Matthew Kapstein
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
Tibetan Manuscripts and Early Printed Books, volumes I & II
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Abstract
This file contains the complete tables of contents for both volumes of Tibetan Manuscripts and Early Printed Books: https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501716218/tibetan-manuscripts-and-early-printed-books-volume-i/#bookTabs=1 Volume 2: https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501771255/tibetan-manuscripts-and-early-printed-books-volume-ii/#bookTabs=1 The first volume includes contributions by Michela Clemente, Brandon Dotson, Amy Heller, Agnieszka Helman-Ważny, Karl E. Ryavec, Sam van Schaik, Hanna Schneider, and Jeff Wallman. The second volume is authored by Helmut Tauscher, Cathy Cantwell, Rob Mayer, Hanna Schneider, Peter Schwieger, Charles Ramble, Petra Maurer, Stacey Van Vleet, Ricardo Canzio, Vesna Wallace , and Jan-Ulrich Sobisch - many thanks to all for their exemplary work on this project! For those who order the books through the Cornell University Press, a 30% discount is available with the code 09BCARD to be entered at checkout.
Related papers
Two Contributions to the History of Tibetan Printing
Two recent articles, one concerning a fragment from a 15th or 16th c. Central Tibetan print of a work by Rgyal-tshab Dar-ma-rin-chen, the second on the 1755 Beijing edition of the Padma bka'-thang.
Apropos a Recent Collection of Tibetan Xylographs from the 15th to the 17th Centuries
[with Franz-Karl Ehrhard]. Revue d'Etudes Tibétaines 51 (Special issue Perspectives on Tibetan Culture: A Small Garland of Forget-me-nots Offered to Elena De Rossi Filibeck), 2019
A collection of fifty xylographs has been made available in the publications series of the Paltsek Research Institute (Lhasa) under the general title A Brief Introduction to the Evolution of Tibetan Xylographic Printing Technology (Bod kyi shing par lag rtsal gyi byung rim mdor bsdus). This publication is chiefly the result of the joint efforts of Porong Dawa, a well-known member of the Paltsek Research Institute, and Hildegard Diemberger of the University of Cambridge, who devoted her recent research to the documentation and study of early printing in Tibet. Porong Dawa discusses his findings also in an article, where he pays particular attention to the most important works included in the compilation and how they can contribute to our understanding of the history of printing in Tibet. 1 In the following survey we aim at further discussing the individual xylographs and, in particular, we shall detail the sites where the blocks were produced, identifying the secular and religious figures responsible for the individual printing projects. This is offered in appreciation of the work by Professor Elena de Rossi Filibeck devoted to the description, cataloguing, and study of Tibetan manuscripts and blockprints. 2 Early Prints of Doctrinal Works Early Prints of Doctrinal Works The publication is organized chronologically according to the date of carving of the blocks for the prints. The first eleven xylographs reproduced in the collection have
Works and Networks of mkhas pa Dri med: On the Illustrations of 16th Century Tibetan Printed Books
Tibetan Printing: Comparison, Continuities, and Change, ed. by. H. Diemberger, F.-K. Ehrhard and Peter Kornicki. Brill, pp. 332–368, 2016
© marta seRNesi, ���6 | doi ��.��63/97890043�6�56_0�7 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (CC-BY-NC 3.0) License.
“On a Particular Aspect of the Identification of Tibetan Xylographs: Preliminary Remarks on the Importance of Craftsmen.” In Not Far Afield: Asian Perspectives on Sexuality, Testimony and Print Culture. A Coffee Break Project, Kervan 21, eds. D. Cuneo, E. Freschi & C. Formigatti, 2017, 373-95
373 On a Particular Aspect of the Identification of Tibetan Xylographs: 1 I would like to thank all colleagues and friends who helped me in different ways over the years: first of all my former Professor, Elena De Rossi Filibeck, for introducing me to this subject and for passing the initial idea of the TiBET project on to me; Dr. Hildegard Diemberger for giving me the opportunity of collaborating in the AHRC project and for helping me with the TiBET project; Professor in 2011, Mr. Nam Raj Gurung, the manager, the staff of the Centre, Dr. Michael Pahlke, Punya Parajuli and the staff at the National Archives for their precious help during my stay in Kathmandu; the organisers of this conference, and Mary-Elisabeth Cox for revising this essay.
Published with the generous assistance of the Henry Luce Foundation.
