Tourism Planning and Policy

Problems and Prospects for Community-based Tourism in the New South Africa: The 2010 FIFA World Cup and Beyond

by John Nauright

Published in African Historical Studies (2010), co-authored with Andrea Giampiccoli

Mega-events such as the FIFA World Cup or the Olympic Games are promoted widely for the economic, tourism and social... more Mega-events such as the FIFA World Cup or the Olympic Games are promoted widely for the economic, tourism and social benefits they bring to host nations. The relative ‘benefit’ of such events has been widely debated. However, even when positive benefits are achieved they are vastly uneven within host nations. The Olympic Games are held in one city with occasional events located elsewhere, while the World Cup is usually held in several cities within one nation. The common denominator is that these events are focused on large urban centres, and this leaves rural areas behind and can heighten the development divide between haves and have nots, particularly in the areas of tourism and economic development. This is a particularly relevant issue for developing societies such as South Africa. This article critically examines the ‘development dreams’ promoted through the 2010 FIFA World Cup and similar events and contends that these dreams are illusory for millions of South Africans while economic and political elites embrace a global neo-liberal economic philosophy. In particular we argue that community-based tourism strategies that are important to a better distribution of wealth and democratic decision making in local communities across the country are put at greater risk by a mega-events strategy that is firmly centred within the global neo-liberal economic framework shaped largely outside of South Africa.

The new political framework for tourism in Europe - A lesson for Ireland

by Raymond Keaney

Keywords: tourism, EU, policy, Ireland

The adoption into law of the Lisbon Treaty on 1st December 2009 represented a very significant moment for Europe’s... more The adoption into law of the Lisbon Treaty on 1st December 2009 represented a very significant moment for Europe’s tourism industry. For the very first time in its history, the European Union was given specific powers to direct tourism activity across Europe. This paper explores the drivers behind the European Union’s decision to put in place the long-awaited political structures to support the development of Europe’s tourism sector. It looks at the framework which gave specific powers to the European Union to direct tourism activity, the measures which have been taken to develop a common tourism policy, and what the changes in European policy signal for Ireland’s tourism industry.

Managing Tourist Space in Pueblo Villages of the American Southwest

by Alan A. Lew

Prepublication version. Published in In Singh, Tej Vir, ed., Tourism Development in Critical Environments, pp. 120-36. Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communications Corporation.

Keywords: Tourism, Pueblo Indians, Acculturation, Village Design, Tourist Behavior, Environmental Management
more Keywords: Tourism, Pueblo Indians, Acculturation, Village Design, Tourist Behavior, Environmental Management

First paragraph:

Acculturation is defined as the process of culture change that occurs when a society with superior technological sophistication comes into contact with one of inferior technological sophistication.  The latter is most likely to become an acculturated society, experiencing dramatic shifts in social structure and world view.  The North American experience has largely been one in which American Indians have experienced pressure to change under the expanding influence of European settlers (Bodine 1972).  Societies can react in a variety of ways under pressure of this kind (Lew 1989).  In general, these reactions can be classified into two types: innovation diffusion, and cultural adaptation.

Where the World Meets: Regionalism and Globalization in Singapore’s Convention Industry

by Alan A. Lew

Published with T.C. Chang (1999) in Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management 1(4):17-36. (pre-publication version)

Singapores meetings, incentive, convention and exhibition industry (M.I.C.E.) attracts over 4,000 events and over... more Singapores meetings, incentive, convention and exhibition industry (M.I.C.E.) attracts over 4,000 events and over 400,000 foreign participants every year. Since 1982, Singapore has been the top convention destination in Asia and today ranks among the top ten in the world. An assessment of Singapore MICE attractiveness shows that while the country has many strengths, particularly infrastructure and management, it has a number of weaknesses, as well, including limited entertainment and cultural attractions. Further analysis shows that much of Singapores success has been based on regional meetings, rather than truly global events. As regional competition heats up, Singapore will need to better develop the global market. To do this Singapore is attempting to leverage its well developed transportation, hospitality and human resources, along with its role as a
regional and global economic center. Keywords: Singapore, MICE attractions, Market positioning

Tourism Planning and Traditional Urban Planning Theory: Planners as Agents of Social Change

by Alan A. Lew

Invited commendaty, (2007) In "Leisure/Loisir: Journal of the Canadian Association of Leisure Studies" 31(2):383-392. (pre-publication version)

