City structure , obesity , and environmental justice : An integrated analysis of physical and social barriers to walkable streets and park access
Bethany B Cutts, Kate J Darby, Christopher G Boone et al. (2009) Social Science & Medicine City structure , obesity , and environmental justice : An integrated analysis of physical and social barriers to walkable streets and park access, 1314-1322. In Social Science & Medicine 69 (9).
Local parks and walkable neighborhoods are commonly cited as elements of the urban environment that promote physical... more Local parks and walkable neighborhoods are commonly cited as elements of the urban environment that promote physical activity and reduce obesity risk. When those vulnerable to obesity-related diseases live in neighborhoods without these qualities, it works against environmental justice goals that aim for a fair distribution of amenities. We use geographic information systems (GIS) to evaluate the relationship between the distribution of populations vulnerable to obesity and proximity to parks and walkable street networks in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Though previous studies have used GIS to assess the distribution of access to opportunities for physical activity, none have analyzed access to both parks and walkable resources at once. Neither have they included data that reflects findings on a smaller scale indicating that perceptions of resource quality, safety, and cultural relevance also affect physical activity levels. We include these safety and quality factors in our study through statistical data on traffic fatalities, crime rates and park size. We find that, counter to predictions, subpopulations generally considered vulnerable to obesity (and environmental injustices more generally) are more likely to live in walkable neighbor- hoods and have better walking access to neighborhood parks than other groups in Phoenix. However, crime is highest in walkable neighborhoods with large Latino/a and African-American populations and parks are smaller in areas populated by Latino/as. Given the higher prevalence of obesity and related diseases in lower income and minority populations in Phoenix, the results suggest that benefits of built environments may be offset by social characteristics. Our most consistent finding indicates a strong negative relationship between the percentage of the population under 18 years of age living in an area and the likelihood that the structure of the built environment supports physical activity. Children under 18 are significantly underrepresented in regions deemed highly walkable and those with access to parks.
Jensen, Helge Hiram; Løffler, David; Bodin, Halvor (eds.): Kontur Arkitektur (Del 1: Samfunnsbyggverket.). Oslo: Kontur tidsskrift 2003 (ISBN 82-996807-0-0) 180 p. Kontur
Kontur Journal # 7/8 was a special issue on architecture. The first part (#7) takes a critical approach to the politics of contemporary planning.
Jensen, Helge Hiram; Løffler, David; Bodin, Halvor (eds.): Kontur Arkitektur (Del 2: Økologi - dialog og plan). Oslo: Kontur tidsskrift 2003 (ISBN 82-996807-0-0) 180 p. Kontur
Kontur Journal # 7/8 was a special issue on architecture. The second part (#8) takes an enthusiastic approach to emerging practice of urban ecology.
Urban realities: the contribution of residential gardens to the conservation of urban forest remnants
Doody, B. J. et al. (2010). "Urban realities: the contribution of residential gardens to the conservation of urban forest remnants." Biodiversity and Conservation 19(5): 1385-1400.
Urbanization has destroyed and fragmented previously large areas of habitat. Small remnants that still exist in... more Urbanization has destroyed and fragmented previously large areas of habitat. Small remnants that still exist in numerous cities will be unable to sustain many viable wild plant populations if they do not expand into the surrounding urban matrix. Residential gardens form a significant component of urban green space in many cities and therefore could play a role in redressing this problem. Our ecological and social scientific study examined factors influencing the dispersal and regeneration of 12 bird-dispersed native woody species from Riccarton Bush, a 7.8 ha urban forest remnant, into surrounding residential properties in Christchurch, New Zealand. Over 125 years, the reported number of native vascular plant species in the Bush has declined by a third. Some species, particularly Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, the dominant woody species in the Bush, are being dispersed by birds and establishing in residential gardens predominantly within 250 m of the forest margin. These juveniles are not reaching maturity as most gardeners tend to remove all non-planted woody species. This suggests natural potential for regeneration exists but is insufficient without active human intervention. Our survey results show people are supportive of native plants in general but lack knowledge of the species. They are willing to plant locally appropriate woody species if provided with plants, information, and, most importantly, control over the location of plantings. Residential gardens consequently have the potential to play a major role in the conservation of urban biodiversity especially for species suited to the functions and size of gardens.
