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2023, Rzeczpospolita, 27 wrzesień
W ostatnich dniach Polska żyje gwałtownym spadkiem cen paliw w kontraście do reszty Europy. PKN Orlen, dominant na rynku paliw z około 65% udziałem w rynku obniżył znacząco ceny hurtowe i ceny detaliczne paliw. Różnice w cenach hurtowej sprzedaży paliw w Polsce i w Europie zaczęły się już w lipcu, podczas gdy ceny oleju napędowego w Europie wzrosły o 42 procent, w Polsce spadły o 2 procent. Komentatorzy często tłumaczą obecną sytuację upolitycznieniem spółek kontrolowanych przez skarb państwa i wspieraniem przez nie rządzącej partii w okresie kampanii. Poza wymiarem politycznym sprawa ta ma jednak wymiar rynkowy. PKN Orlen jest wertykalnie zintegrowanym przedsiębiorcą posiadającym pozycję dominującą na rynku hurtowym sprzedaży paliw i dużą siłę rynkową rynku detalicznym. Jego konkurenci na rynku sprzedaży detalicznej paliw, są równocześnie jego klientami na poziomie hurtowym. Stąd polityka cenowa Orlenu na poziomie hurtowym ma wpływ na jego konkurentów na rynku detalicznym zwłaszcza na mniejszych, niezależnych operatorów stacji, których w Polsce jest ponad 1200. Ostatecznie zaś wywierając decydują wpływ na ceny paliw na rynku paliw i wywierając presję na konkurentów na poziomie detalicznym Orlen ma wpływ na ceny płacone przez konsumentów. Mając to na uwadze, należy postawić pytanie o wpływ stosowanej obecnie przez PKN Orlen polityki cenowej na konkurencję (niezależnych operatorów) i konsumentów (ceny za paliwa ostatecznie płacone) i istnienie podstaw do podjęcia interwencji przez Prezesa UOKiK.
2013
Linen is known in the world since the beginning of civilization. In Poland, it has been cultivated for decades, and recently there has been increased interest in linseed oil. Because of the valuable properties of linseed oil and the ability to use it as a raw material for production of biofuels, it could be expected that the importance of linseed will increase. The article describes linseed and linseed oil. It presents their market in the world and in Poland. The major producers of linseed and their percentage share in global cultivation are identified. The paper defines world leaders in export and import of linseed and linseed oil. It also illustrates changes in linseed cultivation, as well as the production of linseed oil in Poland. In addition, data on imports and exports were collected and interpreted.
2015, Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Ventilation air is a difficult source of methane to use as an energy carrier, as air volume is large, methane is very diluted as well as variable in its concentration (0.1–1.0 vol.%) and flow rate. The paper indicates the coal mines as a source of the permanent emission of low-concentrated methane, whichhaveincreasedthegreenhouseeffect.Thispaperproposesthecatalyticoxidationofmethaneas the solution for the problem of methane utilization when its concentration in air is insufficient for flame combustion. The studies conducted for many years have enabled to find the active oxide and metallic catalytic systems for the reaction of methane oxidation. For the utilization of gases with low-concentrated methane it seems to be economically well-justified to use of the low-temperature catalysts,especiallypalladiumcatalysts. Dependingontechnologicalsolutionsitcanbeconsideredas a method for methane utilization or as an environmentally friendly way for generation of electric and thermal energy. K...
Schulz/Forum
The price of first editions of Schulz’s two collections of stories published in his lifetime is likely to vary depending on whether the original cover and especially the book jacket, which is a bibliophile’s rarity, are preserved. The book jacket of Cinnamon Shops has never been reproduced. Moreover, nobody has ever published the text that appeared on its flap. Probably not written by Schulz himself, it presents such features of his stories as the deformation of the described reality or the unusual plasticity of words. In their reviews written before the war, critics unanimously stated that Schulz was a product of self-promotion, which was characterized by excessive self-complacency and an element of a too intensive advertising campaign that was supposed to promote an unknown author. It appears, however, that the advertising campaign of Schulz’s debut was not at all vigorous, quite the contrary – the author himself paved the road to fame, overcoming the considerable opposition of cr...
Przegląd Politologiczny
The issue of intensifying female participation in public life, and particularly in political life, has recently been the subject of lively discussions, in particular in the social sciences. The number of female candidates on the election ballots for representative organs is clearly insufficient in comparison to the size of the female electorate, as well as the abilities, skills and intellectual potential women occupy. This problem has also been widely discussed in Poland. As a result of these quite heated disputes and discussions, accompanied by an interesting exchange of views on the doctrine of electoral law, an instrument to increase female representation on election ballots (a quota system) was introduced into the Polish electoral system. The subject of this paper, however, is not the issue of the grounds or justification for the legal instruments applied, or an assessment of the activities of the state authorities or the institutions of public life in this respect. Rather, the ...
