Sustainability assessment and reporting in property development: a case study
by Panagiotis Panagiotakopoulos
Co- authored with:P. W. Jowitt, Published in 'Proceedings of the ICE - Engineering Sustainability', Volume 161, Issue 1, pages 93 –99
Property development is a highly complex issue with outputs having widespread and long-lasting ramifications that can... more Property development is a highly complex issue with outputs having widespread and long-lasting ramifications that can affect many different stakeholders. Property developers can play a significant role in enhancing the sustainability of urban developments; their activities result in a variety of economic, social and environmental impacts—the three key strands in which sustainable development is couched. This paper presents the development of an assessment and reporting framework for a particular property developer company (PDC). The development of the framework was based initially on a ‘bottom-up’/input-driven process and then on a ‘top-down’/output-driven approach. The problems and advantages of each and the lessons learnt in the development of the methodology are described using a systems methodology. The resulting top-down assessment approach is simple to apply, easy to characterise and relies on the self-assessment of a small number of strategic indicators by project managers. This systems-level approach also made it easier to capture high-level emergent properties of each development project in terms of its contribution to sustainable development. The methodology and assessment framework could easily be adapted for other property developers and construction generally, and so contribute to the creation of a more sustainable built environment.
Integrating Ecological and Socioeconomic Monitoring of Working Forests
Neugarten, R. A., S. A. Wolf, R. C. Stedman, and T. H. Tear. 2011. Integrating Ecological and Socioeconomic Monitoring of Working Forests. BioScience 61:631–637.
Large-scale sell-offs of industrial timberlands in the United States have prompted public and private investments in a... more Large-scale sell-offs of industrial timberlands in the United States have prompted public and private investments in a new class of “working forest” land deals, notable for their large size and complex divisions of property rights. These transactions have been pitched as “win-win-win” deals that provide social, economic, and ecological benefits. Despite hundreds of millions of dollars invested in these transactions, we found a paucity of evidence that their supposed benefits are being realized. Monitoring programs necessary to gather such evidence tend to be underfunded, short term, and focused on a limited set of indicators. The few projects with more comprehensive monitoring programs had long-term funding sources, formal mechanisms for incorporating data into subsequent management decisions, and combined multidisciplinary monitoring techniques. We propose that a relatively modest allocation of funds to monitoring could help assess—and hopefully improve—the effectiveness of current and future transactions, to see if the promise of “win-win-win” is actually delivered.
Managing spatial development in zones undergoing major structural changes
Published in Spatium, 2009, issue 21
Paper considers different aspects of spatial development management in the zones characterized by significant spatial... more
Paper considers different aspects of spatial development management in the zones characterized by significant spatial interventions, whose consequences are structural changes in usage of space, social and economic development, environmental and ambient quality. Those are, above all, big mining regions, zones of big water accumulations and main infrastructure corridors. Paper deals with normative, institutional and organizational assumptions for managing spatial development, planning approaches, construction and spatial arrangement, searching and structuring data basis and development of information system, system of indicators and monitoring system. Special attention is given to balance and synchronization of activities during compilation of study, planning and technical documentation, as well as procedures of considering and enacting appropriate decisions by competent authorities on national, regional and local level.
Keywords: spatial development, management, structural changes, production system, conflicts, planning, indicators
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Seen by:Neither dashboard nor ‘mashup’ indices: an empirical wealth approach as a pathway to a comprehensive measure of development
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament d’Economia i d’Història Econòmica. UHE Working Paper 2012_01, 2012
The article is composed of two sections. The first one is a critical review of the three main alternative indices to... more
The article is composed of two sections. The first one is a critical review of the three main alternative indices to GDP which were proposed in the last decades – the Human Development Index (HDI), the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), and the Happy Planet Index (HPI) – which is made on the basis of conceptual foundations, rather than looking at issues of statistical consistency or mathematical refinement as most of the literature does. The pars construens aims to propose an alternative measure, the composite wealth index, consistent with
an approach to development based on the notion of composite wealth, which is in turn derived from an empirical common sense criterion. Arguably, this approach is suitable to be conveyed into
an easily understandable and coherent indicator, and thus appropriate to track development in its various dimensions: simple in its formulation, the wealth approach can incorporate social and ecological goals without significant alterations in conceptual foundations, while reducing to a minimum arbitrary weighting.