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Seen by:(2011) American State Litter Scorecard: New Rankings for An Increasingly Environmentally Concerned Population
by Steve Spacek
Cited by THE BOSTON GLOBE and numerous Newspapers; TRAVEL+LEISURE; "Reducing Litter on Roadsides" Academic Journal of (U.S) National Transportations Academies.
By popular demand--a NEW, up-to-date State Litter "Scorecard" is now released for the 2011 ASPA Baltimore... more
By popular demand--a NEW, up-to-date State Litter "Scorecard" is now released for the 2011 ASPA Baltimore Conference--measuring each state’s overall environmental quality through public property/spaces debris removal efforts. The “Scorecard” uses tried-and-true, hard-to-publicly obtain objective and subjective measures, leading to a total overall score for each measured jurisdiction. Readers can thus gain a realistic "picture" of "what's going on" within one or all of the 50 states. Littering/dumping remains harmful, serious American environmental crimes, creating dangers to public health and safety, and contributing to the deaths of over 800 Americans in debris-attributed motor vehicle accidents. The Scorecard has been a valuable tool in enabling improved debris/litter abatement practices in states and regions.
Washington was deemed the overall top BEST state, followed by California, Iowa, Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, Oregon, New Hampshire, North Carolina and New York. Kentucky led the bottom –the ultimate WORST and poorest performer of the 50 United States, followed by Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Alabama, Indiana, Georgia, Illinois, Oklahoma, Montana, North Dakota and Texas.
Regretfully, some states still do not collect important comparative litter data measures, nor yet to have made REAL differences in improving environmental conditions to protect citizenry health and welfare. This paper is yet another call to action to help remedy these unattended-to issues—and, to save lives.
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Seen by:Is Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) a weed: the rise and subsequent demise (?) of native seedlings in residential gardens
Doody, B. (2005). "Is Kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) a weed : the rise and subsequent demise (?) of native seedlings in residential gardens." Canterbury Botanical Society Journal, 39, 13-22.
The aim of this paper is to: 1) investigate the ecological, social and cultural dimensions that influence the... more The aim of this paper is to: 1) investigate the ecological, social and cultural dimensions that influence the dispersal and regeneration native woody species from Riccarton Bush into surrounding residential gardens and 2) determine the potential role that residential gardens could play in helping to ensure the future of Riccarton Bush. To meet these aims an interdisciplinary approach has been adopted, consisting of an ecological and a social component; the latter being the main focus of this paper.
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Riccarton Bush and the natural and social realities of native trees in Christchurch, New Zealand
Doody, B.J. (2008) Riccarton Bush and the natural and social realities of native trees in Christchurch, New Zealand. M.Appl.Sc. Thesis, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury.
Urbanization has destroyed and fragmented previously large areas of natural habitat. Small remnants that still exist... more
Urbanization has destroyed and fragmented previously large areas of natural habitat. Small remnants that still exist in numerous cities will be unable to sustain many viable wild plant populations if they do not expand into the surrounding urban matrix. Residential gardens surrounding such remnants, and which form a significant component of urban green space in many cities, could play a role in redressing this problem. Riccarton Bush, a 7.8 hectare forest remnant, and its surrounding suburban residential area, in Christchurch, New Zealand, is a good example. Over 125 years the reported number of native vascular plants in the bush has declined by a third. My study was an attempt to understand: 1) the ecological, social and cultural factors influencing the dispersal and regeneration of 12 native bird-dispersed woody species from Riccarton Bush, into surrounding residential properties; and 2) the potential role residential properties could play in the future of the bush. To examine these diverse factors I adopted an interdisciplinary research approach combining methodologies, concepts and theories from ecology and the social sciences. In a broader context my work was an attempt to demonstrate how urban ecology can further develop and strengthen by adopting and integrating new methodologies, theories and concepts.
