The Making and Remaking of Zokak el-Blat: The History of an Urban Fabric
in: H. Gebhardt, D. Sack, R. Bodenstein et al.: History, Space and Social Conflict in Beirut. The Quarter of Zokak el-Blat, (Beiruter Texte und Studien; 97), Beirut: OIB & Würzburg: Ergon 2005 , S. 35-107.
Architettura primitiva e città contemporanea. Un caso di studio nel nord del Marocco
Published in "Community/Architecture. 57 contributions of international Researches", Parma, 2010
Urbanismo ecológico: O papel das forças físicas na construção da cidade
“Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings…”(Kevin Lynch)
A frase de... more
“Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings…”(Kevin Lynch)
A frase de Kevin Lynch aqui expressa equivale a dizermos que as propriedades da forma não são propriedades intrínsecas. Dito de outro modo, estas só podem ser entendidas no contexto dum todo maior. Esta forma de pensar o espaço está pois de acordo com as teorias sistémicas e ecológicas. O pensamento sistémico é pois um pensamento contextual, ambiental e ecológico, pois explicar as coisas em termos do seu contexto é explicar as coisas em termos do seu ambiente(Capra,1997:37).
Tal como o campo de gravidade, o contexto é o campo de atracção que origina uma estrutura de operação (um padrão) que por sua vez influencia o conteúdo, a forma, ou seja, aquilo que
aparentemente observamos, cremos e concebemos. O contexto é pois composto por campos de energia invisíveis, tão reais como a gravidade, que operam na fabricação da forma urbana, tais como o sol, o vento ou a topografia. Isto para me referir apenas às forças físicas, porque existem também as forças sociais, psicológicas, etc., que são ainda mais difíceis de visualizar. Sem entendermos essas forças, torna-se muito difícil interpretar correctamente as formas, ou de as conceber de modo
adequado a esse contexto. Assim o problema da forma inadequada é muitas vezes um problema de percepção do contexto e das forças que entram em acção, pelo que o mais importante no ensino dos nossos projectistas, é o entendimento do contexto no qual as formas emergem e não a forma em si
própria. Portanto, creio que grande parte dos nossos problemas urbanos e espaciais, se devem essencialmente a um problema de percepção do contexto. Isso acontece, exactamente porque as pessoas não estão despertas para os campos invisíveis em acção na cidade e nas nossas próprias vidas. A causa desta dificuldade deve-se essencialmente à nossa visão fragmentária da realidade com a qual descrevemos o mundo. Se pelo contrário, nós pensássemos a realidade duma forma holística,
veríamos como a separação das coisas é uma ilusão e que na verdade todas as coisas são parte do mesmo contínuo inseparável - é a ideia do universo holográfico, conforme o designou David Bohm (1980:143-147). O contexto é um molde para a forma: Enquanto a forma é aquela parte do mundo sobre a qual nós temos controlo, o contexto é aquela parte do mundo que impõe restrições a essa forma. Tudo o que impõe restrições à forma é contexto. A boa forma é pois o resultado da mútua aceitação entre estes dois mundos, ou seja, o resultado de como a forma se insere no resto do conjunto, Alexander, (1964:17). O contexto físico, no qual se enquadram as formas urbanas e arquitectónicas, como o clima, a topografia, os materiais, etc., estabelecem as irregularidades dum contexto não homogéneo, sendo que a forma que responde a esse contexto é um diagrama de forças (padrão) que tenta compensar essas irregularidades. Nas cidades orgânicas e de um modo geral em todos os organismos vivos, a forma é a solução para o problema definido pelo contexto, pelo que, quando falamos deste tipo de urbanismo, a discussão não é sobre a forma em si própria, mas sim sobre o conjunto que compreende a forma e o seu contexto. Assim, para o entendimento das formas da natureza, a ideia cartesiana de que a forma é independente do seu contexto, ou seja, a de que a realidade pode ser dividida e compreendida por partes deverá ser substituída pela ideia holista de que a forma é moldada pelo contexto, ou seja, pela ideia de que tudo está ligado a tudo, por um conjunto de forças e de relações que são responsáveis pela forma que aparentemente se observa.
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Seen by: and 12 moreSpatial analyses in urban morphology: A geometry for organic cities - Lisbon case study
This paper extends the debate over the Italian school of process typology, particularly as it relates to the... more This paper extends the debate over the Italian school of process typology, particularly as it relates to the identification of the substratum type as the matrix of the process of building in the human environment. Why traditional towns have such a form that appears to us as an organism? Are those structures «irregular» or «regular»? Regarding those settlements that have been growing organically, and by providing empirical evidence, from the case studies, on the links between the urban form and its topographical conditions, one can set a geometry for Portuguese traditional cities, its origins and formation. Location types and internal structure are repeated so often that broad and suggestive generalisations are valid.
