Tax Law

Introducción al sistema normativo foral de los Territorios Históricos: consideraciones y propuestas

by Luis I Gordillo

GORDILLO PÉREZ, L. I. (Coord.), El poder normativo de Bizkaia en un contexto multinivel y transnacional: retos y desafíos, Publicaciones de la Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, 2012, pp. 15-66. ISBN: 978-84-9830-340-7. Con el Prof. Ramón Múgica Alcorta

Estudio general del libro colectivo "El poder normativo de Bizkaia en un contexto multinivel y transnacional.... more Estudio general del libro colectivo "El poder normativo de Bizkaia en un contexto multinivel y transnacional. Retos y desafíos". La Norma foral constituye una fuente del Derecho única y muy específica en el ordenamiento jurídico español. El análisis de su naturaleza jurídica, su encaje en el sistema de fuentes nacional y en el contexto europeo así como sus posibilidades reguladoras centran los estudios que aquí se recogen y que, en esencia, plantean cómo las vicisitudes de esta fuente del Derecho afectan al desarrollo económico, la competitividad y la innovación del Territorio Histórico de Vizcaya.

La constitucionalización del principio de estabilidad presupuestaria: remiendos nacionales para rotos globales

by Luis I Gordillo

en GÓMEZ ISA, F., HERRÁN, A. I., ATXABAL, A., Retos del Derecho ante una economía sin fronteras, Publicaciones de la Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao, 2012, pp. 169-175. ISBN: 978-84-9830-337-7.

Este trabajo versa sobre la reciente reforma del artículo 135 CE en particular y analiza igualmente la... more Este trabajo versa sobre la reciente reforma del artículo 135 CE en particular y analiza igualmente la constitucionalización de la llamada "golden rule" en particular.

Descentralización fiscal en el Estado español de las autonomías

by Luis I Gordillo

Conocimiento y Cultura Jurídica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Año 6, núm. 11, Enero-junio, 2012, pp. 35-93. ISSN 2007-1612. Con el Prof. Ramón Múgica Alcorta

Sumario: 1. Introducción; 2. Características generales de la descentralización fiscal en España; 2.1. Modelo enmarcado... more Sumario: 1. Introducción; 2. Características generales de la descentralización fiscal en España; 2.1. Modelo enmarcado constitucionalmente; 2.2 Un sistema dual; 2.3. Un sistema financiero dependiente; 2.4. Un modelo en constante variación. La “foto movida”; 2.5. Lo fáctico en la configuración del sistema; 2.6. El factor solidaridad; 3. La “Malla” normativa reguladora del sistema financiero autonómico; 4. El poder financiero de las comunidades autónomas de régimen común en la legislación y en la doctrina del tribunal constitucional; 4.1. La autonomía financiera y su significado; 4.2. Los límites del poder financiero; 4.2.1. El principio de instrumentalidad; 4.2.2. El principio de solidaridad; 4.2.3. El principio de unidad; 4.2.4. El principio de coordinación en la Hacienda Estatal; 4.2.5. El principio de igualdad; 4.2.6. El principio de neutralidad; 4.2.7. El principio de territorialidad de las competencias económicas; 4.2.8. La prohibición de duplicidad en la imposición; 4.2.9. La lealtad institucional; 4.3. Referencia al poder financiero de las Comunidades Autónomas en materia de gasto; 5. Descripción del sistema de régimen común; 5.1. Modelos de financiación de las Comunidades Autónomas; 5.2. El sistema de financiación vigente; 5.3. Características principales del nuevo sistema de financiación; 5.4. Recursos del sistema de financiación; 5.5. Recursos de las Comunidades Autónomas de régimen común y régimen de cesión de tributos: distribución de competencias gestoras entre el Estado y las Comunidades Autónomas, competencias normativas y puntos de conexión en materia de tributos cedidos; 5.5.1. Los recursos de las Comunidades Autónomas de régimen común; 5.5.2. Competencias que corresponden a las Comunidades Autónomas sobre los recursos que forman parte de su sistema de financiación; 5.5.3. La delegación de competencias y su alcance; 5.5.4. Distribución del rendimiento a las CC.AA.: puntos de conexión; 5.5.5. Otros recursos de las CC.AA.; 6. La dimensión organizativa del sistema autonómico de financiación; 6.1. Consejo de Política Fiscal y Financiera (Art. 3 de la LOFCA); 6.2. Consejo Superior para la Dirección y Coordinación de la Gestión Tributaria (Art. 65 de la Ley 22/2009); 6.4. Dependencias Regionales o Relaciones Institucionales; 6.5. Junta Arbitral; 6.6. Referencia a los convenios; 7. Descripción del sistema foral; 7.1. Introducción; 7.2. Idea del contenido del Concierto; 7.3. Breve referencia histórica; 7.4. Características del Concierto Económico; 7.5. Competencias funcionales; 7.5.1. Potestades Normativas; 7.5.2. Potestades de gestión; 7.6. Los tributos concertados; 7.7. Tributos no concertados; 7.8. Los puntos de conexión; 7.9. El cupo; 7.9.1. Cupo del año base; 7.9.2. Cupo correspondiente a años posteriores; 7.9.3.Liquidación o pago del cupo; 7.9.4. Previsiones “rebús sic stantibus”; 7.10. El reparto interno de la recaudación; 7.11. El futuro del régimen concertado; Bibliografía