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Seen by: and 3 moreCritique des conditions de la durabilité: application aux indices de développement durable
Nous espérons ne plus jamais devoir démontrer que la théorie néoclassique est intrinsèquement incapable de s’occuper... more
Nous espérons ne plus jamais devoir démontrer que la théorie néoclassique est intrinsèquement incapable de s’occuper du développement durable , voire qu’en tant qu’utopie, elle mène au contraire du développement durable.
Les instruments dits «économiques» deviennent dès lors suspects. Ils sont seulement utiles dans le cadre d’une société de marché elle-même non durable. Ils permettent de s’illusionner sur les possibilités de maintenir un niveau de vie basé sur le gaspillage des ressources, et le pillage systématique des laissés pour compte ou de leur environnement.
La théorie néoclassique résiste tellement peu aux évidences, aux raisonnements et à l’éthique que l’on peut se demander si sa popularité dans le monde «moderne » ne résulte pas d’une forme d’aliénation des esprits, encouragé sans doute par le mirage de la société de consommation, ses publicités et ses médias, voire, par la propagande cynique de ceux à qui elle profite le plus.
Sur le plan théorique, comme le néoclassicisme est démoli de l’intérieur comme de l’extérieur, des «théories économiques alternatives» voient timidement le jour. Certaines d’entre elles (Sen) oublient le caractère social de l’être humain, d’autres (Chine ) oublient son caractère égoïste.
Nous nous sommes inscrits dans un mouvement de critique de la science elle-même, de son ethnocentrisme dès lors qu’il s’agit de définir un projet, le «développement durable », pour l’ensemble de l’humanité. Refuser d’entendre Maudo, ce petit paysan fier de ses valeurs au fin fonds de la brousse bissau-guinéenne, ne serait-ce pas oublier une part importante du savoir?
Poussés par de simples chasseurs-cueilleurs «pauvres et déconnectés», des anthropologues, malgré leur étiquette de conservateurs «culturalistes», pointent le bout du nez pour proposer une théorie de la réciprocité , et voilà que des psychologues y trouvent un fondement essentiel des comportements de l’homo economicus en personne.
A partir d’une théorie des externalités, nous avons pu suggérer que la prise en compte d’un horizon lointain, autrement dit la prise en compte du «plus que soi», de l’autre au sens large, avait un coût très important: le coût que les hommes sont prêts à payer pour vivre en société. Le coût de la réciprocité . Le coût que nous payons chaque jour et qui a mené notre espèce à passer les mailles de l’évolution , et qui nous donne, ensemble, une satisfaction certaine.
Une fois modélisées, les externalités ne prennent-elles pas, comme la réciprocité , la forme des relations tant recherchées dans les théories du développement durable , mais sur lesquelles peu de gens ont réussi jusqu’à présent à travailler? On lit en effet souvent «qu’il manque le lien» entre les différentes dimensions du développement durable, mais en pratique, tout le monde continue à travailler sur chaque dimension séparément, comme dans le cadre de la recherche d’indicateurs. Or, ce lien ne serait-il pas l’essence principale du développement durable, tout comme la relation est l’essence principale (avec l’ego), du comportement humain?
Les indicateurs sont aux modèles de développement durable ce que la parole est à la réciprocité : c’est là que réside en partie le lien. C’est notamment autour des indicateurs que les hommes (et les ordinateurs) se rassemblent également pour penser, décider, échanger, s’harmoniser, définir un chemin commun pour l’humanité, avec le support de réseaux de plus en plus étendus, mondialisés ou presque (il y manque encore nos paysans pauvres et déconnectés). Chaque groupe de travail a ainsi, dans son coin, défini qui des jeux d’indicateurs, qui des indices synthétiques plus ou moins pondérés.
Il est possible de concevoir un modèle qui mette en évidence les relations entre entités a priori fort différentes. L’exemple vient d’une part des «comptables nationaux» eux-mêmes, d’autre part des écologues. Ces tentatives ne couvrent pas encore toutes les dimensions, mais l’approche qu’ils proposent est potentiellement généralisable.
A ce point du travail, il reste de nombreuses voies à creuser.
