Tacit Knowledge

We kind of try to merge our own experience with the objectivity of the criteria’: The role of connoisseurship and tacit practice in undergraduate fine art assessment

by Susan Orr

Art, Design and Communication in Higher Education. Volume: 9 | Issue: 1
Cover date: October 2010
Page(s): 5-19

This article explores connoisseurship in the context of fine art undergraduate assessment practice. I interviewed... more This article explores connoisseurship in the context of fine art undergraduate assessment practice. I interviewed twelve fine art lecturers in order to explore and unpack the concept of connoisseurship in relation to subjectivity, objectivity and tacit practice. Building on the work of Bourdieu (1973, 1977, 1986) and Shay (2003, 2005), both of whom problematize the view that subjectivity and objectivity are binary opposites, my research illustrates the ways that connoisseurship is underpinned by informed professional judgements located in communities of practice. Within this particular conception of connoisseurship, the lecturers' expertise is co-constituted in communities of assessors through participation and engagement. Standards reside in communities of practice.

From Know-How to Show-How? Questioning the Role of Information and Communication Technologies In Knowledge Transfer

by Joanne Roberts

Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2000, pp. 429-443.

This paper explores and critically reviews the ability of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to improve... more This paper explores and critically reviews the ability of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to improve the transferability of knowledge. The aim here is to look beyond knowledge transfer at a general level. By distinguishing between codified knowledge and tacit knowledge, a more thorough understanding of knowledge transfer is sought, and in particular of the role of ICTs in this process. ICTs favour the transfer of knowledge that can be codified and reduced to data. Of central concern here is what role, if any, do ICTs have in the transfer of tacit knowledge? This paper raises issues concerning the relationship between knowledge transfer, ICTs and trust.

Tacit Knowledge and the Learning Paradox

by Neil Gascoigne

Draft only. To be given at Institute of Education on 9th May.

Last Call for Papers "Raumwissen und Wissensräume"; Deadline 25-04-12

by Stefan Schreiber

Call for Papers: "Raumwissen und Wissensräume. Interdisziplinärer Theorie-Workshop für NachwuchswissenschaftlerInnen" des Lesezirkels der Cross Sectional Group V „Space and Collective Identities“ des Exzellenzclusters „Topoi. The Formation and Transformation of Space and Knowledge in Ancient Civilizations” vom 7.–9. August 2012 in Berlin

more info at: http://www.topoi.org/event/raumwissen-und-wissensraume/

The Bread-Making Machine: Tacit Knowledge and Two Types of Action

by Rodrigo Ribeiro

The Bread-Making Machine: Tacit Knowledge and Two Types of Action

by Rodrigo Ribeiro

Levels of Immersion, Tacit Knowledge and Expertise

by Rodrigo Ribeiro

This paper elaborates on the link between different types and degrees of experience that can be gone through within a... more This paper elaborates on the link between different types and degrees of experience that can be gone through within a form of life or collectivity—the so-called levels of immersion—and the development of distinct types of tacit knowledge and expertise. The framework is then probed empirically and theoretically. In the first case, its ‘predictions’ are compared with the accounts of novices who have gone through different ‘learning opportunities’ during a pre-operational training programme for running a huge nickel industrial plant in Brazil. These are also analysed vis-à-vis the experience of an expert who has designed and experienced the outcomes of two pre-operational training sessions in the nickel industry before developing and managing the one discussed here. Theoretically, the framework is used to pinpoint exactly what interactional experts who have developed their expertise through linguistic socialisation alone are able to do as well as to analyse the case of technical connoisseurs. The results indicate that the proposed framework is useful. It supports the design and improvement of training programmes for the development of tacit knowledge while at the same time bringing about a refined analysis of claims concerning the abilities of types of experts and expertise.

Book review of T. Rego, La filosofía del sentido común según Aristóteles. Roma: Leonardo da Vinci, 2011. 137pp.

by David Torrijos-Castrillejo

"Anuario Filosófico" 45 (2012) 203-206

Rego compare Aristotle with a contemporary philosopher, Antonio Livi. He searchs his realism (that stands under the... more Rego compare Aristotle with a contemporary philosopher, Antonio Livi. He searchs his realism (that stands under the name of "philosophy of common sense or alethic logic") in Aristotelian philosophy. So he looks for the material logic in Aristotle.
The first part deals with the common sense in the methodology of Aristotle, while the second reviews the verification of the five judgments implicitly made ​​by common sense according to Livi.

