The Teachings of the Śivadharma

The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) SOAS, London, 13 October, 2015 Beyond Boundaries: Religion, Region, Language and the State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. The success of Śaivism The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śaivism was undoubtedly the most successful among the religious systems that received royal patronage during the early medieval period. It was the most commonly adopted. Of the others some were absorbed by it and the rest while flourishing independently beside it came to remodel themselves along Śaiva lines. Alexis Sanderson, ‘The Śaiva Age’, in: Shingo Einoo (ed.), Genesis and Development of Tantrism. Tokyo 2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. The Śivadharma corpus The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) 1. Śivadharmaśāstra “Treatise on the Religion of Śiva” 2. Śivadharmottara “Supplement to the Religion of Śiva” 3. Śivadharmasaṃgraha “Compendium on the Religion of Śiva” 4. Umāmaheśvarasaṃvāda “Dialogue Between Umā and Maheśvara” 5. Uttarottaramahāsaṃvāda “Great Dialogue of Questions and Answers” 6. Śivopaniṣad “Mystery of Śiva” 7. Vṛṣasārasaṃgraha “Compendium on the Essence of the Bull [of Dharma]” 8. Dharmaputrikā “Daughter of Dharma” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Manuscripts of the Śivadharma (some examples) The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śivadharmottara, NAK 5/892 (NGMPP A 12/3), early 9th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Manuscripts of the Śivadharma (some examples) The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śivadharma, NAK 6/7 (NGMPP A1028/4), ca. 10th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Manuscripts of the Śivadharma (some examples) The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śivadharma, NAK 3/393 (NGMPP A1028/3), 1069 CE [= K1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Manuscripts of the Śivadharma (some examples) The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śivadharma, University of Cambridge Library 1645, 1139 CE [= C] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Manuscripts of the Śivadharma (some examples) The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śivadharmaśāstra, Leiden van Manen Collection II.40, 1830 CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Editions and Studies of the Śivadharma The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop ‘Editions’: (Leiden University) ▶ Chittenjoor Kunhan Raja, Un-published Upanishads. Madras 1933. (Śivopaniṣad). ▶ Yogī Naraharinātha, Śivadharma Paśupatimatam Śivadharmamahāśāstram Paśupatināthadarśanam. Kathmandu 1998. ▶ Shrikrishna Jugnu, Śrīmad-Śivadharmapurāṇam. (Śaivadharmasammata Upapurāṇa). Varanasi 2014. Studies (selection): ▶ R.C. Hazra, ‘The Śiva-dharma’. Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute 10 (1952–53): 1–20. ▶ R.C. Hazra, ‘The Śivadharmottara’. Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute 13 (1955-56): 19-50. ▶ G. Bonazzoli, ‘Introducing Śivadharma and Śivadharmottara’. Altorientalische Forschungen 20.2 (1993): 342–349. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Editions and Studies of the Śivadharma The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Studies (continued): ▶ P. Magnone, ‘Śivadharmottarapurāṇa: A Survey’, in: Petteri Koskikallio (ed.), Epics, Khilas, and Purāṇas: Continuities and Ruptures (Zagreb 2005), 575–596. ▶ D. Goodall, ‘The Throne of Worship: An ‘Archaeological Tell’ of Religious Rivalries’, Studies in History 27.2 (2011): 221–250. ▶ F. De Simini, Ritual Aspects of Manuscript Transmission in Premodern India: A Historical Study of Vidyādāna Through Textual Sources. PhD thesis, Università di Torino, 2013. ▶ P. Bisschop, ‘Invoking the Powers that Be: The Śivadharma’s Mahāśānti Mantra’, South Asian Studies 30.2 (2014): 133–141. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. The Script to be used for copying the Śivadharma The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) caturasraiḥ samaśīrṣair nātisthūlair na vā kṛṣaiḥ| sampūrṇāvayavaiḥ snigdhair nātivicchinnasaṃhataiḥ|| mātrānusvārasaṃyogahrasvadīrghādilakṣitaiḥ| nandināgarakair varṇair lekhayec chivapustakam|| “He should write the Book of Śiva with characters in the Nandināgara style, that are quadrangular, with homogenous tops, not too thick nor too thin, its parts well filled, smooth, not too far separated [from each other] nor joined together, characterized by vowel signs, anusvāras, conjuncts, short and long signs, etc.” Śivadharmottara 