L’analyse multicritère (Faucheux, Vincke) pourrait s’appliquer aux comptes satellites développés dans la comptabilité nationale et apporter un support sous forme de «lien politique » entre dimensions «inconciliables». Des indices implicites résultats de sorte «d’arbres de décision » (Faucheux et Noël) pourraient peut-être prendre la place de pondérations figées utilisées actuellement? Ce sont des facteurs limitants qui donneraient alors le verdict de durabilité pour chaque pays (par exemple, dépasser une norme environnementale entraîne la non durabilité). On peut imaginer des indicateurs se concentrant non plus sur les relations, mais sur les «victimes» (quels sont les «sacrifiés» de chaque système), la limitation des dégâts étant une contrainte de durabilité, le développement étant ensuite libre sous ces contraintes (c’est implicitement le modèle de libéralisme bridé utilisé dans la gestion des affaires publiques en Belgique ou en Chine , sauf que les normes seraient beaucoup plus axées sur la durabilité globale). La diminution de «l’empreinte sociale» serait alors une priorité non seulement politique mais également une voie «rationnelle»: un développement basé sur l’exploitation (de l’homme ou de l’environnement) ne peut pas être «durable». On peut aussi se demander quels éléments de cultures sont porteuses ou non de durabilité. Enfin, au delà des indicateurs «statiques» eux-mêmes, il faudrait retomber sur les étapes à accomplir pour tendre vers le développement durable : que faire en pratique? quel est le chemin du développement durable suivant l’état initial de chaque pays?
Les indicateurs de développement durable. Fondements et applications. /Indicators of sustainable development. Fundamentals and applications
PhD thesis.
We study how different world views may influence how to develop sustainable development indicators. The comparison of... more We study how different world views may influence how to develop sustainable development indicators. The comparison of weak sustainability and strong sustainability serves as a guide to estimate the share of objective versus normative choice of parameters and their method of aggregation. We then present a typology of actors and shared responsibilities, which may also introduce large discrepancies in the results published. Some case studies illustrate these different elements in contrasting contexts. It appears that it is possible to identify in each calculation of sustainable development indicator, a relatively objective component of sustainability and a negotiable component of shared rights and responsibilities.
Mediterranean agriculture under climate change: adaptive capacity, adaptation, and ethics
with M. Grasso, in Regional Environmental Change, available in pre-print version here: http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/25989/
In the coming decades, the Mediterranean region is expected to experience various climate impacts with negative... more In the coming decades, the Mediterranean region is expected to experience various climate impacts with negative consequences on agricultural systems and which will cause uneven reductions in agricultural production. By and large, the impacts of climate change on Mediterranean agriculture will be heavier for southern areas of the region. This unbalanced distribution of negative impacts underscores the significance and role of ethics in such a context of analysis. Consequently, the aim of this article is to justify and develop an ethical approach to agricultural adaptation in the Mediterranean and to derive the consequent implications for adaptation policy in the region. In particular, we define an index of adaptive capacity for the agricultural systems of the Mediterranean region on whose basis it is possible to group its different sub-regions, and we provide an overview of the suitable adaptation actions and policies for the sub-regions identified. We then vindicate and put forward an ethical approach to agricultural adaptation, highlighting the implications for the Mediterranean region and the limitations of such an ethical framework. Finally, we emphasize the broader potential of ethics for agricultural adaptation policy.
A Holistic Approach to the Evaluation of Sustainable Housing.
Co-authored with Ang, S., Coulson, J., de Jong, U., and Fuller, R.
Presented at ANZAScA 2011, University of Sydney, 17-18th November, 2011.
Residential housing is often evaluated against single or at best a limited number of similar criteria. These include... more Residential housing is often evaluated against single or at best a limited number of similar criteria. These include quantifiable indicators such as energy use and its associated greenhouse gas emissions. It might also include material consumption from an embodied energy or resource use perspective. Social factors or qualitative indicators may be evaluated but are rarely placed or juxtaposed alongside these quantifiable indicators. A one-dimensional approach will be limiting because sustainable development includes both environmental and social factors. This paper describes the methodologies that have been developed to assess housing developments against five quite different criteria. These are: energy use, resource use, neighbourhood character, neighbourhood connectedness and diversity. In each case, high and low sustainability practice has been identified so that ranking is possible. These methodologies have then been tested by evaluating a typical precinct (approximately 400m by 400m) of a 1970-80s housing development in a suburb of Geelong. The rankings of the particular precinct have then been combined in a visual way to assist in the evaluation of the housing in a more holistic way. The results of this evaluation method are presented, along with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies.
