Tourism Community Development

Managing Tourist Space in Pueblo Villages of the American Southwest

by Alan A. Lew

Prepublication version. Published in In Singh, Tej Vir, ed., Tourism Development in Critical Environments, pp. 120-36. Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communications Corporation.

Keywords: Tourism, Pueblo Indians, Acculturation, Village Design, Tourist Behavior, Environmental Management
more Keywords: Tourism, Pueblo Indians, Acculturation, Village Design, Tourist Behavior, Environmental Management

First paragraph:

Acculturation is defined as the process of culture change that occurs when a society with superior technological sophistication comes into contact with one of inferior technological sophistication.  The latter is most likely to become an acculturated society, experiencing dramatic shifts in social structure and world view.  The North American experience has largely been one in which American Indians have experienced pressure to change under the expanding influence of European settlers (Bodine 1972).  Societies can react in a variety of ways under pressure of this kind (Lew 1989).  In general, these reactions can be classified into two types: innovation diffusion, and cultural adaptation.

Tourism Planning and Traditional Urban Planning Theory: Planners as Agents of Social Change

by Alan A. Lew

Invited commendaty, (2007) In "Leisure/Loisir: Journal of the Canadian Association of Leisure Studies" 31(2):383-392. (pre-publication version)

In terms of community focus, the field of urban and regional planning is much more comprehensive in both subject... more In terms of community focus, the field of urban and regional planning is much more comprehensive in both subject matter and outcomes than is most tourism planning, as least as each is taught in higher education around the world. Tourism planning, however, draws upon a good portion of urban and regional planning methods, especially in the area known as rational planning. As such, the more narrow area of tourism planning could be considered a subfield of urban and regional planning. One major shortcoming of tourism planning is an apparent lack of attention to the normative issues of (1) how planners should plan and (2) what issues planners should focus on in their planning efforts. These questions address the complexity of data and issues that planners deal with, including questions of what
data or information is collected, how it is organized, and how the information will be used to make decisions. Tourism planners could benefit from greater familiarity with these fundamental concepts of planning theory.

Keywords: tourism planning, urban planning, planning theory

Intangible Heritage and Tourism Development at the Tsodilo World Heritage Site

by Rachel Giraudo

Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47(1)129–130. (2012)

Community perspectives on bioeconomic development: eco-cultural tourism in Hartley Bay, British Columbia

by Kate Turner

MNRM Thesis

Members of the Gitga’at First Nation are committed to supporting the ecological integrity of their territory, as well... more Members of the Gitga’at First Nation are committed to supporting the ecological integrity of their territory, as well as the vitality of their community and way of life, through carefully selected and implemented local development initiatives. This case study focuses on community member perspectives on ecologically supported cultural tourism. The first objective was to describe aspects of the local context shaping perspectives on tourism development. The second objective was to synthesize perspectives on the appropriate use of resources and on the appropriate application and sharing of local and elders’ knowledge for tourism. The third objective sought to identify services and linkages with other institutions considered important for a business aligned with local development priorities. There is potential for eco-cultural tourism to support local needs and interests if its development is directed and controlled by the Gitga’at and is based on a process of deliberation within the community.

‘Small is successful’: The lure of small-scale tourism development and transnational networking

by Noel B. Salazar

Salazar, Noel B. 2007. "Small is successful": The lure of small-scale tourism development and transnational networking. In A. Raj (Ed.), Sustainability, profitability and successful tourism (pp. 396-420). New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.

Success stories in tourism usually come from the industry and are eagerly used as marketing tools to promote... more Success stories in tourism usually come from the industry and are eagerly used as marketing tools to promote destinations. This chapter reflects on what ‘successful tourism’ is, and why scholars are more cautious than practitioners are in using this kind of catchphrase terminology. The discussion takes into account the contemporary context of an increasingly powerful global tourism-industrial complex. By way of a case study, the second part of the chapter analyzes a remarkable transnational network that has organically grown and aims at creating sustainable small-scale tourism projects worldwide. Focusing on the network’s unique combination of for-profit and non-profit activities in Belgium, Indonesia, and Tanzania, I assess the degree to which they are examples of ‘successful tourism’. The examples show that sustainable tourism development takes vision, planning, and a lot of work and dedication to assure that projects that were successful at one stage remain so in the near future.