El Budismo de Alexandra David-Néel: la vista penetrante

by Alexander Valdenegro

Resumen:
La viajera e investigadora francesa Alexandra David-Néel ha sido la primera occidental, de la que se... more Resumen:
La viajera e investigadora francesa Alexandra David-Néel ha sido la primera occidental, de la que se tiene registro, en llegar a la ciudad tibetana prohibida de Lasha, y a su vez, es la primera en haber alcanzado el estatus de lama para los monjes budistas tibetanos. En el presente trabajo intentaremos dar un esbozo de los principales lineamientos de la concepción budista de Alexandra David-Néel, acerca de la cual según señala el Prof. R. Calabria, no existen estudios significativos que apunten a describir o analizar los aspectos teóricos, la bibliografía disponible apunta más bien a un tratamiento biográfico acerca de la autora, y a la descripción de sus viajes.
Nos propondremos desarrollar el concepto de Lhag thong, como elemento fundamental de su concepción epistemológica que ilustra el tipo de abordaje de la autora.

Palabras-clave: budismo, tibetano, epistemología.


Abstract:
The French traveler and researcher Alexandra David-Neel was the first Western, which is on record, to reach the forbidden Tibetan city of Lasha, and in turn, is the first to have achieved the status of lama for Tibetan Buddhist monks. This paper attempts to give an outline of the main lines of the Buddhist conception of Alexandra David-Neel, about which as noted by the Prof. R. Calabria, there are no significant studies that point to describe or analyze the theoretical aspects, the literature available points rather to a biographical treatment on the author, and limits to the description of his travels.
We propose to develop the concept of Lhag thong as a key element of her epistemological conception.

Keywords: buddhism, tibetan, epistemology.

Discovery Reconceived: Product Before Process (FLM 2012)

by Dor Abrahamson

Abrahamson, D. (2012). Discovery reconceived: product before process. For the Learning of Mathematics, 32(1), 8-15.

FOREWORD: In this paper, I reflect on epistemological issues germane to the practice of pedagogical design. What does it mean to know a mathematical concept? What is a concept grounded in? How can it have meaning at all? What does this imply for education? I contextualize these questions in a couple of empirical episodes selected from previous design-based research studies. One is a probability design building on tacit perception of statistical representativeness, the other is a design for proportion that builds on tacit perception of geometrical similitude (or, perhaps, object constancy). So these designs are both of what I call the "perception-based" ilk. My more recent design is of the "action-based" ilk.

ABSTRACT: Motivated by the question, "What exactly about a mathematical concept should students discover, when... more ABSTRACT: Motivated by the question, "What exactly about a mathematical concept should students discover, when they study it via discovery learning?", I present and demonstrate an interpretation of discovery pedagogy that attempts to address its criticism. My approach hinges on decoupling the solution process from its resultant product. Whereas theories of learning often focus on process as the site of discovery, I propose to focus instead on product. Specifically, I view student discovery of mathematical concepts as their guided heuristic–semiotic aligning of the product of analysis process with informal inference from naively seeing situations. I support my thesis with two vignettes.

Tacit Knowledge: Revisiting the epistemology of knowledge

by Michel Lejeune

The concept of tacit knowledge encompasses all of the intricacy of the different experiences that people acquire over... more The concept of tacit knowledge encompasses all of the intricacy of the different experiences that people acquire over time, and which they utilize and bring to bear in carrying out tasks effectively, reacting to unforeseen circumstances, or innovating. The intuitive nature of tacit knowledge, its particular context, and the difficulty of expressing it in words call into question the very foundation of the notion of competency and its value in education. What parameters might be used to clarify tacit knowledge and its place within so-called “organizational” knowledge? Certain characteristics of tacit knowledge may contribute new considerations to the ongoing debate as to the true nature of competency.

Introduction

by Shannon Rose Riley

Co-authored wtih Lynette Hunter. Published in _Mapping Landscapes for Performance as Research: Scholarly Acts and Creative Cartographies_, Eds. S. Riley and L. Hunter. New York and Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, xv-xxiv.