In terms of community focus, the field of urban and regional planning is much more comprehensive in both subject... more In terms of community focus, the field of urban and regional planning is much more comprehensive in both subject matter and outcomes than is most tourism planning, as least as each is taught in higher education around the world. Tourism planning, however, draws upon a good portion of urban and regional planning methods, especially in the area known as rational planning. As such, the more narrow area of tourism planning could be considered a subfield of urban and regional planning. One major shortcoming of tourism planning is an apparent lack of attention to the normative issues of (1) how planners should plan and (2) what issues planners should focus on in their planning efforts. These questions address the complexity of data and issues that planners deal with, including questions of what
data or information is collected, how it is organized, and how the information will be used to make decisions. Tourism planners could benefit from greater familiarity with these fundamental concepts of planning theory.

Keywords: tourism planning, urban planning, planning theory

A Study of Outbound Tourism From Australia

by Neelu Seetaram

Seetaram N. (2012), "A Study of Outbound Tourism From Australia" Tourism Economics, 18(5). pp xx. (Forthcoming)

In spite of the vast and growing literature on tourism demand, outbound tourism remains fairly under-researched. This... more In spite of the vast and growing literature on tourism demand, outbound tourism remains fairly under-researched. This paper highlights the usefulness of examining determinants of outbound tourism and develops a comprehensive dynamic demand model for international travel from Australia using panel data cointegration technique. The data used are for 47 destinations from 1991 to 2008. The aim is to compute robust demand elasticities. One of the contributions of this paper is that it demonstrates the role that immigration plays in determining international tourist departures from Australia. The estimated short run and long run immigration elasticities are 0.2 and 0.6 respectively.


Keywords

Outbound Tourism Demand, Australia, Dynamic Panel Data Cointegration, Immigration.

Spatial planning and sustainable tourism as basis for developing competitive tourist destinations

by Jordan Kocevski

Michael Risteskia risteski_m@yahoo.com
Jordan Kocevski jokoc@yahoo.com
Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality – Ohrid, University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola, Kej Marshal Tito 95, Ohrid 6000, Republic of Macedonia
for full paper contact us on our e-mails or pm us

It becomes evident that the increase and expansion of tourism markets, also the creation of larger and more numerous... more It becomes evident that the increase and expansion of tourism markets, also the creation of larger and more numerous tourist destinations, or the growth of the overall tourism industry which is expected to advance in the coming decades as never before, will cause enormous effects on the economy, cultural identity, as well as on the physical environment. It is required on a global level, to adequately distribute the development of tourism resorts and destinations, as well as to deal with the dangers that can arise and are related to overcrowding which can cause unsustainable development of the most visited and most attractive tourism places. The aim of the paper is to present the importance of the contemporary changes in tourism which requires adaptation of all participants in the creation of the tourism offer in given destinations. The destinations start to be considered as complex wholes with an aim to ensure competitiveness on the tourism market. Sustainable tourism has become a separate category of selective tourism offer. Destinations become to be a set of joint tourism products and services, which implies the active participation of all stakeholders. New concepts for achieving competitiveness have been developed such as: development of sustainable destinations, destination management planning and implementation of integrated quality management.

Sin City v. Fantasyland: Crime, Legislation and Policing in Two Different Tourism Environments

by Ross Wolf

Wolf, R. & Potter, R. H. (2011). Sin City v. Fantasyland: Crime, legislation, and policing in two different tourism environments. In C. Jones, R. Mawby, & E. Barclay (Eds.) Tourism, Leisure, and Crime. Routledge Publishing: U.K.

Tourism destinations can have a multitude of interesting features that people findattractive when planning their... more Tourism destinations can have a multitude of interesting features that people findattractive when planning their vacations or holidays. Many locations market to a particular subset of society in order to promote their amenities to families, singles, couples, college-aged vacationers or seniors. Examples of this can be found in the two tourism destinations of Orlando, Florida, and Las Vegas, Nevada, which market to specifictypes of recreational consumers. This chapter examines the legal structures, tourism promotion efforts, local regulations concerning the adult entertainment sector, policing efforts and methodologies, and the resultant comparative crime rates. We will focus on the relationship between the way in which the broad cat-egory of “adult entertainment” fitsinto the criminal codes of these two areas, the local structuring of policing such entertainment, and their relationship to recorded criminal activity in general.