Andriotis, K. (2005). Community Groups’ Perceptions of and Preferences to Tourism Development - Evidence from Crete. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 29(1): 67-90.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://jht.sagepub.com/content/29/1/67

Despite the increasing research on residents’attitudes toward tourism development, there is limited research on other... more Despite the increasing research on residents’attitudes toward tourism development, there is limited research on other community groups’ perceptions of various tourism matters. The literature suggests that it is essential to appreciate community groups’ perceptions and preferences because the measurement of these perceptions plays a vital role in the future success of a destination. As a result, this study was conducted to measure the perceptions of tourism development in three Cretan community groups: residents reliant on tourism employment, nonreliant residents, and tourism business people. The aim was to investigate whether, as social exchange theory suggests, tourism business people and reliant residents are more positive toward tourism and further tourism development due to their economic and/or employment dependency on tourism, and to use community perceptions as a guide for the future tourism development of the island. From the findings, it is evident that the three groups expressed a high degree of positivity toward tourism and tourism development, although there were some differences in their agreement for the types of tourists, facilities, and actions considered beneficial for the island.

Keywords: community perceptions; tourism development; social exchange theory; Crete

Erotokritakis, K. and Andriotis, K. (2007). Residents’ Perceptions towards Tourism in a Rural Cretan Community. Paper presented at the International Conference of Trends, Impacts and Policies on Tourism Development, 15-18 June 2007, Heraklion, Greece.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

CONFERENCE PAPER

The majority of past research on residents’ attitudes has examined the influence of various factors such as... more The majority of past research on residents’ attitudes has examined the influence of various factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, economic dependency on tourism, distance that residents live from the tourist zone and stage of the host community’s development. In addition to this, the vast majority of research has been undertaken in regions where tourism is a prevalent economic activity. As a result, there are limited studies on residents’ attitudes in communities where tourism development is in its infancy. Bearing this in mind, the current paper investigates the perceptions of residents in a rural Cretan community where tourism is not well developed although the area has great potential for further development. It also assesses the influence of two factors (number of residents and place of residence - coastal vs. inland) on residents’ perceptions. Research employed a telephone survey on a sample of 65 residents. The findings of the research revealed that people leaving in coastal areas and in higher populated communities supported stronger the positive impacts of tourism on the local economy, although they expressed higher concerns about its negative impacts on the natural environment. These findings are in accordance with Doxey’s model, which suggests that residents’ perceptions and attitudes are more positive in the early stages of tourism development. Also, the study of the Cretan rural community residents revealed that there is a development gap between coastal and inland areas, as well as, between areas with low and high population density. This study, taking into consideration the above remarks, proposes measures for the future development of the area.

Keywords: Residents’ perceptions, rural areas, tourism development, coastal vs. inland areas, population density.

Andriotis, K. (2000). Local community perceptions of tourism as a development tool. PhD thesis. Bournemouth: Bournemouth University.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

For an online version see: http://www.angelfire.com/ks/andriotis/PhDthesis.html

In recent decades tourism development has expanded on most Mediterranean islands. Focusing on the island of Crete,... more In recent decades tourism development has expanded on most Mediterranean islands. Focusing on the island of Crete, this study recognises tourism as a highly visible and controversial component of change. The existence of the necessary infrastructure, the natural beauty, the climate, the culture and the history have contributed to tourism expansion, with Crete now attracting approximately 25 percent of foreign tourist arrivals and 55 percent of the total foreign exchange earnings of Greece. The perceptions of the local community in tourism were studied using personal interviews with three community groups: local authority officials, residents and tourism business owners and managers. The aim was to examine their views on tourism development, in an attempt to establish overall desired directions for tourism development and to suggest effective tourism strategies and policies to reinforce positive outcomes and alleviate problems resulting from previous unplanned tourism development. The research findings identify much agreement among the three community groups suggesting that it is feasible to further develop tourism with the support of the community. Although the areas used in the sample were in the maturity stage of Butler's (1980) life cycle model and therefore it might be expected that the community would be at the antagonism stage of Doxey's (1975) model, this was not suggested by the findings. Tourism is viewed positively as a development option, and further tourism development, with conditions attached, is supported. The expansion of tourism has brought economic gains, employment creation, increased population, enhanced community infrastructure and cultural and environmental preservation. However, there is limited co-ordination of tourism activities and insufficient collaboration between the public and private sector. In addition, the island is dependent on foreign tour operators, and the tourism industry is uneven geographically and seasonally. Tourism has modified traditions and has affected the environment and society. Since community perceptions match reality (what is on the ground from development), problems are real and it is necessary to find solutions for their amelioration. As a result, policy implications emerging from the results presented in this thesis are discussed and future strategies are suggested.