2.40–41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. A Quotation in the Kāraṇḍavyūha The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) “O Maheśvara, you will be [active] when the kaliyuga arrives. Born as the foremost of the gods in the realm of suffering beings, you will be called the creator and the agent [of the world]. All beings who hold the following discourse to(/among) ordinary people will be deprived of the path to enlightenment: “It is said that space is [Maheśvara’s] liṅga, [and that] the earth is [his] pedestal; it is the receptacle of all beings, [and it is] because [they] merge(/fuse) [into it that it] is called liṅga.”” V. Eltschinger, Buddhist Epistemology as Apologetics, 2014 ākāśaṃ liṅgam ity āhuḥ pṛthivī tasya pīṭhikā / ālayaḥ sarvabhūtānāṃ līyanāl liṅgam ucyate // Śivadharmaśāstra 3.17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. A verse quoted by Kauṇḍinya on the merit of The Teachings of the Śivadharma bathing in ashes Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) yaḥ snānam ācaren nityam āgneyaṃ saṃyatendriyaḥ| kulaikaviṃśam uttārya sa gacchet paramāṃ gatim|| “The one who always takes a bath in ashes, with disciplined senses, he goes to the supreme station, rescuing twenty-one generations along the way.” Śivadharmaśāstra 11.29, quoted by Kauṇḍinya in his Pañcārthabhāṣya on Pāśupatasūtra 1.9 (Kauṇḍinya reads uddhṛtya for uttārya) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Lakulīśa in the Śivadharmottara The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) “The author of all scriptures, the omniscient one, Lakulīśvara, surrounded by his pupils and their pupils, his finger raised in the act of teaching, seated on a lotus throne, the lord of the gods, with a pleasant face, the teacher.” Śivadharmottara 2.146–147 Malhar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. The Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) ataḥ param idaṃ guhyaṃ rudrodgītaṃ mahodayam| mahāvighnapraśamanaṃ mahāśāntikaraṃ śubham|| 1|| akālamṛtyuśamanaṃ sarvavyādhinivāraṇam| paracakrapramathanaṃ sadā vijayavardhanam|| 2|| sarvadevagrahānīkaṃ samabhīṣṭaphalapradam| sarvaśāntyadhikārākhyaṃ dharmaṃ vakṣyāmi śāśvatam|| 3|| “Next I shall recite this supreme secret, celebrated [earlier] by Rudra, which confers great fortune, pacifies great obstacles, causes great peace, is auspicious, extinguishes untimely death, wards off all diseases, destroys the enemies’ armies, increases victory at all times, an array of all deities and seizers, granting the desired results, the eternal law known as the rule of all appeasement.” Śivadharmaśāstra 6.1–3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Maheśvara The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) śaśāṅkārdhadharas tryakṣo nāgayajñopavītakaḥ| caturmukhaś caturbāhuḥ sitabhasmāvaguṇṭhitaḥ|| 4|| varo vareṇyo varado devadevo maheśvaraḥ| trailokyanamitaḥ śrīmān śāntim āśu karotu me|| 5|| “He who bears the half moon, who has three eyes, who is invested with the sacred thread of a snake, four-faced, four-armed, covered with white ash, the best, the excellent, bestower of boons, god of gods, Maheśvara, worshipped by the three worlds, glorious: let him quickly bestow peace on me!” Śivadharmaśāstra 6.4–5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..  Maheśvara The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) ‘The Body in Indian Art’ (Bruxelles) Mandhal (Maharashtra) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kārttikeya The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) padmarāgadyutiḥ saumyo raktamālyānulepanaḥ| abālo bālarūpeṇa ṣaḍvaktraḥ śikhivāhanaḥ|| 10|| pūrṇenduvadanaḥ saumyas triśikhaḥ śaktisaṃyutaḥ| kṛttikomāgnirudrāṅgasamudbhūtaḥ surārcitaḥ|| 11|| kārttikeyo mahātejā varadānaikatatparaḥ| śāntiṃ karotu me nityaṃ balaṃ saukhyaṃ ca me sadā|| 12|| “With a ruby-coloured lustre, gentle, with a red garland and unguent, not a child, yet with the appearance of a child, six-faced, riding on a peacock, with a face like the full moon, tranquil, with three-tufts of hair, furnished with a spear, sprung from the body of the Kṛttikās, Umā, Agni and Rudra, worshipped by the gods, Kārttikeya, of great splendour, solely intent on granting boons: let him bestow constantly peace, power and welfare on me, always!” Śivadharmaśāstra 6.10–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Kārttikeya The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Mundeshwari (Bihar) Baijnath (Himachal Pradesh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mahiṣāsuramardinī The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) snigdhaśyāmena