ཆེེད་བརྗོོད།
དཔེེ་རྙིིང་བོོད་ཀྱིི་ཁྱད་ནོོར་སྲུང་སྐྱོོབ་ལ།། དཔེེ་མེེད་བཤེེས་གཉེེན་ཐུབ་བསྟན་ཉིི་མ་ཁྱེེད།།
དཔེེ་དོོན་གཉིིས་ཀྱིི་ཟབ་གནད་མཐར་སོོན་པས།། དཔེེ་འདས་མཛད་ཕྲིིན་བསྐལ་བར་སྣང་བར་མཛོོད།།
Dedicated to
Alak Zenkar Rinpoche Thubten Nyima
in honor of his lifelong commitment to the preservation and diffusion
of the Tibetan literary heritage
Contents
༓
Volume I: Elements
List of Illustrations in Volume I xv
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Contributors xxix
Transcription Conventions xxxiii
Maps / Karl Ryavec xxxiv
Introduction / Matthew T. Kapstein 1
0.1. Why Tibetan Manuscripts? 1
0.2. The Modern Study of the Tibetan Book: A Brief History 5
0.2.1. Tibetological Beginnings 5
0.2.2. Tibetan Manuscripts from Dunhuang 14
0.2.3. Twentieth-Century Tibetan Publications 16
0.2.4. Late Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Developments 19
0.3. Overview of This Book 20
chapter 1
The Material Basis / Agnieszka Helman-Ważny 29
1.1. Writing Supports 29
1.1.1. Stone and Metal 29
1.1.2. Birchbark 31
1.1.3. Palm Leaves 32
1.1.4. Wood 33
1.1.5. Silk, Cotton, and Linen Cloth 33
1.1.6. Paper 35
1.1.6.1. Composition and Manufacture 35
1.1.6.2. Manuscript Paper 40
1.1.6.3. Tingshok Manuscripts 41
1.1.6.4. Paper for Printed Books 47
viii contents
1.2. Inks, Pigments, and Other Materials 49
1.2.1. Inks 49
1.2.2. Pigments, Paints, and Colors 51
1.2.2.1. Red 52
1.2.2.2. Blue 53
1.2.2.3. Yellow 53
1.2.2.4. Green 53
1.2.2.5. White 54
1.2.2.6. Black 54
1.2.2.7. Gold 54
1.3. Writing Instruments 54
1.4. Material Features in Relation to Dating and Provenance 56
chapter 2
Format and Layout / Brandon Dotson and Agnieszka Helman-Ważny 63
2.1. Scroll 64
2.2. Concertina 67
2.3. Stitched Booklet or Codex 69
2.4. Single Sheet 71
2.5. Pecha (Poti) 72
chapter 3
The Written Text / Sam van Schaik, Hanna Schneider, and Matthew T. Kapstein 80
3.1. Origins and Early History 80
3.2. Identifying Scribal Hands 84
3.3. Major Styles of Tibetan Script 87
3.3.1. Imperial and Early Postimperial Styles 87
3.3.1.1. Imperial Period, the Official (Headed) Style 88
3.3.1.2. Imperial Period, the Official (Headless) Style 89
3.3.1.3. Imperial Period, the Square Style 90
3.3.1.4. Imperial Period, the Sutra Style 91
3.3.1.5. Tenth Century, Buddhist Manuscript Hand (Headless) 92
3.3.2. The “Modern” Tibetan Scripts 93
3.3.2.1. Headed (Uchen) Scripts 95
3.3.2.2. Headless (Umé) Scripts 102
3.3.2.2.1. Umé Scripts Used in the Tibetan Chanceries 105
3.3.2.2.1.1. Official Scripts of the Yuan-Sakya Period 105
3.3.2.2.1.2. The Development of New Umé Styles under the
Ganden Podrang Government 108
3.3.2.2.2. Umé Scripts Used in Book Manuscripts 114
3.3.2.2.2.1. An Early Example of a Drutsa Script 115
3.3.2.2.2.2. Thirteenth-Century Scholastic Script 117
3.3.2.2.2.3. An Eighteenth-Century (?) “Cursive” Book Hand 118
3.3.2.2.2.4. Formal Book Hand in an Early Eighteenth-Century Ritual
Collection 119
3.3.2.2.2.5. The Bhutanese Style of Writing 120
contents ix
chapter 4
Marking the Text: Interventions of Scribes, Editors, and Readers /
Matthew T. Kapstein 126
4.1. The Title Page 127
4.2. Punctuation and Foliation 129
4.3. Abbreviation and Numerals 135
4.4. Rubrication 140
4.5. Corrections 143
4.6. Commentary and Annotation 144
4.7. Readers’ Notes and Insertions 148
4.8. Doodles and Graffiti 150
4.9. Seals and Marks of Ownership 153
4.10. Polyglot Texts 155
chapter 5
Colophons / Brandon Dotson and Matthew T. Kapstein 166
5.1. Types and Functions of Tibetan Colophons 166