Tacit Knowledge Management

by Rodrigo Ribeiro

The final publication is available at www.springerlink.co

How can we identify and estimate workers’ tacit knowledge? How can we design a personnel mix aimed at improving and... more How can we identify and estimate workers’ tacit knowledge? How can we design a personnel mix aimed at improving and speeding up its transfer and development? How is it possible to implement tacit knowledge sustainable projects in remote areas? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to distinguish between types of tacit knowledge, to establish what they allow for and to consider their sources. It is also essential to find a way of managing the tacit knowledge ‘stock’ and distribution within the workforce. In short, a conceptual framework is needed to manage tacit knowledge. Based on previous works and 2 years of action research, this paper introduces such a framework and describes its partial application to support the pre-operational training and hiring in a large industrial plant in Brazil. Two contributions emerge from the research. First, the concept of ‘levels of similarity’ is
introduced as a means to qualify the experience of workers and estimate the associated tacit knowledge. Second, the capability of carrying out three types of judgement properly and speedily is put forward as being a core ability of those who possess what has been called ‘collective tacit knowledge’ (Collins in Organ Stud 28(2):257–262, 2007). In practical terms, the results indicate the opportunity for companies to capitalize on the experience and tacit knowledge of their workers in a systematic way and with due recognition. Ultimately, positive impacts are expected in their absorptive capacity as well as in their management and human resources systems, accident prevention, productivity and the development of sustainable projects in remote areas.

Expertise Management and Competency Management: The Implications and Relationships

by Huiqin Gao

Co-authored with Ping Liu and Kan Liu, published in 2011

Knowledge management is widely considered to be essential to create sustainable competitive advantages for organ-... more Knowledge management is widely considered to be essential to create sustainable competitive advantages for organ- izations in today's business environment. Expertise Management, which focuses on tacit knowledge, is one of the most valuable KM applications. It is understandable that expertise management is relatively new area, in some cases it is confused with competency management. Despite of the similarities between the two termi- nologies, they differ in functions, applications, foundations, pro- cesses, methods, etc. This paper analyzes the nature of expertise and competency following with the comparison between exper- tise management and competency management. This paper lays special stress on methods, processes and technologies associated with expertise management and competency management.

A case study of knowledge management in the “back office” of two English football clubs

by Clair Doloriert

Understanding Intuition: The Case for Two Forms of Intuition

by Viktor Dörfler

Viktor Dörfler - Fran Ackermann
Management Learning, ()
2012

Since the recent rejuvenation of intuition research within the management literature, significant work has been done... more Since the recent rejuvenation of intuition research within the management literature, significant work has been done on conceptualizing intuition. Whilst remarkable progress has been achieved concerning many aspects of intuition, the role of intuition in creativity remains comparatively under-researched. Through an extensive review of intuition literature, including but also going beyond the management field, we believe that a reason for this could be that intuition in the management literature is generally conceptualized as judgement. In this paper we aim to extend our understanding of intuition in creativity by distinguishing between intuitive judgment and intuitive insight. Augmenting the literature and further strengthening the case this paper builds off two previous research projects. The first project focuses on presenting a comprehensive set of features of intuition based on the literature and the second builds a conceptual model of knowledge types. Further informing the research presented in this paper is Polanyi’s distinction of focal and subsidiary awareness. These four considerations lead us to propose that there are two distinct kinds of intuition – intuitive judgement and intuitive insight.

Tacit knowledge in interior architectural practice: interior architects on the designer - paying client – user client relationship

by Ann Petermans

This paper has been presented at the IASDR 2011 Conference, organised by TUDelft.

During the last decades, different authors have argued that interior architecture lacked a specific body of knowledge,... more During the last decades, different authors have argued that interior architecture lacked a specific body of knowledge, especially in relationship to architecture (Abercrombie, 1990; Marshall-Baker, 2000; Clemons & Eckman, 2008). The article argues that this gap can be partially bridged by combining theoretical knowledge with insights into the actual design processes. In the actual process of designing interior spaces, some kind of knowledge production is involved (Heylighen et al., 2007), for which designers can rely on different knowledge types, such as ‘explicit’ and ‘tacit’ knowledge (Polanyi, 1967; Collins, 2010; Friedman, 2000). As the discipline of interior architecture is seeking a stronger body of theory (Marshall-Baker, 2000; Clemons & Eckman, 2008), it seems particularly interesting ‘to bring tacit knowledge into articulate focus’ (Friedman, 2000, p.13). Therefore, this paper aims to explore the concept of tacit knowledge and its particular value for interior architecture, and then, to present the results of in-depth interviews with interior architects, who have been involved in the process of designing commercial interiors.

