Gravity as an Emergent force th
By Stephen Farrugia – Malta 15 January 2015
INTRODUCTION
Science advances through simplification of The author builds his argument by trying to
our understanding of nature. The principle answer the question:
of economy is a basic tool of science,
technology and engineering. The principle a) How can this tiny heavy
says that it is a vanity to do with more neighborhood be responsible for
what can be done with less. Therefore the the formation of stars and galaxies
simplicity of explanation can only be and at the same time is the central
challenged with a greater simplicity. protagonist to the complexities
found in the biosphere including
the brain of man?
The ‘hypothesis’ presented in this paper
puts forth a simple classical mechanism
that can describe gravity.
It takes off at the very heart of the atomic
nucleus, the tiny heavy place that knows
everything there is to know about gravity.
It re-examines what is already known
about the Strong force interaction between
two nucleons (a proton and a neutron) by
taking the perspective of a third observer
situated in this neighborhood.
It claims that during this interaction there is
a very simple subtle ‘over-looked’
mechanism that affects, not only the
observer situated in this neighborhood, but
the entire universe.
We start with the repulsive interactions The observer in this
between like-charges. Charge and mass neighborhood - the hypothesis
are companions. We cannot understand
one without the other.
An observer in this neighborhood will
observe an instant in time (very very short
duration) during which the net electrical
CHARGE of the two nucleons is Zero
which alternates with an instant in time
during which the CHARGE is positive.
These two protons will not fuse since This Observer, equipped with
iinteraction between two p+ are repulsive. instrumentation is able to detect:-
Strong Force 1) A cycling +ve potential that
repeats itself indefinitely;
2) A cycling ‘neutral’ window that
repeats itself indefinitely.
The implications of this hypothetical
alternating positive/neutral affect are
Basic theory states that the binding tremendous. They can practically describe
mechanism between a proton and a the whole universe.
neutron inside a nucleus is explained as a
continuous exchange of pions with a 2.225
MeV potential energy hole that binds the This idea does not defy the law of conservation
two nucleons. of charge. The proposed neutral window can
be imagined same as the zero voltage point (x)
These two nucleons continue exchanging of an alternating sinusoidal voltage .
pions on a continual basis changing from
proton to neutron and vice-versa in the
process.
X
At point X, however high the alternating
voltage and however fast the frequency of the
oscillations the laws of electro-magnetism
disappear momentarily for a third observer
who is probing this neighbourhood. If this
observer could freeze time and hook up the
best instrumentations in the world to point X
he will not be able to detect anything related
to the alternating voltage.
A moment in time later the instrumentation
will detect the rising potential.
This zero point idea for a third observer does
not defy the laws of electro-magnetism and
likewise can be said for the law of
conservation of charge. The subtle point is the
crux of the hypothesis. What follows is how
this idea can answer so many questions.
The Breathing Universe
Fusion Alpha decay
A two dimensional diagram of a dense
nucleus with protons [black] and neutrons
[white] is shown below and will be used to
clarify the mechanism
This ‘breathing’ effect (positive/neutral) will
allow a second proton to get closer to our
two nucleons than allowed by the
repulsion of the proton [tunnels-in during
the instant of neutral] and get itself
captured by the strong force of both.
Through this simple mechanism a
Deuteron may thus capture a proton and
become Helium-3.
In an environment depleted of electrons
this mechanism can build the galaxies and
the stars.
The standard mechanism of the strong
interaction holds the nucleus together.
Alpha decay requires a single electron, or
another negatively charged particle, to find
its way between two nucleons situated on
the outskirts of the nucleus when the cycle
is neutral [tunnels-in]. The end result,
when the cycle goes positive, is
devastating.
The electron / proton interaction breaks
the ‘strong nuclear bond’ and an alpha
particle flies out of the nucleus. The
typical energy of this alpha particle is
around 5MeV and considering the
proposed mechanism this energy should
be the same for all alpha decays.
If it were a neutron tunneling in
at the right energy fission
occurs.
Gravity – the physics at the The field thus produced deforms space-
time and causes bodies to take geodesic
fundamental level paths as proposed by GR however, in
addition to that phenomenon, at the
The nucleus depicted below is made up of surface of the planet and its very close
a dense nucleus [blue] vibrating from proximity the proposed mechanism
positive to neutral with a cloud of red interacts directly with bodies in motion
electrons around it. causing them to ‘fall’ and become part of
the mechanism itself.