1995, Journal of Applied Polymer Science
The reverse osmosis performance of thin-film composite membranes prepared from sulfonated polyphenylene oxide polymer with different ion-exchange capacities was studied using various electrolyte solutes. The effect of the solvent used for the preparation of the polymer solution for surface coating was also studied. It was found that the preparation of thin-film composite membranes with high selectivities and high fluxes was possible by adjusting properly the ion-exchange capacity and the solvent. It was also found that the membrane performance was governed primarily by the ion-exchange reaction between the solute cation and the proton in SO3H and the Donnan equilibrium. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Mutations of the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 ( PKHD1 ) gene have been shown to cause autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), but the cellular functions of the gene product (PKHD1) remain uncharacterized. To illuminate its properties, the spatial and temporal expression patterns of PKHD1 were determined in mouse, rat, and human tissues by using polyclonal Abs and mAbs recognizing various specific regions of the gene product. During embryogenesis, PKHD1 is widely expressed in epithelial derivatives, including neural tubules, gut, pulmonary bronchi, and hepatic cells. In the kidneys of the pck rats, the rat model of which is genetically homologous to human ARPKD, the level of PKHD1 was significantly reduced but not completely absent. In cultured renal cells, the PKHD1 gene product colocalized with polycystin-2, the gene product of autosomal dominant polycystic disease type 2, at the basal bodies of primary cilia. Immunoreactive PKHD1 localized predominantly a...
2005, Chemistry Letters
2017, The journal of physical chemistry. B
The fluoren-9-one (FL) molecule, with a single hydrogen bond-accepting site (C═O group), has been used as a probe for investigation of the dynamics of a hydrogen bond in its lowest excited singlet (S1) state using the subpicosecond time-resolved visible pump-IR probe spectroscopic technique. In 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), a strong hydrogen bond-donating solvent, the formation of an FL-alcohol hydrogen-bonded complex in the ground electronic (S0) state is nearly complete, with a negligible concentration of the FL molecule remaining free in solution. In addition to the presence of a band due to the hydrogen-bonded complex in the transient IR spectrum recorded immediately after photoexcitation of FL in HFIP solution, appearance of the absorption band due to a free C═O stretch provides confirmatory evidence of ultrafast photodissociation of hydrogen bonds in some of the complexes formed in the S0 state. The peak-shift dynamics of the C═O stretch bands reveal two major rela...
2005, Keio Communication Review
2017, Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat
2021, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The use of peloids as heat-providing therapeutic systems dates back to antiquity. Such systems consist of a liquid phase and an organic or inorganic solid phase. The latter facilitates the handling, preparation and stability of the solid–liquid system, modifying its organoleptic and phy-sicochemical properties, and improves its efficacy and tolerance. Peloids enable the application of heat to very specific zones and the release of heat at a given rate. The aims of this work are to study 16 reference peloids used in medical spa centers as thermo-therapeutic agents as well as to propose nine raw materials as a solid phase for the preparation of peloids. The physical properties studied are the centesimal composition, the instrumental texture and the thermal parameters. In conclusion, the peloids of the medical spas studied are used as thermotherapeutic agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, especially in knee osteoarthritis and to a lesser extent in back pain and psoriat...
Jurnal Biologi Tropis
The production of polyploidy with a chemical mutagen such as colchicine is one strategy that can be applied to improve the genetic traits and wood properties of acacia trees. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of colchicine at various concentrations and immersion times on the percentage of surviving explants, percentage of rooted explants, and morphological traits of shoot and root A. crassicarpa in-vitro. A completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors was used in this study. The first factor was the concentration of colchicine solution with five levels (0,00%, 0,02%, 0,04%, 0,06%, and 0,08%), and the second factor was the immersion time with three levels (24, 48, and 72 hours). There were fifteen treatment combinations with each treatment repeated three times. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% significance level. The results showed that the treatment combination of colchicine concentration with immersion time showed a signific...
2020, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
2017, Journal of ethnopharmacology
Current HIV therapies do not act on latent cellular HIV reservoirs; hence they are not curative. While experimental latency reversal agents (LRAs) can promote HIV expression in these cells, thereby exposing them to immune recognition, existing LRAs exhibit limited clinical efficacy and high toxicity. We previously described a traditional 3-step medicinal plant regimen used for HIV/AIDS management in Northern Botswana that inhibits HIV replication in vitro. Here we describe use of one component of the regimen that additionally contains novel phorbol esters possessing HIV latency-reversal properties. We sought to document experiences of traditional medicine users, assess the ability of traditional medicine components to reverse HIV latency in vitro, and identify pure compounds that conferred these activities. Experiences of two HIV-positive traditional medicine users (patients) were documented using qualitative interview techniques. Latency reversal activity was assessed using a cell-...