Where Do Firms Issue Debt? An Empirical Analysis of Issuer Location and Regulatory Competition in Europe

by Lars Hornuf

Co-authored with Horst Eidenmueller and Andreas Engert

In this article, we study the choice of issuer location and regulatory competition in the European corporate debt... more In this article, we study the choice of issuer location and regulatory competition in the European corporate debt market. We find that, in absolute terms, Germany has by far the highest outflow of debt issues, while the Netherlands, the UK, Luxembourg and Ireland see the most inflows (in that order). We use a panel gravity model to investigate country specific factors attracting foreign subsidiaries as issuer. The data clearly support the prediction that the locational choice is positively influenced by a low withholding tax rate. There is also some evidence that corporate tax rates play a role. We do not find support for creditor protection rules in bankruptcy as a driver of cross-border debt securities issues. Hence, countries who wish to attract issuers are well-advised to reduce their withholding tax rates – creditor rights seem not to matter.

Inequitable Administration: Documenting Family for Tax Purposes, 22 Colum. J. Gender & Law 329 (2011).

by Anthony Infanti

Family can bring us joy, and it can bring us grief. It can also bring us tax benefits and tax detriments. Often, as a... more Family can bring us joy, and it can bring us grief. It can also bring us tax benefits and tax detriments. Often, as a means of ensuring compliance with Internal Revenue Code provisions that turn on a family relationship, taxpayers are required to document their relationship with a family member. Most visibly, taxpayers are denied an additional personal exemption for a child or other dependent unless they provide on their tax return the individual’s name, Social Security number, and relationship to the taxpayer.

In this article, I examine these documentation requirements. At first blush, it appears that Congress and the Internal Revenue Service have only randomly and haphazardly imposed requirements on taxpayers to document family relationships. But, upon delving more deeply into these requirements, it becomes clear that a pattern emerges from the chaos. The government’s randomness is not really all that random, having been strongly influenced by endemic privilegings along a variety of axes of subordination - from class to race to gender to sexual orientation. This article advocates a more deliberative approach to documenting family for tax purposes - and one that does not invidiously discriminate among taxpayers.

Internation Equity and Human Development

by Anthony Infanti

forthcoming in Tax Law and Development (Miranda Stewart & Yariv Brauner eds., Edward Elgar Publishing).

In their 1972 essay “Inter-nation Equity,” Richard and Peggy Musgrave added a new dimension to discussions of tax... more In their 1972 essay “Inter-nation Equity,” Richard and Peggy Musgrave added a new dimension to discussions of tax equity by viewing the concept through an international lens. In this chapter written for a collection of essays on tax law and development, I add a new dimension to the Musgraves’ discussion of tax equity by laying a critical lens over their international lens and considering how tax equity might further human development.

In this chapter, I argue that it is time to shed the unbending focus on the economic dimension of people and the tax “exceptionalism” that unduly constrain both the domestic tax equity and internation equity debates. In particular, we must recognize that the internation equity debate is situated within a larger foreign policy and development context. This is important because the larger debate over development is already undergoing a transformation from a narrow focus on economic growth to a wider focus on human development.

To spur a similar transformation in the international tax area, I offer some initial thoughts on how countries might reform their international tax rules to embrace a wider focus on human development. I then describe the advantages of expanding the internation equity debate to address both economic and noneconomic lines of difference among nations in an effort to encourage all countries to advance human development, especially for the most vulnerable among us.

LGBT Taxpayers: A Collision of "Others"

by Anthony Infanti

forthcoming in Geo. J. Gender & L.