Keywords: Community attitudes and perceptions, development, planning, Crete

Andriotis, K. (2004). The Perceived Impact of Tourism Development by Cretan Residents. Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, 1(2): 1-22.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1479053042000251061?journalCode=rthp20

This paper presents the results of a study of 194 Cretan households that had the aim of exploring the perceived... more This paper presents the results of a study of 194 Cretan households that had the aim of exploring the perceived impacts of tourism on four urban communities and associated resident attitudes toward tourism development. In particular, the study assessed the influence of seven variables (city of residence, length of residence, reliance on tourism, age, gender, education, and income) on residents’ attitudes and attempted to identify the underlying factors explaining their perceptions. It was found that the two most important discriminators of residents’ attitudes were education and reliance on tourism employment and that the most important dimensions to the urban residents of Crete were economic benefits, cultural and infrastructural benefits, and environmental impacts. Based on the findings, this paper discusses the implications of the research and indicates future research priorities.

Keywords: Crete, residents perceptions and attitudes, tourism impacts, development.

Andriotis, K. (2008). Integrated Resort Development – The Case of Cavo Sidero, Crete. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(4): 428-444.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669580802154207

Many governments have encouraged integrated resort development in an attempt to improve the well-being of the local... more Many governments have encouraged integrated resort development in an attempt to improve the well-being of the local population by generating jobs and increasing income,
and because of the easier control of tourism activities within their boundaries. However, most research reports various adverse environmental and social impacts. Because of the difficulty of assessing the impacts that may result from the construction of integrated resorts, the majority of research has been conducted after their construction. This study is an impact assessment carried out prior to a large-scale development that examines whether an integrated resort proposed for development at Cavo Sidero, Crete, will result in positive impacts for the destination and the local community, and it investigates whether any conflicting interests have arisen within stakeholder groups. Through primary research examining various stakeholder groups it is revealed that economic impacts are perceived as mostly positive, while social and environmental impacts, in many cases, are viewed as negative, and that conflicting interests have arisen between different stakeholder groups.

Keywords: Crete, conflicting interests, impacts, integrated resorts, large-scale developments, perceptions

The Great East Japan Earthquake, tsunami and nuclear meltdown: towards the (re)construction of a safe, sustainable and compassionate society in Japan's shrinking regions

by Peter Matanle

Peer reviewed journal article.

Matanle, P. (2011) The Great East Japan Earthquake, tsunami and nuclear meltdown: towards the (re)construction of a safe, sustainable and compassionate society in Japan's shrinking regions, Local Environment, 16 (9): 823-847.

Japan's rural regions have been shrinking for the entire post-war period, and successive efforts to revitalise rural... more Japan's rural regions have been shrinking for the entire post-war period, and successive efforts to revitalise rural society have failed. This article examines whether the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, and the subsequent meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, present the Japanese state and society with a watershed opportunity to rethink regional revitalisation and national energy procurement strategies. The article begins by summarising the events of March and April 2011, examines possible approaches to the reconstruction of communities in the Tōhoku region, and critiques problems of governance in post-war Japan that the disaster reveals. It concludes by pulling together the information and analysis presented into a discussion of the prospects for achieving the three-point vision for a safe, sustainable, and compassionate society that Prime Minister Naoto Kan set the Reconstruction Design Council.

Place-making, participative archaeologies and Mursi megaliths: some implications for aspects of pre- and proto- history in the Horn of Africa

by Marcus Brittain

2011. Journal of Eastern African Studies 5(1): 85-107 (with T. Clack)

Here we present the context and nature of findings from the first season of archaeological survey and trial excavation... more Here we present the context and nature of findings from the first season of archaeological survey and trial excavation in an area of Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley. With the exception of well-documented early hominin discoveries, the region has previously been overlooked as a wilderness absent of human inhabitation. Such an outlook has fostered various consequences for strategies of legal, research and conservation policy within the regional boundaries of Mursiland in particular. In this paper recent discoveries of megalithic circular platforms and other archaeological remains are introduced against their dynamic local and regional placement within present-day understandings of place. Furthermore, the value of a participative archaeology research framework in which accountability is directed towards common ground between multiple ‘stake-holders’ is foregrounded within the design and dissemination of research agendas . We take the position that this demonstrates important possibilities for intricate understandings of wilderness and landscape linked to heritage, conservation, development and tourism.