1992, Medical Journal of Australia
2013, PubMed
Background & objectives: The symptoms of celiac disease (CD) are varied and metabolic bone disease (MBD) is less recognized amongst all manifestations in CD patients. Bone disease in CD is attributed to secondary hyperparathyroidism, which in turn is associated with increased bone remodelling. Improvement in bone mineral density (BMD) with gluten free diet (GFD) is known, but the data on efficacy of bisphosphonates in CD patients are limited. Bisphosphonates being a potent inhibitor of bone resorption may be useful in patients with CD having low BMD. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of zoledronic acid on BMD in CD patients. Methods: A total of 28 CD patients were randomized to receive GFD, calcium and cholecalciferol (group A), and zoledronic acid (group B). Baseline biochemical tests and T-score by dual energy x-ray absorptiometer were done and repeated after 12 months. Results: The T-score showed improvement in the control arm (group A) from -3.31 ± 1.46 to -2.12 ± 1.44, a gain of 35.9 per cent (P<0.05) and in drug arm (group B) -2.82 ± 1.27 to -1.06 ± 1.84, registering a gain of 62.4 per cent (P<0.001). However, there was no difference in improvement of T-score in zoledronic acid group as compared to the control group. Interpretation & conclusions: Administration of zoledronic acid was not found to be better than GFD alone in increasing BMD in CD patients with low BMD in this pilot study.
2017, Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing
2019, Applied Thermal Engineering
2018, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2019, Porcine Health Management
Swine dysentery (SD) is an important endemic disease of pigs throughout the world. The most common aetiological agent is the anaerobic intestinal spirochaeteBrachyspira hyodysenteriae.The related spirochaeteBrachyspira pilosicolicauses a milder form of colitis. We report the first isolation ofB. hyodysenteriaeandB. pilosicolifrom a pig farm in Hong Kong. Faecal samples containing mucus or fresh blood were collected from the ground where finisher pigs had just been loaded into a truck for transport to the abattoir. The samples were subjected to selective anaerobic culture and PCR forB. hyodysenteriaeandB. pilosicoli, and two isolates of both species were obtained. TheB. hyodysenteriaeisolates showed clinical resistance to tylosin and lincomycin, whilst theB. pilosicoliisolates were resistant to tylosin and showed intermediate susceptibility to lincomycin. TheB. hyodysenteriaeisolates were subjected to multilocus sequence typing and a single previously undescribed sequence type (ST250...
2019, Schizophrenia Bulletin
2000, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering
Ciências Sociais Aplicadas em Revista
O presente artigo trata sobre proteção aos direitos da criança e do adolescente migrantes contra a exploração do trabalho infantil e busca entender como o sistema normativo brasileiro assegura a proteção aos direitos de crianças e adolescentes migrantes contra a exploração do trabalho infantil. O objetivo geral deste artigo é analisar a garantia dos direitos da criança e do adolescente migrante em face da exploração do trabalho infantil, e seus objetivos específicos são descrever os fundamentos teóricos e jurídicos que embasam os Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente, analisar a proteção jurídica nacional e internacional da criança e do adolescente migrante e sistematizar os instrumentos jurídicos de proteção de crianças e adolescentes migrantes contra a exploração do trabalho infantil. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro prevê dispositivos de proteção e garantia dos direitos da criança e do adolescente. Tais direitos são postulados na Constituição Federal de 1988, no Estatuto da Crian...
2023, Journal of philosophical Investigations
In the present article relationship of thought and language for the priority aspect, from al-Fārābī's point of view is discussed. Based on the three meanings of nuṭq (: speech), speaking is a process in which human soul is concerned with the three levels of intellectual faculty, apprehended objects in the mind as well as the expression by language. Then, this reveals a close and inseparable relationship between language and thought. Again it is suggested that relying on the tripartite theory of word, world, and intelligibles, by Al-Fārābī, at the time of the process of speaking, human soul makes use of all knowledge either acquired previously, or the knowledge obtaining as the content of experience in the actual speech situation. Thus, in connection with the priority aspect of the relationship between thought and language, I suppose, in an analytical aspect of priority, there is no priority relation between them, namely, they are interdependent. It can be supported by this view that thought and gaining knowledge are continued even while speaking. Besides, it has been argued that the human soul, as the chief agent of thinking and obtaining knowledge, is not completely passive; then human thought cannot have transcendental supremacy over language.