In this essay prepared for a symposium on the intersection of tax law with gender and sexuality, I explore the violent... more In this essay prepared for a symposium on the intersection of tax law with gender and sexuality, I explore the violent collision of these two concepts - or, more appropriately, these two “others.” I begin my exploration of this collision of “others” by first explaining how the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community is a marginalized “other” in American society while, in contrast, tax is a privileged “other” in the realm of American law. Then, I turn to a close examination of a recent case, O’Donnabhain v. Commissioner, to illustrate the collision of the otherness of LGBT individuals with the otherness of tax. This case, which concerns the propriety of a transgender person's medical expense deduction for costs related to sex reassignment surgery, exemplifies the originary violence that is, as we speak, hewing the concepts of tax and sexual and gender identity to create a point of intersection at which these concepts can, in the future, again and again violently collide with each other.

Tax Reform Discourse

by Anthony Infanti

forthcoming in Va. Tax Rev.

Our tax system is supposed to serve the public good by fairly raising the revenue that we need to fund public... more Our tax system is supposed to serve the public good by fairly raising the revenue that we need to fund public expenditures — for example, the common defense, social safety net programs such as Social Security and Medicare, etc. But the tax reform debate has shifted away from discussing how best to distribute the burden of these common expenditures and instead has come to focus on how tax reform can be used to spur economic growth. Especially in times of economic crisis, these two goals — equitably funding public expenditures and spurring economic growth — sound equally important and somehow compatible. After all, shouldn’t a rising tide of economic growth lift all boats and make contributing to the common weal easier for everyone?

The problem, however, lies in the studies and reports indicating that recent cycles of economic growth have not been akin to a rising tide lifting all boats. Rather, economic growth has redounded largely to the benefit of a very few at the very top of the income scale. Or to continue with the tidal metaphor, the rising tide has lifted the yachts of the wealthy and privileged while swamping the rest of us. In that light, using tax reform as a vehicle to spur economic growth looks less like an endeavor of public benefit for all and more like one of private benefit with the purpose of entrenching the privilege of a relative few.

In this article, I call into question the idea that tax reform should be used to stimulate economic growth. Instead, drawing primarily upon the development literature and the work of the economist and philosopher Amartya Sen, I advocate a turn toward a people-centered approach to tax reform. I argue that tax reform debates should focus not on encouraging economic growth but, in keeping with the tax system’s basic purpose, on advancing human development for all — and particularly for the disadvantaged among us.

6102 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu deniz ticaret sözleşmeleri sistematiğinin vergi hukuku açısından kısaca değerlendirilmesi

by Gizem Gucuyeter

Do nacional-desenvolvimentismo ao neoliberalismo: o Partido Republicano, o Estado nacional e os impostos

by Clayton M. Cunha Filho

CUNHA FILHO, Clayton Mendonça. Do nacional-desenvolvimentismo ao neoliberalismo: o Partido Republicano, o Estado nacional e os impostos. Rev. Sociol. Polit.,  Curitiba,  v. 20,  n. 41, fev.  2012 . 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-44782012000100007.

ABSTRACT

The present paper seeks an understanding of the ideology of the Republican Party of the United... more ABSTRACT

The present paper seeks an understanding of the ideology of the Republican Party of the United States of America with respect to the State, through its ideas and position regarding the way the State is financed: the taxation of United States citizens. For this purpose, we have looked at the history of the Republican Party and made a case study of the tax cuts implemented by President George Bush during his first mandate (2001-2004), asking what they were, who they benefitted and what kind of impact they had on the financing of United States state machinery. We analyze the ideological reasons for these cuts and how they reflect the current Republican position on the State, contextualizing and contrasting this position with those that were adopted and defended by the Party at the time of its founding and over the course of its history. We discover than the history of the Republican Party can be divided into two ideological phases: the first one, which runs from its founding in 1854 through the mid 1920s in which the State is seen as inducing economic development and maintaining national unity and the second, which brings us up to the present, in which the State gradually cedes its role in inciting the economy to one in which individual freedom should prevail and in which the State is increasingly seen as an obstacle which should be eliminated.

Keywords: Republican Party; Taxes; State; Ideology.