Public participation shortcomings in tourism planning: the case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia

by Iain Hay

Co-authored with Azizan Marzuki and Jane James.

To be published in Journal of Sustainable Tourism (2012).

Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.638384

Public participation in decision-making processes is regarded as important for successful tourism planning. This paper... more Public participation in decision-making processes is regarded as important for successful tourism planning. This paper presents the findings of a study examining the public participation approach to tourism planning in the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia.The study was conducted between 2004 and 2008 to assess public participation during the preparation of the Langkawi Structure Plan 1990–2005 and the Langkawi Local Plan 2001–2015. Interviews were conducted with local stakeholders in the tourism industry and analysed using a “framework technique”. The results indicate that there were limitations in public participation in the tourism planning process due to (1) inadequate information, (2) an ineffective approach, (3) residents’ attitudes and (4) exclusion from participation processes. Public participation also occurred only at an early stage due to structural and operational limitations in the planning process.This included weaknesses in the Town Planning Act (Act 172), as under the Malaysian Planning System, all participation processes for Structure Plans and Local Plans in the country need to follow the participation approach suggested by the Act. The paper suggests that improvements can be made in tourism public participation processes in the Langkawi Islands and in their relationships with the Malaysian Planning System.

Andriotis, K. (2004). European Union Influence Over Tourism Employment. Tourism - An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 52(3): 277-284.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

This paper examines the role of the European Union (EU) in influencing employment in the tourism industry of its... more This paper examines the role of the European Union (EU) in influencing employment in the tourism industry of its member states. Tourism in EU accounts for about 5% of GDP and approximately 7.4 million persons are directly employed in tourism. The figure of persons directly employed in tourism varies from 1.7 to 7.8 depending on the member state. Due to the potential of EU tourism for generating jobs in this paper undertakes a review over the problems related to tourism employment in member states and analyses the formation and development of EU policies and initiatives towards tourism employment. Finally, this paper discusses the implications of the findings for tourism employment in EU and provides the conclusions of the study.

Keywords: tourism; employment; European Union; policies

Andriotis, K. (2009). The Morphology of a Coastal Cretan Municipality. In: Dowling, R. and Pforr, C. (eds.), Coastal Tourism Development: Planning & Management Issues, Cognizant.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

BOOK CONTRIBUTION

Andriotis, K. (2007). A Framework for the Tourism Planning Process. In: Raj, A. (ed.), Sustainability, Profitability and Successful Tourism, Kanishka Publishers, New Delhι, (ISBN: 81-7391-919-4).

by Konstantinos Andriotis

BOOK CONTRIBUTION

Although many authors have examined various aspects of general planning, a literature review of tourism shows that,... more Although many authors have examined various aspects of general planning, a literature review of tourism shows that, with few exceptions, not many authors have been concerned with tourism planning. Bearing in mind past research negligence, this paper was written with the aim to investigate the planning process in the case of tourism, by providing a framework whereby tourism planning processes might be better described and explained, and applying this framework in the case of Greece. The findings of the study confirm that the proposed framework can be used as a mechanism for present and future problem-solving orientations of tourism planning, as a tool to provide a balance between the positive and negative effects of tourism, and as a basis for planners to evaluate whether or not the objectives of tourism planning have been fulfilled.

Keywords: Tourism planning process, Greece

Erotokritakis, K. and Andriotis, K. (2007). Residents’ Perceptions towards Tourism in a Rural Cretan Community. Paper presented at the International Conference of Trends, Impacts and Policies on Tourism Development, 15-18 June 2007, Heraklion, Greece.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

CONFERENCE PAPER

The majority of past research on residents’ attitudes has examined the influence of various factors such as... more The majority of past research on residents’ attitudes has examined the influence of various factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, economic dependency on tourism, distance that residents live from the tourist zone and stage of the host community’s development. In addition to this, the vast majority of research has been undertaken in regions where tourism is a prevalent economic activity. As a result, there are limited studies on residents’ attitudes in communities where tourism development is in its infancy. Bearing this in mind, the current paper investigates the perceptions of residents in a rural Cretan community where tourism is not well developed although the area has great potential for further development. It also assesses the influence of two factors (number of residents and place of residence - coastal vs. inland) on residents’ perceptions. Research employed a telephone survey on a sample of 65 residents. The findings of the research revealed that people leaving in coastal areas and in higher populated communities supported stronger the positive impacts of tourism on the local economy, although they expressed higher concerns about its negative impacts on the natural environment. These findings are in accordance with Doxey’s model, which suggests that residents’ perceptions and attitudes are more positive in the early stages of tourism development. Also, the study of the Cretan rural community residents revealed that there is a development gap between coastal and inland areas, as well as, between areas with low and high population density. This study, taking into consideration the above remarks, proposes measures for the future development of the area.

