این سبک سه سطح نخست طبقه بندی اهداف آموزشی بلوم (1956) را وارونه ساخته است.

The Institute of Middle Eastern Affairs, 2022

The historical and cultural records prove that Iran and the Korean Peninsula exchanged with each other for about 2,000 years by sea and land through Silk Road. In most cases, both countries traded with each other for a long time through Central Asia and China while they also traded with each other directly in rare cases. This exchange had remarkable effects on economy, arts, literature, and religion. The effects of exchanges between Iran and Korea are huge and deep enough to be able to handle each area mentioned earlier as a separate research theme. However, there have been only a few researches related to this so far. Among them, this study examines the thought of Iranian Mithraism spread to Korea. The appearance of Mahayana Buddhism influenced by Iranian ancient religion established a chance to spreading the thought of Mithraism to Korea. The thought of Mithraism that has influenced the religious culture of Korea is ‘Maitreya’ which is another name of Mithra. In the Silla Dynasty,...

2019

از آغاز قرن دهم هجری با توجه به تغییر مراکز ادبی و تأثیر حاکمیت سیاسی بر ادبیات فارسی، در کنار معما‌‌سازی و ماده‌‌تاریخ‌‌، جواب‌‌گویی و تقلید از منظومه‌‌های فاخر فارسی چون «مخزن‌‌الأسرار»، «حدیقه‌‌الحقیقه»، «بوستان» و «مثنوی معنوی» در کارنامة شاعران ایرانی-هندی فراوان به‌‌چشم‌‌می‌‌خورد. مثنوی «گل‌‌افشان» اثر «کاهی کابلی» از شاعران سرآمد دربار همایون و اکبرشاه گورکانی در قرن دهم، یکی از ارزشمندترین نمونه‌‌های فن «جواب‌‌گویی» در ادب پارسی است. نسخه‌‌خطی این اثر که توسط نگارندگان مقاله درحال تصحیح است، قافیه‌‌به‌‌قافیه در جواب بوستان سعدی شامل یک دیباچه و ده باب به‌‌نام‌‌های «عدل و انصاف و تدبیر جهانداری»، «احسان»، «عشق و طریقت اولیاء»، «تواضع»، «رضا»، «قناعت»، «تربیت»، «شکر»، «توبه»، «مناجات و ختم کتاب»، در (3683) بیت در قرن دهم به‌‌نام «اکبرشاه» سروده‌‌شده‌‌است. با توجه به اینکه اکثر نویسندگان کتب تذکره و تاریخ‌‌ادبیات و پژوهشگران معاصر، این کتاب را جزو آثارمعدوم‌‌شدة «کاهی» قلمداد ‌‌کرده‌‌اند؛ معرفی و تصحیح این اثر ارزشمند، ضروری به‌‌نظر می‌‌رسد. این مقاله درپی آن است که با معرفی ای...

2019

داستان هایی که دارای قدرت تاثیری جهانی هستند، برخوردار از عناصر ساختاری مشترک و جهان شمولی تحت عنوان کهن الگوی سفر قهرمان می باشند که در آنها به مضامینی از جمله مضمون کودکان اسطوره ای (رها شده) پرداخته شده است. مؤید این مطلب کتاب شاهنامه فردوسی است. متنی جامع و سرچشمه ‌ای که بارها و بارها مورد استفاده ی هنرمندان مختلف از جمله نگارگران قرار گرفته است. بررسی موفقیت نگارگران این نگاره ها در بازنمایی مضمون فوق، هدف محوری این پژوهش می‌باشد. در همین راستا مقاله‌ی حاضر، زال را به عنوان نمونه‌ی مورد مطالعه از کودکان شاهنامه انتخاب و عناصر ساختاری داستان زال را بر اساس مراحل الگوی کمپبل در نگاره ی «گفتار اندر داستان سام نریمان و زادن زال » از شاهنامه طهماسبی، با استفاده از رویکرد بینا متنیت تطبیق می‌دهد. پژوهش با این روش، به رابطه ی بین دو متن کلامی شاهنامه و متن تصویری (نگاره) می‌پردازد. فرض اساسی این مقاله بر آن است که شاهنامه طهماسبی، برخلاف بسیاری از نسخه های تصویری شاهنامه ها، با توجه به بافت فرهنگی مذهبی صفویه از عناصری نمادین و در جهت تاکید بر معانی اسطوره ای باستانی بهره برده و موفق ...