5.2. Colophons and Marginalia from Dunhuang, 820s to 840s 167
5.3. Colophons from Later Manuscripts 173
5.3.1. Examples from the Eleventh through Eighteenth Centuries 174
5.3.1.1. An Eleventh-Century Prajñāpāramitā 174
5.3.1.2. Śatasāhasrikā-Prajñāpāramitā of the Twelfth Century (?) 175
5.3.1.3. Seventeenth-Century Prajñāpāramitā from Eyül 176
5.3.1.4. Seventeenth-Century Suvar ṇaprabhāsottama from Ladakh 177
5.3.1.5. Late Eighteenth- to Early Nineteenth-Century Biography of Milarepa 181
5.3.2. How a Colophon May Mislead 182
5.3.3. A Note on Autograph Manuscripts 184
chapter 6
Manuscript Illumination / Amy Heller and Matthew T. Kapstein 192
6.1. Methods of Analysis: Pigments, Papers, Aesthetics 193
6.2. Themes of Narrative Illustration 195
6.3. A Chronological Outline of Tibetan Manuscript Illumination 197
6.3.1. Manuscripts of Late Imperial and Early Postimperial Tibet Discovered in Dunhuang
and Central Tibet 197
6.3.2. Manuscripts by Kashmiri Artists and Their Repercussions in the Kingdoms of Western Tibet
and the Western Himalayas, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries 203
6.3.3. The Nepali Influence in Manuscripts of Western Tibet 208
6.3.4. The Influences of Eastern India and Nepal in Manuscripts of Central Tibet 212
6.3.5. Lamas, Lineages, and Local Styles 216
chapter 7
The Xylographic Print / Michela Clemente 231
7.1. Tibetan Block Printing: A Historical Sketch 233
7.1.1. Twelfth to Fourteenth Centuries 233
7.1.2. Fifteenth to Sixteenth Centuries 233
x contents
7.1.3. Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries 237
7.2. Xylographic Technology 238
7.3. Layout 241
7.4. Illustrations 243
7.5. Manuscripts Based on Printed Books 247
chapter 8
Conservation, Storage, and Cataloguing /
Agnieszka Helman-Ważny and Matthew T. Kapstein 251
8.1. Practices of Book Preservation 251
8.2. Cover Boards and Wrappings 255
8.3. Traditional Catalogues 261
8.3.1. The Catalogue of an Early Eighteenth-Century Manuscript Kanjur 263
8.3.2. The Collected Works of a Sixteenth-Century Visionary 264
chapter 9
Digital Technologies and the Study of Tibetan Manuscripts / Jeff Wallman 268
9.1. Digitization 268
9.1.1. Imaging 269
9.1.1.1. Workflow 272
9.1.1.2. Image Formats 273
9.1.1.3. Post-Processing 274
9.1.1.4. Optical Character Recognition 274
9.1.2. Transcription and Tibetan Language 274
9.1.2.1. Full-Text Resources 275
9.1.2.2. Publications Based on Digitized Tibetan Texts 275
9.2. Metadata 275
9.2.1. Types of Metadata 275
9.2.2. Good Metadata 276
9.2.3. Schemas, Syntax, and Content 277
9.2.4. Levels of Description 278
9.2.5. Interoperability 279
9.2.6. The Semantic Web 279
9.2.7. Metadata for Tibetan Materials: From XML Schema to the Semantic Web 280
9.3. Digital Libraries 281
9.3.1. Components of a Digital Library System 282
9.3.2. Copyright 284
9.3.3. Sustainability 285
9.4. Effect of Digital Technologies on Tibetan Book Culture 286
Glossary of Selected Terms 291
Spellings of Tibetan Names and Terms 296
References 301
Index 321
Contents
༓
Volume II: Elaborations
List of Illustrations in Volume II ix
Preface xv
Introduction / Matthew T. Kapstein 1
Part 1. Manuscript Collections
chapter 10
Tibetan Manuscript Kanjurs / Helmut Tauscher 7
10.1. The Term “Kanjur” 8
10.2. Collections from the Time of the “Earlier Diffusion” 9
10.3. Collections from the Time of the “Later Diffusion” 12
10.4. Fully Developed Kanjurs 17
10.4.1. Transmission Lines of the Kanjur 18
10.4.1.1. The Tselpa Group 18
10.4.1.2. The Tempangma Group 18
10.4.2. Local Kanjurs 19