RESUMO

O presente trabalho busca entender a ideologia do Partido Republicano dos Estados Unidos com relação ao Estado a partir de suas ideias e posicionamentos acerca do modo pelo qual esse Estado é financiado: a tributação dos cidadãos estadunidenses. Para tanto, foi feito um estudo histórico do Partido Republicano e um estudo de caso dos cortes de impostos levados a cabo pelo presidente George W. Bush em seu primeiro mandato (2001-2004): em que consistem, a quem beneficiam e quais seus impactos no financiamento da máquina pública estadunidense. Foram analisadas as razões ideológicas dos cortes e como as mesmas refletem a posição atual dos republicanos em relação ao Estado, contextualizando e contrastando a mesma com as posições defendidas e adotadas pelo Partido em sua fundação e ao longo de sua história. Descobrimos que a história do Partido Republicano pode ser dividida em duas fases ideológicas: a primeira, que vai de sua fundação em 1854 até meados dos anos 1920, em que o Estado é visto como indutor do desenvolvimento econômico e mantenedor da unidade nacional; e a segunda, que chega até os dias de hoje, em que o Estado cede progressivamente o lugar de indutor econômico à liberdade individual e passa a ser visto cada vez mais como um obstáculo a ser eliminado.

Palavra-chave: Partido Republicano; impostos; Estado; ideologia.

RESUMÉ

Le travail qui suit cherche à comprendre l'idéologie du Parti Républicain des Etats-Unis de l'Amérique par rapport à l'Etat à partir de ses idées et positionnement autour de la manière dont cet Etat est financé : les impôts des citoyens américains. Pour cela, une étude historique du Parti Républicain a été faite, ainsi comme une étude de cas des réductions d'impôts réalisés par le président George W. Bush pendant son premier mandat (2001-2004): en quoi elles consistent, à qui elles bénéficient et quels sont leurs impacts sur le financement public américain. Les raisons idéologiques des réductions et comment elles reflètent la position actuelle des républicains par rapport à l'Etat ont été analysées, en contextualisant et contrastant celle-là avec les positions soutenues et adoptées par le Parti au moment de sa fondation et au long de son histoire. Nous découvrons que l'histoire du Parti Républicain peut être divisée en deux phases idéologiques : la première, depuis sa fondation en 1854 jusqu'aux années 1920, où l'Etat est vu comme un inducteur du développement économique et préservarteur de l'unité nationale ; et la deuxième, toujours actuelle, où l'Etat cède progressivement sa place d'inducteur économique à la liberté individuelle, et est considéré de plus en plus comme un obstacle à être éliminé.

Mots-clés: Parti Républicain ; impôts ; Etat ; idéologie.

The Super-committee Collapse and America’s health care Future – Impact on Providers, Households and the 2012 Elections, The Forum at Harvard School of Public Health presented in Collaboration with Reuters December 16, 2011

by Adrian Toader-Williams

Keywords. Social Contract Human Rights Health Freedom Economy Economics Equilibrium TEKT Triangular Ecokinematics Theory Webcast Romania Retirement Law Education Security Sustainable Development Government Finances Banks Money Inflation Attribution.
Harvard Webcast intervention: Social Contracts? One of the main problems I see is that the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the entire health system, absorbs lots of profits. Healthcare is at the foundation of human rights, and all people should benefit. How do you see the health care system regulated as to respect human rights? The instability found in the social contract has to do with healthcare and retirement being secured for people. If there’s instability, it can lead to “civil unrest at different levels.” I think maybe we have seen a little bit of that with the Occupy Wall Street feelings about how society is ordered. Full transcript at http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/forum/files/transcript-20111216.pdf

Harvard Webcast Authors: ROBERT BLENDON, DAVID CUTLER, GAIL WILENSKY, JOHN ROTHER, ROS KRASNY, ROBIN HERMAN.... more Harvard Webcast Authors: ROBERT BLENDON, DAVID CUTLER, GAIL WILENSKY, JOHN ROTHER, ROS KRASNY, ROBIN HERMAN. Intervention Adrian Toader-Williams: Social Contracts? One of the main problems I see is that the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the entire health system, absorbs lots of profits. Healthcare is at the foundation of human rights, and all people should benefit. How do you see the health care system regulated as to respect human rights? The instability found in the social contract has to do with healthcare and retirement being secured for people. If there’s instability, it can lead to “civil unrest at different levels.” I think maybe we have seen a little bit of that with the Occupy Wall Street feelings about how society is ordered. Full transcript at http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/forum/files/transcript-20111216.pdf

The Constitutionality of the Taxation Consequences for Renouncing US Citizenship

by William Worster

Individuals that renounce their U.S. citizenship are held to a special taxation regime as a consequence for their... more Individuals that renounce their U.S. citizenship are held to a special taxation regime as a consequence for their expatriation that is unique in the world and, this article will argue, unconstitutional. Originally, renunciation of citizenship was seen as the ultimate income tax reduction device, but this option has now lost much of its attractiveness as Congress has passed “exit tax” provisions that impose a tax liability on individuals who have renounced U.S. citizenship similar to that imposed on U.S. citizens.