Power, Trust, Social Exchange and Community Support

by Robin Nunkoo

Annals of Tourism Research

Trust and power between actors are two central concepts in social exchanges. Yet, studies investigating residents’... more Trust and power between actors are two central concepts in social exchanges. Yet, studies investigating residents’ support for tourism using the social exchange theory have failed to consider these constructs simultaneously. This study tests a model of community support with the social exchange theory as its theoretical basis. Results indicate that support is determined by residents’ trust in government actors and perceived benefits. Trust is in turn predicted by residents’ perceived benefits and costs and their level of power. The theoretical contributions of the study emanate from the inclusion of the trust and power variables in the model. The practical implications of the findings and the limitations of the study are discussed. Some suggestions for future research are also made.

Conflicting Cultures of Nature: Ecotourism, Education and the Kayapó of the Brazilian Amazon

by Janet Chernela

Differences in perceptions of communication, tourism benefits, and management issues in a protected area of rural Kenya

by Adam Beh

Doing, being and becoming more active through playing part in community-based museum scenarios

by Sandra Kirkwood

The concept of occupational performance can be applied to museums in regard to how we synthesise relationships between... more The concept of occupational performance can be applied to museums in regard to how we synthesise relationships between person-environment –occupation. The transactions between these three dynamic elements are at the core of creative participation which can facilitate planned social transformation.  Mary Law and colleagues devised the Person-Environment-Occupation Model (1996) initially to reveal how occupational therapists could work with people with a disability to empower them to analyse and manipulate their social roles, environmental context, and capacity for action to achieve better adaptation to life circumstances. This approach was founded on the belief stated by Mary Reilly that, “Man through the use of his hands, as they are energized by mind and will, can influence the state of his own heath.” Hands are the tools that are most used by people who wish to understand and change the state of their world. Museums that offer people a safe ‘locus of control’ for relating to one another and manipulating social roles through play can be a research wonder world that is not necessarily grounded in physical facilities. The capacity for occupational performance can be played out through doing, being and becoming involved as a player in game scenarios, or through being an actor in real life community-based rehabilitation projects. This article describes the application of the P-E-O model to museum participation and provides examples of how communities can achieve higher levels of self-determination through supporting people to play chosen roles in identified scenarios which allow them to explore and creatively plan the effect of their actions on the world around them during a designated time period.

Community-Based Ecotourism in the Panama Canal Watershed, USAID/Panama and the Panama National Environmental Commission, Panama City, Panama, May 1998.

by Tara Waters Lumpkin

A comparative analysis of rural tourism development in Hungary and Greece

by Anestis Fotiadis

African Journal of Business Management Vol. 5(19), pp. 7954-7963, 9 September, 2011
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM
ISSN 1993-8233 ©2011 Academic Journals

In the present paper we study Greek and Hungarian villages which have different levels of rural tourism development.... more In the present paper we study Greek and Hungarian villages which have different levels of rural tourism development. Through the use of personal field research, interviews of entrepreneurs occupied in rural tourism, we evaluate the similarities and differences that we discovered in our research, and we suggest the positive and negative steps for each country. We examine the way in which rural tourism is developed in the two countries which can be employed in the future by the public policy offices as a useful tool. By establishing the differences and the similarities, we can recommend the positive elements and eliminate the negative ones in each country’s rural tourism development ways.

Key words: Rural tourism, rural tourism development, similarities and differences, Hungary, Greece.

Desenvolvimento comunitário através do turismo cultural: o caso do presépio de Natal em Évora-Monte

by Áurea Rodrigues

Co-authored with Rodrigues, Apolónia; Valério, Miguel A. 2008 , Revista Global Tourism 4, 2: 1 - 13

Reform Zionism: Twenty Years: An Educator's Perspective

by Michael Livni