10.4.2.1. Dölpo (Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries) 19
10.4.2.2. Skurbuchan (Fourteenth to Fifteenth Centuries) 20
10.4.2.3. Hemis, Basgo, Chemrey, Hanle (Seventeenth Century) 21
10.5. General Features of Kanjur Manuscripts 23
10.5.1. The Folios 24
10.5.2. Decoration and Illumination 24
chapter 11
Tantra Collections of the “Ancient School” / Cathy Cantwell and Robert Mayer 34
11.1. The Nyingma Gyübum Collections Known Today 35
11.2. Comparison with the Kanjur 36
11.3. The Rikdzin Tsewang Norbu Manuscript Collection 38
xi
xii contents
Part 2. Official Documents
chapter 12
Diplomatic and Administrative Documents / Hanna Schneider 55
12.1. The Legal Framework 56
12.2. The Different Document Types in Public and Private Law 57
12.2.1. Public Documents 57
12.2.1.1. Shebam 57
12.2.1.2. Kashok 57
12.2.1.3. Gochen 58
12.2.2. Private Documents 58
12.2.2.1. Gengya 58
12.2.2.2. Chetsam trama 58
12.3. The Preparation, Issuance, and Execution of Documents 59
12.3.1. Examples of Seals from Official Documents 61
12.3.2. Titles and Formulas 62
12.3.3. Ladakh, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Nepal 63
12.4. Forgery 63
12.5. Conclusion 65
Chapter 13
A Public Ordinance Illustrating the Application of Tibet’s Criminal Law / Peter Schwieger 69
13.1. Characterization of the Source Type 69
13.2. Interpretation of the Source 72
13.3. Conclusion 75
13.4. Appendix: Translation 76
Chapter 14
Seals, Fingerprints, Crosses, and Other Devices Used for Endorsing Tibetan Contracts
from Mustang, Nepal, 1837–1993 / Charles Ramble 80
14.1. Mustang and Its Archives: A Brief Outline 80
14.2. The Political Context 82
14.3. The Origins of Fingerprinting in Nepal 84
14.4. British-Indian Influences 84
14.5. Developments since the 1980s 91
Part 3. Technical Subjects
chapter 15
Medical Culture and Manuscript Culture / Stacey Van Vleet 97
15.1. Toward a Social History of Tibetan Medical Manuscripts 97
15.2. The Dunhuang Manuscripts and the Origins of “Tibetan” Medicine 98
15.3. Medicine, Buddhism, and Lineage in Illuminated Manuscripts 100
15.4. Manuscripts, Monasteries, and the Medical Marketplace 103
15.5. Conclusion 107
contents xiii
chapter 16
Manuscripts on Hippology and Hippiatry / Petra Maurer 111
16.1. The Place of Veterinary Medicine in Tibet 111
16.2. Historical Background 113
16.3. Description of the Manuscripts and Some Peculiarities of Their Orthography 113
16.4. The Contents of the Manuscripts 115
16.4.1. Examination of Single Body Parts 115
16.4.2. Anatomy, Fodder, and Training 116
16.4.3. Hippiatry 116
16.4.4. Diseases of the Five Solid and Six Hollow Organs 117
16.4.5. Diseases of the Limbs and Wounds 121
16.4.6. Poisoning and Other Illnesses 121
16.5. Final Remarks 122
chapter 17
Decoding Bönpo Liturgical Manuscripts / Ricardo Canzio 124
17.1. Liturgical Documents and Ritual Manuals 124
17.2. Chant Notation 126
17.3. Scores for Musical Instruments and Ritual Implements 127
17.3.1. The Dungchen 127
17.3.2. The Semantron 128
17.3.3. The Koyo Trumpets 130
17.4. Prescriptive Texts and Performance Manuals 132
17.5. Conclusion 133
chapter 18
Divination Manuals and Almanacs / Matthew T. Kapstein 135
18.1. Two Divination Texts from Dunhuang 135
18.2. Classical Systems of Divination and Astrology 137
18.2.1. A Book of Geomantic Signs 138
18.2.2. Svarodaya, the “Emergence of Vocalic Sound” 140
18.2.3. Early Almanacs 142
Part 4. The Tibetan Book beyond Tibet
chapter 19
The Tibetan Book in China / Matthew T. Kapstein 157
19.1. The Interface between Tibetan and Chinese Book Cultures in Dunhuang 157