The ecological component involved recording individuals of the study species found on 90 randomly selected properties within a 1.4 km radius of the bush. Soil samples were also collected from 31 of those properties and placed in a glasshouse and the study species that germinated were recorded. Results showed some species, particularly kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), the most abundant species in the bush, are being dispersed and establishing on properties predominantly within 250 m of the forest margin. These juveniles are not reaching maturity as most gardeners tend to remove all non-planted woody species. Qualitative interviews with 16 residents and a quantitative survey of the residents of 85 of the properties provided insights into the social context which these natural processes were operating.
Using notions of place and performance I argue that gardens are continuously created and recreated by humans and non-humans. Residents attempt to create and maintain a garden that fulfils their individual and familial needs and desires (e.g., aesthetics, leisure and privacy), and public responsibilities such as ensuring they have a ‘neat’ and ‘tidy’ garden. This involves selecting plants for colour, shape and the care they require, and encouraging certain performances (e.g., flowering) while controlling other undesirable plants and performances (e.g. growth, spread and shading). While people make connections between native plants, belonging and identity; the ‘scientific’ demarcation between native and exotic species often becomes obscured as the garden is co-created by people and plants. Some plants become more significant than others but usually this is attributable to their performances rather than whether they are native or exotic.
Residential gardens have the potential to play a major role in the conservation of species restricted to urban remnants. My research suggests that although the potential exists for woody species restricted to Riccarton Bush to naturally regenerate in nearby gardens, this will not happen without human intervention. Plants will need to be eco-sourced and propagated to avoid detrimental impacts on the genetic health of remnant populations, and then actively planted in gardens. The success of such planting initiatives will be increased by providing residents with information about the plants that are suitable for their performative needs and desires (e.g., the size, colour, and maintenance requirements of plants) and, most importantly, control over the location of plantings. In concluding, I argue that by adopting new concepts, theories and methodologies, the productivity, creativity and relevance of urban ecology can be significantly enhanced.
The URBIS Partnership Proposal for Global Designation
The URBIS Partnership is proposing a designation process to recognize urban regions’ efforts to engage in... more The URBIS Partnership is proposing a designation process to recognize urban regions’ efforts to engage in participatory, inclusive, and comprehensive approaches in urban planning for sustainability. Through this process, sustainable management practices would be developed and then cataloged for sharing and dissemination as part of a site-based global knowledge network. The URBIS Partnership is inviting expertise in fields including urban ecology, environmental education, policy, and urban planning to develop this process. Currently, urban regions involved include Stockholm, Montreal, Shanghai, Cape Town, Chicago, Istanbul, New Orleans, and New York. This effort will culminate in the establishment of the URBIS Partnership with the CBD Global Partnership of Cities and Biodiversity and other collaborators at the City Biodiversity Summit at Nagoya, Japan, the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Urbanismo ecológico: O papel das forças físicas na construção da cidade
“Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings…”(Kevin Lynch)
A frase de... more
“Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings…”(Kevin Lynch)
A frase de Kevin Lynch aqui expressa equivale a dizermos que as propriedades da forma não são propriedades intrínsecas. Dito de outro modo, estas só podem ser entendidas no contexto dum todo maior. Esta forma de pensar o espaço está pois de acordo com as teorias sistémicas e ecológicas. O pensamento sistémico é pois um pensamento contextual, ambiental e ecológico, pois explicar as coisas em termos do seu contexto é explicar as coisas em termos do seu ambiente(Capra,1997:37).