2019

. Introduction The city of Narmashir is located on the path of communication that, during the Islamic era, would link the center and west of Iran's plateau to the southeast, the shores of the Oman Sea and Hormuz. This city is known to be one of the major cities of Kerman in the third (Yaqubi, 2002, p.150) and fourth (Hadud al-'alam, 2004, p.143; Maqdisi, 2006, p.681) Hijri century. From the end of the Timurid to the Qajar period, there is not much noted in regards to this region in the geographical history books. Until the Qajar period, where Narmashir was re-named as the district of Kerman (Shirvani, 2010, p.603) and the district of Bam (Etemad al-Saltanah, 1988, p.472). In the current city of Narmashir, in addition to the Islamic buildings and sites, such as towers, caravanserai and a hill called 'carton', there were also reinforced using military-defensive and master-residential buildings. Qaleh Shahid (Shahid Castle) is an example of such buildings in Narmashir, which was most likely built in the late Islamic era. 2. Methodology With attention to the significance of Narmashir throughout the era of Islam and its vast affects, a historic and archaeological study of this area is necessary. In this essay, we study archaeology of the Shahid castle, which is one of the most known and ancient castles in the area. The main questions raised in this research are: What are the architectural and decorative features of Shahid castle and what are the factors influenced by it? What was the function of this building? The purpose of this essay is to investigate the type of work, as well as an analysis of the architectural and decorative features of the castle and its materials. Data collection method is field-documentary and the research method is descriptive-analytic. This data analysis is based on deductive reasoning. 3. Discussion Shahid castle is located today in a village of the same name in Azizabad in the central part of Narmashir city. Two-storey castle building has several rooms and two towers with similar decorations on both sides of the eastern and western entrance doors. The current area of ​​the building is estimated at about 200 square meters per floor. The castle was built without a platform and directly on the ground. It is possible that the castle and its towers were built in the late Zand period, and some of which have been added in the last 180 years (Shoshizadeh et al., 2005, p.2). The castle has a regular rectangular pattern (fig. 3). The main axis of the building has been the access point of the spaces through the central corridor. The most important space is a room on the first floor and on the top of the entrance. This room has three openings to the outside. Access to the ceiling and towers has been made from this room. The presence of a large open space outside the castle indicates the presence of the master and the possibility of communicating between him and the others. Divisions and social relations, the system of activities and economic conditions of the society surrounding the castle with regard to the presence of the privately-owned castle can also be seen. Shahid castle towers with a height of approximately 12 meters and the same decorations are located on both sides on the inside and the outside (fig. 6). The close proximity of the towers to each other, as well as increasing the defense of the castle's inhabitants, also adds to the beauty and decorative aspect of the building. The shape of the towers is cylindrical and their plan is circular. In addition to the two towers, there were four other towers. Two of which were at of the northeastern and the other two at the northwestern side of the castle; most of them were destroyed. The castle's towers seemed to have multipurpose functions. They were used to control the entrance and exit, in and out of the castle, in order to maintain control of the fortress, it was also used to protect the castle and to fight against the enemy. The fence and the presence of observation towers and congresses are considered as the main components of the castle's defense architecture. Thus, in constructing the castle with the master and the residents in mind, these necessary measures were needed to stop or at least slow down the speed of the invaders outside the castle and the fence inside it. Due to the current location of the castle in the village, as well as its frequent and continuous use, and the gradual abandonment of it in recent decades, no culture data, such as clay pieces, was found in any parts nor the surroundings of the fort. The main materials used are mudbrick and thatch, on some parts there was plastered surfaces. There are also bricks in some parts of the building. There is also signs of wood had been used within the framework of the remaining entrance (fig. 5). Narmashir is located in the warm and dry climate of Iran. In these areas, the hot seasons are long and the winters are short, with a temperature difference of up to two times at night and day. Therefore, the construction of walls using brick to keep the inside warm during the cold season, this is an example of the use of some of the best materials in the region. On the other hand, the use of clay and laminate as an affordable and popular material, made it both convenient and inexpensive, and it was easy to recycle. Observing the principle of introversion and the making room for interior spaces along keeping defensive issues in mind, and to avoid direct sunlight as well as hot and dry winds, openings in the walls have been kept to a minimum. In contrast, in order to provide light, the location of the entrance ports and ceiling lights is chosen to provide the necessary light space. The structure of the mudbrick was not suitable for joining tile or stone decoration. Clay can also be considered as materials that have been used in decorations, in addition to the structure of the Narmashir monuments. Hence, the special layout of the bricks in front and rear is used to add a kind of decorative element in the castle. For example, in niches or some windows, the layout of the upper part is such that architects create a multi-edged and decorative form with the front and back of the bricks, and draw a mortar on it. This type of decorative element has been seen in other Islamic cultures in Narmashir plain (Jamali and Rafi Abad) and in the upper part of the windows of the Rayen citadel of Kerman. The castle towers are covered with sun-dried brick, exterior and interior. For instance, the bricks on the exterior of the tower are lined with crossover, square shapes, diagonal lines, rows of other geometric patterns, and the outer decorations of the towers. This type of form and decoration has been used as architectural and decorative patterns that have been common in other towers and minarets in Narmashir and other parts of Iran since the Seljuk period. 4. Conclusion Shahid castle was built and used as a governmental, private and residential property, and which took military action during insecurity. The castles and towers date back to the late Islamic centuries. In regards to the architectural features, the type of decoration, type of plan and kind of materials used, the most important are: - Construction on a regular and rectangular surface; - The presence of the roof of the arched roof, the windows and the wall heater in the spaces and rooms of the building; - The presence of a fence and a solid wall in accordance with cultural and security conditions; - Establishing a dominant atmosphere; suiting the economic situation, livelihoods and social status, divisions and communications; and a system of social activism; - The construction of two observation towers with a circular plan and a cylindrical shape to suit the nature, the environmental conditions and able to withstand severe storms, as well as to better defense, over watch and gain control the inside and surroundings of the building; - The use of structural elements of mud brick, thatch and wood for the doors, and possibly windows, in accordance with the climatic characteristics of hot and dry areas. In general, we can say that the reasons for using clay in this area are: The use of local materials in accordance with the principle of "self-sufficiency"; Lower costs of construction, repair and maintenance; ease of work; Simplicity and avoidance of futility; Adaptation to the environment and needs; High resistance of mud brick and clay produced in Narmashir due to the presence of sand and gravel in them; Resistance to extreme changes in temperature between the night and day; Resistance to mild earthquakes; Good for thermal insulation.

2019