Keywords: Residents’ perceptions, rural areas, tourism development, coastal vs. inland areas, population density.

Andriotis, K. (2000). Local community perceptions of tourism as a development tool. PhD thesis. Bournemouth: Bournemouth University.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

For an online version see: http://www.angelfire.com/ks/andriotis/PhDthesis.html

In recent decades tourism development has expanded on most Mediterranean islands. Focusing on the island of Crete,... more In recent decades tourism development has expanded on most Mediterranean islands. Focusing on the island of Crete, this study recognises tourism as a highly visible and controversial component of change. The existence of the necessary infrastructure, the natural beauty, the climate, the culture and the history have contributed to tourism expansion, with Crete now attracting approximately 25 percent of foreign tourist arrivals and 55 percent of the total foreign exchange earnings of Greece. The perceptions of the local community in tourism were studied using personal interviews with three community groups: local authority officials, residents and tourism business owners and managers. The aim was to examine their views on tourism development, in an attempt to establish overall desired directions for tourism development and to suggest effective tourism strategies and policies to reinforce positive outcomes and alleviate problems resulting from previous unplanned tourism development. The research findings identify much agreement among the three community groups suggesting that it is feasible to further develop tourism with the support of the community. Although the areas used in the sample were in the maturity stage of Butler's (1980) life cycle model and therefore it might be expected that the community would be at the antagonism stage of Doxey's (1975) model, this was not suggested by the findings. Tourism is viewed positively as a development option, and further tourism development, with conditions attached, is supported. The expansion of tourism has brought economic gains, employment creation, increased population, enhanced community infrastructure and cultural and environmental preservation. However, there is limited co-ordination of tourism activities and insufficient collaboration between the public and private sector. In addition, the island is dependent on foreign tour operators, and the tourism industry is uneven geographically and seasonally. Tourism has modified traditions and has affected the environment and society. Since community perceptions match reality (what is on the ground from development), problems are real and it is necessary to find solutions for their amelioration. As a result, policy implications emerging from the results presented in this thesis are discussed and future strategies are suggested.

Keywords: Community attitudes and perceptions, development, planning, Crete

Andriotis, K. (2001). Tourism Planning and Development in Crete: Recent Tourism Policies and their Efficacy. International Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(4): 298-316.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669580108667404

Focusing on the island of Crete, the study on which this paper is based recognises the importance of tourism for the... more Focusing on the island of Crete, the study on which this paper is based recognises the importance of tourism for the economy. Due to extreme resource utilisation by mass tourism developments, insufficient planning and limited co-ordination and collaboration between the bodies involved in tourism activities, tourism can have a negative impact and conflicts may escalate. These conflicts are mainly related to the concentration of tourist arrivals in time and space, inappropriate use of resources, and limited incorporation of the community in the development and planning process. To offer solutions, various policies and strategies have been proposed/adopted at regional level. However, it is questionable whether the actions currently undertaken are efficient enough for the amelioration of tourism problems. A regional master plan is necessary in order to eliminate costs and ensure future balanced development.

Keywords: Crete, tourism policy, planning, development.

Andriotis, K. (2002). Local Authorities in Crete and the Development of Tourism. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 13(2): 53-62.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://www.jcu.edu.au/business/idc/groups/public/documents/journal_article/jcudev_012849.pdf

It is widely accepted that local authorities play a significant role in the development of the tourism industry of... more It is widely accepted that local authorities play a significant role in the development of the tourism industry of islands by providing various services and infrastructure. This study reports on a survey of local authorities in the Greek island of Crete and has two main objectives: (i) to explore local authorities’ involvement in tourism and their activities to the tourism development of the island; and (ii) to elicit suggestions by local authority officials for the further tourism development of the island. The results indicate that although the variety of the actions currently undertaken by the local authorities, towards the tourism development of the island, there is still a need for more efforts to promote tourism and to provide more opportunities for encouraging tourism development. As a result, this paper discusses the implications of the findings for Cretan tourism and provides conclusions for the future tourism development of the island.