Tal como o campo de gravidade, o contexto é o campo de atracção que origina uma estrutura de operação (um padrão) que por sua vez influencia o conteúdo, a forma, ou seja, aquilo que
aparentemente observamos, cremos e concebemos. O contexto é pois composto por campos de energia invisíveis, tão reais como a gravidade, que operam na fabricação da forma urbana, tais como o sol, o vento ou a topografia. Isto para me referir apenas às forças físicas, porque existem também as forças sociais, psicológicas, etc., que são ainda mais difíceis de visualizar. Sem entendermos essas forças, torna-se muito difícil interpretar correctamente as formas, ou de as conceber de modo
adequado a esse contexto. Assim o problema da forma inadequada é muitas vezes um problema de percepção do contexto e das forças que entram em acção, pelo que o mais importante no ensino dos nossos projectistas, é o entendimento do contexto no qual as formas emergem e não a forma em si
própria. Portanto, creio que grande parte dos nossos problemas urbanos e espaciais, se devem essencialmente a um problema de percepção do contexto. Isso acontece, exactamente porque as pessoas não estão despertas para os campos invisíveis em acção na cidade e nas nossas próprias vidas. A causa desta dificuldade deve-se essencialmente à nossa visão fragmentária da realidade com a qual descrevemos o mundo. Se pelo contrário, nós pensássemos a realidade duma forma holística,
veríamos como a separação das coisas é uma ilusão e que na verdade todas as coisas são parte do mesmo contínuo inseparável - é a ideia do universo holográfico, conforme o designou David Bohm (1980:143-147). O contexto é um molde para a forma: Enquanto a forma é aquela parte do mundo sobre a qual nós temos controlo, o contexto é aquela parte do mundo que impõe restrições a essa forma. Tudo o que impõe restrições à forma é contexto. A boa forma é pois o resultado da mútua aceitação entre estes dois mundos, ou seja, o resultado de como a forma se insere no resto do conjunto, Alexander, (1964:17). O contexto físico, no qual se enquadram as formas urbanas e arquitectónicas, como o clima, a topografia, os materiais, etc., estabelecem as irregularidades dum contexto não homogéneo, sendo que a forma que responde a esse contexto é um diagrama de forças (padrão) que tenta compensar essas irregularidades. Nas cidades orgânicas e de um modo geral em todos os organismos vivos, a forma é a solução para o problema definido pelo contexto, pelo que, quando falamos deste tipo de urbanismo, a discussão não é sobre a forma em si própria, mas sim sobre o conjunto que compreende a forma e o seu contexto. Assim, para o entendimento das formas da natureza, a ideia cartesiana de que a forma é independente do seu contexto, ou seja, a de que a realidade pode ser dividida e compreendida por partes deverá ser substituída pela ideia holista de que a forma é moldada pelo contexto, ou seja, pela ideia de que tudo está ligado a tudo, por um conjunto de forças e de relações que são responsáveis pela forma que aparentemente se observa.
Sustainability through biomimicry: Urban solutions inspired by nature
Biomimicry means the imitation of life. The term arises from the combination of the Greek roots bios, life, with... more
Biomimicry means the imitation of life. The term arises from the combination of the Greek roots bios, life, with mimikos, imitation. Biomimicry is a new science and design discipline that studies nature’s models and then emulates these forms, process, systems, and strategies to solve the problems of our time. The core idea is that nature is creative and sustainable by necessity and it can be used as an ecological standard to judge the sustainability of our innovations. After 3.8 billion years of evolution and bottom-up design brilliance, Nature has the key to solve many of the problems we are grappling with because it has learned what works and what lasts.
This research is about the scientific understanding of the concept of "life" in urban space and its main purpose is to explain the underlying order that is present in self-organized structures. Until now architecture has been especially interested in models of pure rationally; informal cities were without any interest. Today this perspective is changing as we look more deeply into Nature.
We realize that more our built environment functions like the natural world, more sustainable it is. Therefore, this paper intends to speculate about the existence of patterns of self-organization in nature and in cities. The methodology adopted is the process of abduction or hypothesis, which is a kind of scientific inference not purely abstract or inductive. It is above all a process that involves an aesthetic and holistic vision of the world which allows applying a certain knowledge domain into another different domain. It is a mere suggestion of something that can be explained by the assumption that there are some general rules which govern the entire universe.
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