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Seen by: and 11 moreM onitoring, Evaluation & Decision Interoperability in Networked Organisations
follow on work to this paper is via a number of wikis under the wikiworx.info label, see: http://www.wikiworx.info/
Greening the HDI - revisited
by Moritz Drupp
The endeavor to create better indicators for current well-being and Sustainable Development (SD) has gained new... more The endeavor to create better indicators for current well-being and Sustainable Development (SD) has gained new momentum with the recent report of the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi commission. Yet, the most influential development indicator – the Human Development Index (HDI) – does not include an environmental dimension. This paper argues that there is a need to recognize the increasing environmental pressures and the fundamental importance of an intact ecosystem to Human Development and, therefore, that the HDI needs to be revised. Proposals of how an environmental dimension could be integrated into the HDI framework exist, but most fail to integrate it congruently with the conceptual foundation of the HDI. Besides reviewing the literature on ‘greening the HDI’ and explaining the shortcomings of current proposals, this paper tries to provide a conceptual approach of integrating an ecosystem health dimension into the HDI that is in line with the current HDI framework and its theoretical grounding. This approach is further illustrated by presenting a ‘work-in-progress’ GreenHDI that builds on the data provided in the 2010 Environmental Performance Index.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY INDICES
BISTUA
Water quality assessment can be defined as the evaluation of the physical, chemical and biological nature of water in... more Water quality assessment can be defined as the evaluation of the physical, chemical and biological nature of water in relation to natural quality, human effects and intended uses. Water Quality Indices (WQIs) and Water Pollution Indices (WPIs) reduce a great amount of parameters to a simpler expression, to enable easier interpretation of the monitoring data. Main Difference between WQIs and WPIs included the form how they evaluate the processes of pollution and the number of variables taken in account in each formulation
Enviromental urban indices - bases for their development and use-
Coautoría con Alberto Ramírez. Publicado en CLON Vol 5 No. 1 /2007
ABSTRACT
Urban Ecology is referred to as man and his environmental relations in cities; this involves the... more
ABSTRACT
Urban Ecology is referred to as man and his environmental relations in cities; this involves the environmental processes and flow within the maintenance of the “metabolism” of cities. In this way, environmental urban indices try to give decision tools for cities to study and that have been developed with other indices, called sustainability, the quality of life, human development, pollution and risk, among others. This includes a wide spectrum on this subject of study. In this context, this paper shows several indices and indicators of current or potential use, as well as categories of the indices. In addition, the principles for indices development, including conceptual bases, temporal/spatial scales, cultural contexts and the kind of indicators or indices to be suggested are introduced. Finally, a great number of indicators that could be included in new formulations of environmental urban indices are displayed.
RESUMEN
La ecología urbana se refiere al estudio del hombre y sus relaciones con el entorno en las ciudades, involucra, además, los procesos y los flujos que mantienen el metabolismo de las ciudades. Los índices ambientales urbanos pretenden entonces, aportar herramientas para el estudio de las ciudades y se formulan junto con otros ya abordados bajo el nombre de sostenibilidad, calidad de vida, desarrollo humano, contaminación y riesgo, entre otros, los cuales engloban un espectro amplio de la temática de estudio. En este documento se exponen diversos índices e indicadores de uso actual o potencial, así como las categorías que los engloban. Así mismo, se presentan los fundamentos a tener en cuenta durante la construcción de índices, incluida la base conceptual, la escala espacio-temporal, el contexto cultural y el tipo de indicador o índice a proponer. Por último, se expone un número copioso de indicadores que pueden ser incluidos en la formulación de índices ambientales urbanos.
Mearns, K.F. (2010). The sustainability of community-based ecotourism in southern Africa. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth.
by Kevin Mearns
The global trend towards sustainability is influencing humankind on a daily basis. One of the aspects of human life... more
The global trend towards sustainability is influencing humankind on a daily basis. One of the aspects of human life that is significantly influenced by this trend is decision making with regard to travel and holidays. The investigation was initiated in an attempt to monitor the sustainability of community-based ecotourism in southern Africa and to set a baseline for future comparison.