19.2. Hor par ma: Tibetan Prints from Yuan China 159
19.3. The Expansion of Tibetan Printing under the Ming 161
19.4. Qing-Period Prints and Deluxe Manuscripts 165
xiv contents
chapter 20
The Tibetan Book among the Mongols / Vesna A. Wallace 177
20.1. Tibetan Books in Mongolia and Their Dispersion 177
20.2. Structure, Script, and Sign in Tibetan Books from Mongolia 178
20.2.1. Tibetan Scripts Used in Mongolia 178
20.2.2. Seals and Marks of Ownership 179
20.2.3. Polyglot Books 180
20.2.4. Illustrated Books on Technical Topics 182
20.3. Opulent Manuscripts 186
20.3.1. Manuscripts Written with Gold and Silver Inks 186
20.3.2. Other Luxury Manuscripts 192
20.4. Decoration and Protection of Tibetan Books in Mongolia 198
Part 5. Case Studies
chapter 21
Dorjé Sherap’s Great Commentary on the Single Intention: The Musée Guimet
Manuscript in Paris / Jan-Ulrich Sobisch 205
21.1. A Treasure from the Collection of Alexandra David-Néel 205
21.1.1. Provenance 205
21.1.2. Other Known Copies 205
21.2. Features of the Manuscript 207
21.2.1. Cover Page 207
21.2.2. Miniatures 207
21.2.3. Materials and Physical Features 208
21.2.4. Scribes and Script 208
21.2.5. Foliation and Ornamentation 209
21.2.6. Archaic Features of the Script 210
21.2.7. Interlinear and Marginal Insertions and Notes 211
21.2.8. Authorship, Colophon, and Date 211
21.2.9. Carbon Dating 212
21.3. The Author’s Introduction to the Text and the Order of Chapters 213
chapter 22
Codex Interruptus: A Dispersed Manuscript of Tibetan Tantric Magic and Its Broader Lessons /
Matthew T. Kapstein 217
22.1. General Description of the Manuscript 217
22.2. Previous Investigations 220
22.3. The Ganesh Manuscript and the Fifth Dalai Lama 221
22.4. Concluding Reflections 228
Glossary of Tibetan Terms Relating to Manuscripts, Xylographic Prints, and Their Manufacture /
Matthew T. Kapstein and Michela Clemente 233
Spellings of Tibetan Names and Terms 239
References 245
Index 321
References (12)
- Tibetan Books in Mongolia and Their Dispersion 177 20.
- Structure, Script, and Sign in Tibetan Books from Mongolia 178 20.2.1. Tibetan Scripts Used in Mongolia 178 20.2.2. Seals and Marks of Ownership 179
- 3. Opulent Manuscripts 186 20.3.1. Manuscripts Written with Gold and Silver Inks 186 20.3.2. Other Luxury Manuscripts 192
- Decoration and Protection of Tibetan Books in Mongolia 198 Part 5. Case Studies chapter 21
- Dorjé Sherap's Great Commentary on the Single Intention: The Musée Guimet Manuscript in Paris / Jan-Ulrich Sobisch 205
- A Treasure from the Collection of Alexandra David-Néel 205 21.1.1. Provenance 205 21.1.2. Other Known Copies 205
- 2. Features of the Manuscript 207
- 2.3. Materials and Physical Features 208 21.2.4. Scribes and Script 208 21.2.5. Foliation and Ornamentation 209 21.2.6. Archaic Features of the Script 210 21.2.7. Interlinear and Marginal Insertions and Notes 211 21.2.8. Authorship, Colophon, and Date 211
- The Author's Introduction to the Text and the Order of Chapters 213 chapter 22
- Codex Interruptus: A Dispersed Manuscript of Tibetan Tantric Magic and Its Broader Lessons / Matthew T. Kapstein 217
- 1. General Description of the Manuscript 217 22.2. Previous Investigations 220 22.
- The Ganesh Manuscript and the Fifth Dalai Lama 221 22.4. Concluding Reflections 228 Glossary of Tibetan Terms Relating to Manuscripts, Xylographic Prints, and Their Manufacture / Matthew T. Kapstein and Michela Clemente 233 Spellings of Tibetan Names and Terms 239 References 245 Index 321