Die Suburbanisierung der Stadt: Die Bewirtschaftung von Raum und Seele
2011 | In: Hilber, M. L. / Datko, G. (Hg.) Stadtidentität der Zukunft: Wie uns Städte glücklich machen | Co-authored with Joris Van Wezemael
Urban Renaissance wird in Europa gemeinhin mit einer Renaissance der europäischen Stadt, basierend auf einer... more Urban Renaissance wird in Europa gemeinhin mit einer Renaissance der europäischen Stadt, basierend auf einer Ideologie von Öffentlichkeit, gleichgesetzt. Politik und Immobilienwirtschaft stimmen dabei unter Verweis auf Nachhaltigkeit und urbane Verdichtung in den Chor ein. Wir entwickeln in diesem Beitrag indes die These, dass die Renaissance des Urbanen und die Wiederentdeckung der Zentren vielmehr als ein Einfalten des Suburbanen in die ehemals europäische Stadt, welche sich in Tat und Wahrheit zu einer post-europäischen Stadt wandelt, zu verstehen ist. Andere Autoren, wie beispielsweise Hammett et al. (2007) in ihrem Buch The Suburbanization of New York, haben bereits gezeigt, dass die Wiederentdeckung der Zentren im soziologischen Sinne mit einer Suburbanisierung der Stadt ein- hergeht. Wir legen, auch um dem Risiko einer Glorifizierung des Vergangenen vorzubeugen, den Fokus unseres Beitrags auf das Räumliche, und wollen aufzeigen, welche Dynamiken, Logiken und Identitäten im Zuge dieser Entwicklung entstehen: Welche Veränderungen werden auf Ebene der Morphologie des städtischen Raumes, seiner räumliche Logik, der Bedeutung von öffentlichen und privaten Räumen (im juristischen wie funktionalen Sinne) und nicht zuletzt der ‘räumlichen Identität’ wie auch derjenigen seiner Bewohner induziert?
Delimiting Beirut's suburbs. Perimeters and names
by eric verdeil
In French. Délimiter les banlieues de Beyrouth. Des noms et des périmètres
Paper at the conference : Des banlieues à la ville: acteurs et espaces de la négociation urbaine (30 oct.-1st nov. 2011, Beirut)
The paper analyses some divisions and delimitations of Beirut's suburbs, as well as their denominations. The purpose... more The paper analyses some divisions and delimitations of Beirut's suburbs, as well as their denominations. The purpose is to unravil the cognitive and political stakes of these mapping and naming operations. Works of geographers and planners are specifically studied. The will to subsume the suburbs under the nome of an encompassing metropolis is a common feature of urban planning history. In the Lebanese case, it can be linked with the long due conflict betwwen the central State, main holder of planning duties, and various local actors and powers, among them the municipalities. The paper highlights what can be described as a turn at the begining of the 2000's : a growing disinterest in the administrative sphere for the idea of a Greater Beirut and the rise of new kind of administrative divisions that are the sign of new forms of collective action.
Lottizzazioni nella Padova medievale: tra fonti scritte e GIS analysis.
Valente, Boaretto, in A. Chavarria Arnau (a cura di), Padova: architetture medievali. Progetto ARMEP 2007-2010, Mantova, 2011, pp. 179-194.
The Sá da Bandeira Street in Oporto Paradigm(s) of the urban transformation on the 1st half of the XX century
1st Conference of the Portuguese Network of Urban Morphology. Urban Morphology in Portugal: Approaches and Perspectives
Presentation abstract
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The Suburb as Centre
in H. Bjur and B. Santillo Frizell (eds.), Via Tiburtina: Space, Movement and Artefacts in the Urban Landscape (Swedish Institute in Rome 2009), pp. 109-128. Written with Prof. Hans Bjur.
This study concerns the urban periphery of Rome in the period 200 to 500 AD. Our thesis is that the periphery in this... more This study concerns the urban periphery of Rome in the period 200 to 500 AD. Our thesis is that the periphery in this period obtained a new meaning and gradually began to surpass the centre in importance, and that this displacement of activity-nodes and movement created decisive prerequisites for the polycentric structure which was to dominate the urban development of Rome up to the nineteenth century. The main focus of thisinvestigation will be on areas and situations contextually related to the Via Tiburtina, mainly from the Clivus Suburanus inside the Porta Esquilina to and somewhat beyond the Aurelian Wall. The defined period begins with the Severan dynasty’s monumentalization of the area between Porta Esquilina and Porta Maggiore around 200. The following three centuries present a flourishing periphery all around Rome. However, after 500 this flourishing is concentrated in only two areas: the Lateran and Vatican, probably due to the huge loss in city population at that time. This marks the end of the period under investigation in this article. The years 200–500 comprise major shifts in the power structure of the Roman Empire and the rise of new driving forces which transform Rome’s spatial configuration and the physical and mental limits between centre and periphery.