This idea of how a p/n pair produces a
unidirectional acceleration has these
implications. Since it depends on the
interaction between a proton/neutron pair
it means that only a proton/neutron pair
will PULL anything towards it.
For every neutral-positive cycle of every
proton/neutron pair there is a miniscule This implies that:-
unidirectional acceleration of the electron 1) Extra neutrons in heavy elements DO
cloud towards the center during the NOT pull, although they (as part of
transition neutral to positive. their atom) are pulled by a p/n pair of
another atom;
Unidirectional is a key point as
acceleration stops when the p/n exhibit the 2) Hydrogen atoms DO NOT pull
neutral window. although they are themselves pulled
by a p/n pair of another atom.
This mechanism brings about a tiny net
force towards the centre that is The Newtonian understanding of gravity
proportional to the atomic number changes from the current belief that ‘mass
(because the effect comes from a attracts any other mass’ to the new
neutron/proton pair) and the frequency of understanding that ‘mass is attracted by
vibration, therefore also to the any other mass made up of proton/neutron
temperature. pairs’.
Anyone who is inside this neighborhood – The Einsteinian understanding of gravity
standing on top of the atom - will feel a remains the same as Einstein’s GR is a
continuous downward force. theory of fields.
This idea relegates gravity to an
emergent force born out of the strong
force interaction between a proton and
a neutron.
It is interesting to re-visit the extreme ends
of nature with this idea and talk about the
Earth, the arrows show the force towards Big Bang, Inflation of the Universe and
the centre [blue] Supernova (e.g - why an implosion of a
dying star becomes an explosion). Also
Earth’s gravity is the same. The ‘net’ the true nature of a ‘neutron star’ and
downward unidirectional force of all the black holes.
electrons beneath our feet (and part of
ourselves) is we perceive as the
gravitational field.
Gamma Ray Burst Beside that, and with a little imagination,
A GRB may be described as a unique this hypothesis is able to describe
situation when all the p/n pairs in an iron numerous physical phenomena;
crystal (or an entire neutron star) happen - from the systematic ‘spontaneous’
to be simultaneously NEUTRAL and then decay of a dense nucleus to the
go +ve. The sudden acceleration is formation of Stars and the
manifested in a gamma ray burst. Galaxies;
- from the ‘how’ of gravity and the
gravitational field to the location of
Cosmic Inflation Time itself the never ending
Idea presented here shows that the ticking clocks inside every single
influence of gravity in the early universe atom in the universe;
was non existent until the first deuterons - this interaction has given life to the
formed - p/n pairs came about. Universe that breathes On and Off
and life to the Biosphere that
Quantum Physics and Relativity breathes and grows in unision.
Quantum mechanics and Relativity
consider different time perspectives. And considering the simplicity of
the mechanism proposed and the
This new idea has the clock inside the size of the two central protagonists
nucleus. This means that Time is real involved… isn’t it ... amazing.
albeit not fundamental.
It is interesting to note that all atoms have See additional comments
their own multiple clocks and therefore
multiple histories.
The smaller one probes inside the micro-
world the more of these multiple clocks
there are ticking away and this goes to
show why Quantum Physics can only talk
about probabilities. On the other hand, in
the macro-world we do not perceive the
proposed mechanism directly but
indirectly.
Time and Gravity are thus
found to be companions,
you cannot understand one
without the other.
Additional comment
The mechanism is subtle and may have passed
undetected due to the fact that in a heavy atom the
proposed ‘neutral window’ is relatively short. Alternatively,
a neutral window, even if it was detected, may not have
raised any interest due to the fact that common belief is
that zero = zero and therefore there is nothing interesting
about it.
Other indicators that point towards this hypothesis is the
idea of the electron energy levels that seem to reflect a
cycling nucleus with the energy levels mirroring these
cycles. Idea proposed will open new investigation in the
field of Nuclear Physics.
End – paper updated 3/1/2015
(originally posted on Against the Mainstream on UniverseToday under
the pseudoname Gravity is a Nuclear Force in 2005)
Stephen Farrugia – Malta EU