The role of music producers and sound engineers in the current recording context, as perceived by young professionals

by Amandine Pras

Co-authored with Catherine Guastavino, published in Musicae Scientiae, 2011

As a result of recent technological advances, musicians tend to produce their music themselves in home studios,... more As a result of recent technological advances, musicians tend to produce their music themselves in home studios, without necessarily collaborating with a professional producer or a sound engineer. To understand how this new paradigm affects musical recordings, we need to study the context of recording sessions involving a producer and a sound engineer. In this article we investigate the role of producers and sound engineers, as perceived by young professionals actively involved in recording sessions. We collected verbal data from 16 musicians and 6 sound engineers, from different countries and backgrounds. Participants were asked to freely define in their own words the role of an ideal producer and an ideal sound engineer. Then, we invited them to describe positive or negative experiences they had previously encountered in the studio. We classified their spontaneous descriptions into emerging themes using the constant comparison method. The three main categories referred to mission, skills, and interaction. A consensus emerged regarding the respective missions of producers and sound engineers. While the producer is responsible for the artistic direction of the project, the sound engineer has to make appropriate sound choices by taking into consideration the musicians’ requests. The primary skills reported for the ideal producer were communication and interpersonal skills. The ideal sound engineer, paradoxically, was described as minimally interacting with musicians during sessions. To conclude, we discuss future directions to clarify the relationships between the missions and skills producers and sound engineers are expected to exhibit, and to further investigate the level of the producer’s artistic involvement.

Batatia, H., Hakkarainen, K., & Morch, A. (2010). Tacit knowledge and trialogical learning: Towards a conceptual framework for designing innovative tools.

by Kai Hakkarainen

Batatia, H., Hakkarainen, K., & Morch, A. (2010). Tacit knowledge and trialogical learning: Towards a conceptual framework for designing innovative tools. An article to appear in A. Morsh, A. Moen, & S. Paavola (Eds.) Collaborative knowledge creation: practices, tools, and concepts (pp. 25-40). KP-Lab project (the book will be published online).

Knowledge-based Vertical Integration: The Nature of Knowledge and Economic Firm Boundary Location

by Herman A. van den Berg

Doctoral Thesis 2008

This research extends the knowledge-based view of the firm as it relates to organizational structure. In particular,... more This research extends the knowledge-based view of the firm as it relates to organizational structure. In particular, this research provides evidence that fundamental classifications of knowledge are measurable, in relative terms, as factors of production. It then relates differences in relative quantities of these classifications of knowledge to the presence or absence of inter-firm boundaries. Finally, this study provides evidence that financial performance may be related to the alignment of organizational structure with knowledge-based factors of production. This study contributes to strategic management theory by offering a potential solution to the difficulties of measuring knowledge as a factor of production. The research was motivated by the belief that it is the cost and value of knowledge that determines economic efficiency (Simon, 1999). By surveying professionals in the mutual fund industry for their relative reliance on three classifications of knowledge, this study suggests a set of measures of knowledge-based factors of production. These measures in turn support the testing of hypotheses related to the vertical integration (or de-integration) of adjacent stages of production. Researchers have typically categorized organizational knowledge as either tacit or explicit. This research develops the concept of encapsulated knowledge as a fundamental classification of knowledge. Encapsulated knowledge is neither tacit nor explicit, because it is externalized and implicit. Progress in measuring knowledge is made by distinguishing between knowledge that resides in human minds (tacit), knowledge that is codified as information (codified), and knowledge that is embodied in the design and functionality of physical artefacts (encapsulated). Relative reliance on the fundamentally different knowledge-based factors of production was found to vary between adjacent stages of production, despite the essential overlap of jointly held substantive knowledge. Portfolio managers are generally less (more) reliant on tacit (encapsulated) knowledge than other investment management professionals in the mutual fund complex. In addition, portfolio managers whose firms are de-integrated from the mutual fund management firms were found to be more (less) reliant on tacit (encapsulated) knowledge than their integrated counterparts. Finally, alignment between mutual fund structure and reliance on knowledge-based factors of production was found to affect performance of mutual funds.