This article will argue that, as it currently stands, the exit tax is not constitutional because it is not narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest and must be judged at that standard because it infringes on the fundamental right to expatriate and discriminates based on national origin.

Compte-rendu de Anna Magnetto, Donatella Erdas, Cristina Carusi (ed.), Nuove ricerche sulla legge granaria ateniese del 374/3 a.C.

by Alexis D'Hautcourt

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2012.01.34

The security problems that affect Thai- Myanmar cross-border trade [Thai Version]

by Patra 黄博 Suwanwatthana

Opening the Crossing Points for Thai-Myanmar cross-border trade, and Thai National Security [Thai Version]

by Patra 黄博 Suwanwatthana

“The Automated Payment Transaction (APT) Tax” Presentation to the President’s Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform.

by Edgar Feige

propose the replacement of our current system of individual and corporate income, sales, excise, capital gains, import... more propose the replacement of our current system of individual and corporate income, sales, excise, capital gains, import and export duties, gift and estate taxes with a single comprehensive “revenue neutral” Automated Payment Transaction (APT) tax. The APT tax consists of a flat rate tax levied on all voluntary transactions. The total volume of transactions represents the broadest conceivable tax base and therefore requires the lowest conceivable marginal tax rate. Since the efficiency (misallocation) costs of a tax system tend to rise geometrically with the marginal tax rate, a massive reduction in tax rates can save an estimated $300 billion of misallocation costs associated with the current tax system. The APT tax is automatically assessed and collected when transactions are routinely settled through the electronic technology of the bank/payments clearing system with no deductions, exemptions, or exclusions. The APT tax also imposes an automatically collected tax on cash as it enters and leaves the banking system. All income and information tax returns are eliminated as taxes are digitally assessed and collected by the financial equivalent of the E-Z pass that is now used to speed traffic through a toll booth system on highways. The annual savings in compliance and administrative costs are estimated to be $200 billion per year. Unlike the “Fair Tax” or “National Sales Tax” proposals which are highly regressive, the flat rate APT tax introduces progressivity through the tax base since the total volume of transactions includes all asset transactions involving exchanges of titles to property. The wealthy carry out a disproportionate share of these asset exchanges and therefore bear a disproportionate burden of the tax despite its flat rate structure. The perceived fairness, even handedness and simplicity of the APT tax will greatly reduce tax evasion, which the IRS estimates to total $325 billion per year. Like all taxes, the APT tax creates new distortions which must be weighed against the benefits obtained by scrapping the current tax system. Scrapping the present tax system tax promises potential benefits estimated at $825 billion annually. The proposed APT tax is simple, comprehensible, fair and efficient, with minimal administrative and compliance costs. The burden of proof therefore rests with APT tax opponents who must demonstrate that its costs exceed the $825 billion of potential annual benefits.

A Discourse on the Discordant State of Collecting Domestic Digital Duties

by Daniel Kent

July 2011

Current statutes taxing inter-state e-commerce are facially unconstitutional because they violate the Commerce... more
Current statutes taxing inter-state e-commerce are facially unconstitutional because they violate the Commerce Clause by creating serious burdens on interstate commerce through
requiring foreign corporations to collect sales taxes on e-commerce regardless of whether they have a substantial nexus within the taxing states and violate Federal Legislation.  State and Federal courts across the country have come to different conclusions regarding this topic.  Congress has not yet resolved this public policy issue in part because technology has been
moving faster than legislation has been enacted.  As a result of the recent economic downturn and states’ fiscal duress, this matter's significance is increasing as more states enact legislation that tax inter-state e-commerce.  An equitable remedy is warranted for all unconstitutional duties that harm taxpayers and litigation including class action suits by consumers and
merchants may be used as a strategy to resolve and obtain redress in the future.  Should states be required to refund duties paid by businesses or taxpayers, these governments must adhere to the doctrines of prospective retroactivity.  In the event that states are deemed liable to refund these unconstitutional state taxes, the liabilities will further exacerbate some states’
fiscal condition

Profili fiscali sugli effetti delle soluzioni negoziali della crisi- le plusvalenze

by Alessandro Giannelli

Segurança jurídica e a teoria do direito subjetivo à justiça fiscal

by Henrique Napoleão Alves

Direitos humanos, direito tributário e política fiscal: descrição da experiência dos órgãos das Nações Unidas - reflexões para o Brasil

by Henrique Napoleão Alves