varṇena mahāmahiṣamardanī| dhanuścakrapraharaṇā khaḍgapaṭṭisadhāriṇī|| 22|| ātarjany udyatakarā sarvopadravanāśanī| sarvamaṅgalamātā me śivam ācaratu dhruvam|| 23|| “With a glossy dark colour, Mahāmahiṣamardanī (Crusher of the great buffalo), striking with bow and discuss, bearing a sword and a spear, with a threatening index finger, with raised hand, destroying all misfortunes, mother of all happiness, let [her] constantly act auspicious towards me! ’ Śivadharmaśāstra 6.22–23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Mahiṣāsuramardinī The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Badami (Andhra Pradesh) Udayagiri (Madhya Pradesh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Caṇḍeśvara The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) pracaṇḍagaṇasainyeśo mahāṭaṅkākṣadhārakaḥ| akṣamālārpitakaras tryakṣaś caṇḍeśvaro varaḥ|| 26|| caṇḍapāpāpaharaṇo brahmahatyādiśodhanaḥ| karotu me mahāyogī kalyāṇānāṃ paramparām|| 27|| “The fierce general of the troops, who holds the great shaft of an axe, his hand fixed to the rosary, three-eyed, the excellent Caṇḍeśvara, remover of fierce crimes, who purifies from killing a brahmin and the like, let the Great Yogin prepare a succession of fortunes for me!” Śivadharmaśāstra 6.26–27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Caṇḍeśvara The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) British Museum Tamil Nadu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Arhat The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) “The Arhat, peaceful-minded, soul of all, worshipped(?) by all, naked, and covered with dust and mire, steady-minded and concentrated, his eyes turned inwards, peaceful, thinking only of the knowledge of Śiva: let him, intent upon union with Śiva, bestow peace on me!” insertion after Śivadharmaśāstra 6.32 (approximately) Mathura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Buddha The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) “His senses conquered, absorbed in intense concentration, adorned with a vessel and a monk’s robe, his hands in the gestures of granting a boon and freedom from fear, always delighting in reflection on knowledge, furnished with yogic perception, absorbed in the knowledge of Śiva: let the god, delighting in the welfare of all beings, bestow peace on me!” insertion after Śivadharmaśāstra 6.32 (approximately) Sarnath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eight Yakṣa lords: Buddhist influence? The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śivadharmaśāstra 6.193–208: 1. Mahāvaiśravaṇa 2. Maṇibhadra 3. Suviroma (Sūciloma?) 4. Pāñcika 5. Vibhāṇḍaka 6. Dhṛtarāṣṭra 7. Pūrṇabhadra 8. Virūpākṣa Compare four great kings (caturmahārājika): Dhṛtarāṣṭra (E), Virūḍhaka (S), Virūpākṣa (W), Vaiśravaṇa (N). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Eight Lokapālas: post 6th century? The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śivadharmaśāstra 6.77–101: 1. Indra in Amarāvatī 2. Agni in Tejovatī 3. Yama in Vaivasvatī 4. Nairrtī in Kṛṣṇā 5. Varuṇa in Śuddhavatī 6. Vāyu in Gandhavatī 7. Kubera in Mahodayā 8. Īśāna in Yaśovatī Compare C. Wessels-Mevissen, The Gods of the Directions in Ancient India. Berlin 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Navagraha: post 6th century? The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śivadharmaśāstra 6.77–101: 1. Sūrya: Sun 2. Soma: Moon 3. Aṅgāraka: Mars 4. Budha: Mercury 5. Bṛhaspati: Jupiter 6. Śukra: Venus 7. Śanaiścara: Saturn 8. Rāhu: Eclipser 9. Ketu: Dragon’s Tail Compare S. Markel, Origins of the Indian Planetary Deities. Lewiston 1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. The application of the Śāntyadhyāya according to The Teachings of the Śivadharma the Śivadharmottara Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) “To secure pacification (śāntyartham) for the cows, brahmins, the king and the towns in the kingdom, the most excellent reciter should recite one chapter [from the book]. The best reciter of books is proficient with the characteristics of metre, a true poet, has a sweet voice, is a knower of the art of the Gandharvas and clever. The guru then rises up and sprinkles the king a little with appeasement water (śāntitoya) on the head and then also the people present there.” Śivadharmottara 2.61–63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Śāntyadhyāya single manuscripts The Teachings of the Śivadharma Peter Bisschop (Leiden University) Śāntyadhyāya (in bundle), NGMPP E 321/26 (1195 CE) Śāntyadhyāya, NGMPP G 19/16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..