Magnetochiral anisotropy refers to the phenomenon that when light is passed through a chiral medium placed in an external magnetic field, the refractive index, or equivalently, the absorption encountered by the light differs depending on whether it travels parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field. It is a very small effect, the change in refractive index because of this effect alone being of the order of 10$^{-11}$. This effect has recently been measured in an active ring laser interferometer in which the detection scheme convincingly eliminates the contributions from natural optical activity, the Faraday effect and other stray anisotropies in the system. The phenomenon is important in the context of fundamental interactions between light and matter and the governing symmetry principles, and also in biochemistry as one possible explanation for the homochirality of life.
2005, Physical Review Letters
1986, Appl Phys B Lasers Opt
To detect small rotation rates with a ring laser the two counter-propagating beams must be uncoupled. This lock-off can be realized using nonreciprocal optical effects yielding different optical path lengths for the two waves. Usually magnetooptical effects are employed for nonreciprocity. To measure, instead of calculating from optical constants, the magnitude of this nonreciprocal effects an ellipsometric method is proposed. Lock-off elements using Faraday or Kerr effect (polar and transverse, respectively) are treated. First measurements were made on FeNi films.
2020, Jurpikat
Pelatihan ini bertujuan untuk membekali para guru tentang computational thinking untuk pembelajaran di sekolah dasar. Kegiatan pelatihan dilaksanakan pada Kamis, 13 Agustus 2020 bertempat di SDN Penggungan Kota Malang Jawa Timur. Metode pelatihan menggunakan perpaduan antara tatap muka dan online. Untuk mengoptimalkan pencapaian materi, para peserta diberikan bahan ajar pelatihan berupa handout materi, kuis online dan tanya jawab. Pengukuran ketercapaian tujuan pelatihan dilakukan dengan menggunakan pre test dan post test, kuisioner pelatihan dan observasi selama kegiatan. Secara umum respon peserta kategori baik, peserta mengaku materi Computational thinking merupakan istilah yang baru mereka dapatkan. Para peserta mengaku tertarik untuk mengimplementasikan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran pre test dan pos test terjadi peningkatan cukup signifikan, skor pre test sebesar 35,33 sedangkan skor post test sebesar 58,33. Dapat disimpulkan para peserta dapat memahami materi yang pelatihan dan tertarik untuk mengimplementasikannya dalam pembelajaran di kelas
2019, PLoS Computational Biology
The ability to correctly estimate the probability of one's choices being correct is fundamental to optimally re-evaluate previous choices or to arbitrate between different decision strategies. Experimental evidence nonetheless suggests that this metacognitive process-confidence judgment-is susceptible to numerous biases. Here, we investigate the effect of outcome valence (gains or losses) on confidence while participants learned stimulus-outcome associations by trial-and-error. In two experiments, participants were more confident in their choices when learning to seek gains compared to avoiding losses, despite equal difficulty and performance between those two contexts. Computational modelling revealed that this bias is driven by the context-value, a dynamically updated estimate of the average expected-value of choice options, necessary to explain equal performance in the gain and loss domain. The biasing effect of context-value on confidence, revealed here for the first time in a reinforcement-learning context, is therefore domain-general, with likely important functional consequences. We show that one such consequence emerges in volatile environments , where the (in)flexibility of individuals' learning strategies differs when outcomes are framed as gains or losses. Despite apparent similar behavior-profound asymmetries might therefore exist between learning to avoid losses and learning to seek gains. Author summary In order to arbitrate between different decision strategies, as well as to inform future choices, a decision maker needs to estimate the probability of her choices being correct as precisely as possible. Surprisingly, this metacognitive operation, known as confidence judgment, has not been systematically investigated in the context of simple instrumental-learning tasks. Here, we assessed how confident individuals are in their choices when learning stimulus-outcome associations by trial-and-errors to maximize gains or to PLOS Computational Biology | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.
2016
This paper presents the design and construction of a low cost under-voltage and over-current protective device, which was fabricated using a comparator, IC, Transistor and other discrete devices. The comparator LM324 is at the heart of the device which performs the major control of the device. The device is simple and of low cost. The required set voltage range for the device to allow supply to the connected load at the output varies from 200 – 230 Volts. It can be used to protect loads such as refrigerator, T.V., VCR/DVD players etc. from undesirable under voltages and over currents, as well as surges caused due to sudden failure/resumption of mains power supply. It protects the load when (1) the input voltage to the motor drops below a particular value, (2) the current through the motor exceeds a particular value, (3) both the current increases beyond a particular value and the voltage drops to a particular value. This device can be used directly as a standalone equipment between ...
Resumo: Muito se escreveu nos últimos anos sobre a crise atual do capitalismo a partir de um arcabouço teórico marxista. No entanto, muitas dessas interpretações dos fenômenos correntes, a despeito de invocarem a mesma base teórica, são totalmente incongruentes. Nesse sentido, julga-se oportuno o debate sobre as crises econômicas a partir da perspectiva marxiana. Mais especificamente, entender a causa das crises econômicas capitalistas, a partir explanação de seu conteúdo. Acredita-se que esta tarefa deve ter por princípio uma leitura rigorosa da lei do valor de Marx, meio através do qual este autor busca explicitar as leis que regulam o movimento das economias capitalistas. Este é o objetivo deste artigo, que termina por indicar, brevemente, o caminho para se entender as especificidades da crise econômica atual a partir de Marx. Abstract: There has been a lot of writings about the current economic crises in the marxist field. Although, much of these interpretations are absolutely incongruent, despite the fact that they advocate the same theoretical base. Therefore, the debate over economic crises under a marxian perspective is convenient. More specifically, to understand the causes of the phenomenon through the explanation of its content. It is believed that this task must have as a principle a rigorous interpretation of Marx's law of value, way through which the author seeks to understand the laws of movement of capitalist economies. This is the aim of this paper, that ends indicating, briefly, the way to understand current crisis specificities through Marx.
2023, Századok 157 (2023) 115–154.
At the end of the fifteenth century, the town of Bártfa (Bardejov, Bartfeld) pursued a major case for the possession of an extremely valuable vineyard on the Hegyalja. The opponent of the town in the case, which dragged on for a decade, was a rich and influential burgher of Kassa called George Swarcz. The case would be anything but exceptional in itself, for a lot of similar conflicts are known from the period. What makes it remarkable is the huge amount of documents, surviving for the most part in the town archives of Bártfa, which enables us to follow the process closely and thus to reconstruct the events down to the most insignificant details. By far the most interesting piece of the documentation is a pair of registers which record the costs that the people of Bártfa spent on the litigation over a period of ten years. These lists make it possible to track all the costs and challenges that the pursuit of such a case involved. Since hardly any similar sources survive from the Middle Ages, the values of the two registers can hardly be overestimated.
2011
2020
Background: Stay-at-home order has led to temporal closure of all level of schools both regionally and locally in all countries which Nigeria is not excluded. For continuous teaching and learning during Covid-19 pandemic, some governments and private schools have introduced online learning to ensure that pupils have access to learning during the stay-at-home order. It is therefore necessary to examine challenges of online learning mathematics during the stay-at-home order amidst COVID-19 in Nigeria. Methods: The study made use of snowball and purposive sampling technique due to the nature of the respondents. The study found out that Nigerian senior secondary school students were still affected with electricity shortage as some of them encountered flat battery on their devices during their online learning. The findings again indicated that Nigerian senior secondary school students encountered insufficient data to access their online class, lack of understanding, difficulties in solvi...
2010, Advances in Animal Biosciences
2013, Revista Internacional Interdisciplinar INTERthesis