Finding Your Way in the Subura
in M. Driessen et al. (eds.), TRAC 2008. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference (Oxbow Books 2009), pp. 39-51.
Navigating the Urban Via Tiburtina
in H. Bjur and B. Santillo Frizell (eds.), Via Tiburtina: Space, Movement and Artefacts in the Urban Landscape (Swedish Institute in Rome 2009), pp. 61-78.
The main idea behind this article is to try to explain how one navigated a Roman urban environment, an environment... more The main idea behind this article is to try to explain how one navigated a Roman urban environment, an environment which must have been bewildering to many Romans, and chaotic to our modern eyes. The analysis will benefit from the use of the theoretical model promoted by the urban planner Kevin Lynch. Working from field reconnaissance and interviews Lynch developed a model of how people understood their surroundings in consistent and predictable ways, forming mental maps. These mental representations contain many unique elements, which are defined by Lynch as a network of paths, districts, landmarks, edges and nodes. This article hopes to contribute to this field by applying Lynch’s theories to an analysis of the urban stretch of the Via Tiburtina, using archaeological and literary sources and a third-century marble plan of Rome.
Movement and Urban Development at Two City Gates in Rome: the Porta Esquilina and Porta Tiburtina
in R. Laurence and D. Newsome (eds.), Rome, Ostia and Pompeii: Movement and Space (Oxford University Press 2011), pp. 361-385. Written with Prof. Hans Bjur.
The focus of this chapter is movement through the Porta Esquilina in the Republican Wall and the Porta Tiburtina in... more The focus of this chapter is movement through the Porta Esquilina in the Republican Wall and the Porta Tiburtina in the Aurelianic Wall, alongside an evaluation of the mutual influence of traffic and urban development from the time of Augustus to the late fifth century. Two decisive moments are identified. The first is the Augustan period, characterized by a great expansion and modernization of the infrastructure in the periphery. The second is the fifth century, by which time the construction of the Aurelianic Wall has led to the development of new urban nodes and a process of monumentalization of the Porta Tiburtina area.
Integrating Location Quotient, Local Moran’s I and Geographic Linkage for Spatial Patterning of Industries in Shanghai, China
by Minhe Ji
Co-authored with Jing Feng
Metropolitan areas serve as centers of innovation and modernization for future development in China. Urban industrial... more Metropolitan areas serve as centers of innovation and modernization for future development in China. Urban industrial structures are important research subjects in economic geography and industrial economics. Conventional studies have relied on aggregated population and employment data to construct indices of industrial spatial structures. This paper aims to reveal the spatial pattern using the establishment (point) data of various industries within each block in Shanghai from three perspectives. Location quotient, local spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the coefficient of geographical linkage were applied to investigate point patterns and inter-industrial spatial associations. The comparative analysis of spatial pattern on industries in urban and suburban areas was performed to discuss the development density of industries and the spatial relationship of establishments in different districts and industries. This empirical study may provide some useful findings to relevant decision makers for urban planning and allocation of urban industries.
The application of fractal analysis and spatial technologies for urban analysis
Published in JOURNAL OF APPLIED FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS,VOL.4,NO.4,569-579, 2009
Urban areas and their built form are the result of complex cultural, social, economic, and technological... more
Urban areas and their built form are the result of complex cultural, social, economic, and technological agents/processes and their physical environment. Traditional forms of analysis
(i.e., linear modeling, statistics) have wrestled with the chaotic nature of urban systems and the urban built form with an increasing amount of apparent sophistication (i.e. additional algorythms, new models) often with no significant increase in accuracy or understanding. Fractal analysis, which is firmly grounded in chaos theory, allied with spatial technologies
(i.e., Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing, spatial modeling) is proving to an innovative technique to study urban form/structure. This paper discusses how fractal analysis
can be used to evaluate urban form. The findings of those that have applied fractal anlysis to study urban form, including the author, have concluded that the fractal dimenions of urban form
are not infinite, but settle in a defined fuzzy range of values based on the distinct characteristics of urban processes. The amalgamation of fractal analysis and other chaotic analytical tools (i.e., nueral networks, agent based modeling) with spatial technologies to study urban form and dynamic forces represents a major paradigm shift that is just begining to be observed in urban analysis and urban planning.
Keywords: chaos theory, fractal analsyis, built environment, spatial analysis, urban geography, urban planning, spatial technologies