Andriotis, K. (2004). The Perceived Impact of Tourism Development by Cretan Residents. Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, 1(2): 1-22.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1479053042000251061?journalCode=rthp20

This paper presents the results of a study of 194 Cretan households that had the aim of exploring the perceived... more This paper presents the results of a study of 194 Cretan households that had the aim of exploring the perceived impacts of tourism on four urban communities and associated resident attitudes toward tourism development. In particular, the study assessed the influence of seven variables (city of residence, length of residence, reliance on tourism, age, gender, education, and income) on residents’ attitudes and attempted to identify the underlying factors explaining their perceptions. It was found that the two most important discriminators of residents’ attitudes were education and reliance on tourism employment and that the most important dimensions to the urban residents of Crete were economic benefits, cultural and infrastructural benefits, and environmental impacts. Based on the findings, this paper discusses the implications of the research and indicates future research priorities.

Keywords: Crete, residents perceptions and attitudes, tourism impacts, development.

Andriotis, K. (2005). Tourism Policymaking in Crete Based on the Matching of Reality and Perceptions (with Vaughan D.R.). Paper presented at the “International Conference on Tourism Development and Planning” A.T.E.I. of Patra, 11-12 June 2005, Patra, Greece.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

CONFERENCE PAPER

Academic literature contains the results of many studies that have investigated tourism development. These studies... more Academic literature contains the results of many studies that have investigated tourism development. These studies have focused on two aspects of that development. First, the studies have focused on the outputs and outcomes of development: the physical manifestations, such as hotels and other tourist facilities, the GDP, the local residents incomes, the congestion caused by tourists and so on. Second, the literature has considered the perceptions of local residents of those outputs and their outcomes. The degree of match between the reality of tourism development (what has happened or is happening) and how people perceive tourism development (what they think has happened or is happening) is vitally important. Correctly identifying the match, or mismatch, between the reality of development and the perceptions of that development is vital for the ‘correct’ tourism development and other policies in host areas to be implemented. Depending on the match, or mismatch, between actual outputs and outcomes and the perceptions of them, different tactics are required: (i) deal with the perceptions; (ii) deal with the reality; and (iii) deal with the implications of match/mismatch between the reality and the perceptions. The danger is one of focusing policy, and its associated tactics, on the wrong aspect. For example, dealing with a perceived problem that does not exist. Based on secondary and primary sources, this paper investigates the match between the reality and the perceptions of the outputs and outcomes of tourism policy in Crete and assesses the implications.

Keywords: Reality, perceptions, tourism policy, Crete

Andriotis, K. (2006). Hosts, Guests and Politics - Coastal Resorts Morphological Change. Annals οf Tourism Research. 33(4): 1079-1098.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738306000557

Resort morphology goes through a predictable sequence of stages: from pre-tourism low through high-density development... more Resort morphology goes through a predictable sequence of stages: from pre-tourism low through high-density development to an urbanized state. Three elements are considered essential in such coastal resorts change: hosts, guests, and politics. Using historical data from the mass-developed Greek island of Crete, ten principal characteristics are identified as determinants of the morphological change of coastal resorts. A temporal model of unplanned change is also proposed. Although the study was constrained by limited data availability, the proposed model is deemed able to represent the morphological change of Cretan mass-developed coastal resorts.

Keywords: hosts, guests, politics, morphology, urbanization, coast, resort cycle, Crete.

Andriotis, K. and Vaughan, D.R. (2008). Reality, Perceptions and Tourism Policy in Crete. The Interrelationship. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 1: 29-43.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

Academic literature contains the results of many studies that have investigated tourism development. These studies... more Academic literature contains the results of many studies that have investigated tourism development. These studies have focused on two aspects of that development: the outputs and outcomes of development and/or the perceptions of local residents of those outputs and their outcomes. The degree of match between the reality of tourism development (what has happened or is happening) and how people perceive tourism development (what they think has happened or is happening) is vitally important for the acceptance of tourism development in host areas. Depending on the match, or mismatch, between actual outputs and outcomes and the perceptions of them, different tactics are required. The danger is one of focusing policy, and its associated tactics, on the wrong aspect: the reality or the perceptions of reality. Based on secondary and primary sources, this paper investigates the match between the reality and the perceptions of the outputs and outcomes of tourism policy in Crete and assesses the implications.

Keywords: Reality, perceptions, tourism policy, Crete