A comprehensive inventory of 331 community-based tourism ventures across southern Africa was compiled as part of the study. A spatial selection was undertaken to refine the selection of ventures which could be safely and economically visited in southern Africa. A telephonic interview was carried out with each of the remaining 241 community-based tourism ventures in order to determine which ventures may be categorized as community-based ecotourism ventures. The results of the telephonic interview were used to classify the community-based ecotourism ventures into types. A random selection within types followed to select six case studies for further investigation.
An evaluation framework was constructed to monitor the sustainability of the selected community-based ecotourism ventures. The evaluation framework made use of a number of sustainability issues and their associated indicators. The evaluation framework was then tested for its applicability to investigate the social, economic and environmental sustainability of the six case studies. Thereafter a cross-case analysis was undertaken to compare the results and to obtain baseline data for future comparison. The utility of the constructed evaluation framework was subsequently commented on and changes were recommended.
The study provided a time- and cost-effective evaluation framework for monitoring the sustainability performance of community-based ecotourism ventures. The constructed framework also makes an important contribution as a departure point in the adaptive learning cycle for the development and implementation of sustainable tourism indicators for community-based ecotourism ventures. Case study specific recommendations were made in order to improve the sustainability performance of the investigated case studies. The results of this study serve as a benchmark against which future investigations into the sustainability of community-based ecotourism ventures in southern Africa may be compared. Conclusions relating to the sustainability of community-based ecotourism ventures in southern Africa are drawn, and a number of recommendations for further research are made.
Application of detectability in the use of indicator species: A case study with birds
by John Quinn
The use of indicator species is popular in ecological monitoring and management. In recent years, new methods to... more The use of indicator species is popular in ecological monitoring and management. In recent years, new methods to improve the quality and application of indicator data have been proposed and developed. Here we propose the use of detection probability in the selection and application of indicator species. We evaluated environmental and observer factors believed to affect detection of potential species. Observer effects were the most evident factor and may necessitate the greatest consideration in the use of indicator species. Our results call attention to the fact that raw counts are far from accurate and that the use of detection probability can and should be incorporated into sampling protocols, species selection, and the allocation of effort for projects that use indicator species as part of monitoring and management programs.
Suitability of pesticide risk indicators for Less Developed Countries: A comparison
with E. Rahn, C.R. Binder, in Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 142:238-245. Also available in pre-print version here: http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/23998/
Pesticide risk indicators provide simple support in the assessment of environmental and health risks from pesticide... more Pesticide risk indicators provide simple support in the assessment of environmental and health risks from pesticide use, and can therefore inform policies to foster a sustainable interaction of agriculture with the environment. For their relative simplicity, indicators may be particularly useful under conditions of limited data availability and resources, such as in Less Developed Countries (LDCs). However, indicator complexity can vary significantly, in particular between those that rely on an exposure–toxicity ratio (ETR) and those that do not. In addition, pesticide risk indicators are usually developed for Western contexts, which might cause incorrect estimation in LDCs. This study investigated the appropriateness of seven pesticide risk indicators for use in LDCs, with reference to smallholding agriculture in Colombia. Seven farm-level indicators, among which 3 relied on an ETR (POCER, EPRIP, PIRI) and 4 on a non-ETR approach (EIQ, PestScreen, OHRI, Dosemeci et al., 2002), were calculated and then compared by means of the Spearman rank correlation test. Indicators were also compared with respect to key indicator characteristics, i.e. user friendliness and ability to represent the system under study. The comparison of the indicators in terms of the total environmental risk suggests that the indicators not relying on an ETR approach cannot be used as a reliable proxy for more complex, i.e. ETR, indicators. ETR indicators, when user-friendly, show a comparative advantage over non-ETR in best combining the need for a relatively simple tool to be used in contexts of limited data availability and resources, and for a reliable estimation of environmental risk. Non-ETR indicators remain useful and accessible tools to discriminate between different pesticides prior to application. Concerning the human health risk, simple algorithms seem more appropriate for assessing human health risk in LDCs. However, further research on health risk indicators and their validation under LDC conditions is needed.

