Sociology of Fisheries and Aquaculture

Hortle 2008 Yield and value of the wild fishery of rice fields in Battambang Province, Cambodia

by Kent Hortle

Energy exchanges and the energy efficiency of household ponds in the dike pond System of the Zhujiang Delta

by Kenneth Ruddle

(1986) Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 11(1): 323 343 (K.Ruddle, H.Z.Deng and G.H.Liang).

Traditional Integrated Farming Systems and Rural Development: The Example of Ricefield Fisheries In Southeast Asia

by Kenneth Ruddle

(1982) Agricultural Administration 10 (1): 1 11, (K.Ruddle).

Integrated Farming Systems and Future Directions for Asian Farming Systems Research and Extension

by Kenneth Ruddle

(1991) Journal of the Asian Farming Systems Association 1(1):91-99

Innovation and household and community factors in the development of small-scale fish farming in Africa

by Kenneth Ruddle

(1996) in Aquaculture Development: Social Dimensions of an Emerging Industry. (eds Bailey, S. Jentoft and P.R. Sinclair), pp. 211-231 Boulder, Westview Press

The science and policy behind proposed sea turtle conservation measures

by Lekelia "Kiki" Jenkins

published in 'Endangered Species Update', 2002

In recent months, two major actions have been initiated that may change the landscape of sea turtle conservation... more
In recent months, two major actions have been initiated that may change the landscape of sea turtle conservation and potentially ignite controversy. The first action involves an October 2001 proposal by the National Marine Fisheries Service to substantially amend Turtle Excluder Device regula-tions. The extended public comment period for this proposal concluded on February 15, 2002. In the other action, two environmental groups jointly filed a petition on January 10, 2002, to list certain subpopulations of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) as endangered. Both the petition and the proposal result from public concern and scientific evidence that current conservation mea-sures are not sufficient to allow recovery of some sea turtle populations, mostly likely loggerhead and perhaps leatherback and green turtles as well.

Gear conversion as a means to reduce bycatch and habitat impacts in the U.S. West Coast sablefish fishery

by Lekelia "Kiki" Jenkins

unpublished report

The report looks at the value and feasibility of gear conversion through a case study of the sablefish fishery, which... more The report looks at the value and feasibility of gear conversion through a case study of the sablefish fishery, which affords comparison between gears because trawls, longlines and pots (traps) are all used. The report presents evidence that the inherent bycatch rates of trawls are substantially greater than those of longlines and pots in this fishery. Bycatch rates of pots and longlines are quite similar, but there is a consistent trend for the bycatch rates of pots to be the lowest of the three gear types. The analysis finds that a conversion from trawl gear to either pots or longlines could significantly reduce bycatch and habitat impacts of the sablefish fleet. Pots may be the preferable gear, at least in the near term, given trawlers’ interest in pots (as determined through interviews) and the negligible bycatch by pots of yelloweye and canary rockfish as well as other overfished species.

Key factors in the invention of marine conservation technology: A case study of TEDs.

by Lekelia "Kiki" Jenkins

see page 105 of Proceedings

To solve problems such as bycatch, policy-makers resort to conservation technologies, such as turtle excluder devices... more To solve problems such as bycatch, policy-makers resort to conservation technologies, such as turtle excluder devices (TEDs). Although substantial funding has been directed toward the invention and diffusion—the spread and adoption of an item by people—(I&D) of conservation technologies, little research has investigated the I&I process itself.  As a case study, I examined the use of TEDs for the U.S. shrimp trawl fisheries.  I identified key features for successful I&D by conducting on-site interviews with people involved in the process including National Marine Fisheries Service gear specialists, Sea Grant agents, and industry representatives. In addition, I analyzed records from management agencies using the grounded-theory approach, a method that allowed me to identify concepts that emerge from the text and to link these concepts to existing theories of invention and diffusion of innovations. The resulting data were used to (1) diagram the relationships among participants in the network and (2) construct a graphical depiction of how technology evolved, including encoded information about the I&D process.  I conclude that: (1) social and political pressures compel speedy action at the determent of adequate goal setting and research planning, (2) people with both mechanical and shrimping expertise have invented the most widely adopted TEDs but directed-recruitment and integration of these individuals into the invention network is poor, and (3) industry-sensitive adoption efforts are the most successful and include the use of videos, translation for non-English speakers, and community-based Sea Grant agents but translation is inadequate and community-based agents are too few.

Bycatch: Interactional expertise, dolphins and the U.S. tuna fishery

by Lekelia "Kiki" Jenkins

published in 'Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science', 2007

The burgeoning field of studies in expertise and experience (SEE) is a useful theoretical approach to complex... more The burgeoning field of studies in expertise and experience (SEE) is a useful theoretical approach to complex problems. In light of SEE, examination of the controversial and well known case study of dolphin bycatch in the US tuna fishery, reveals that effective problem-solving was hindered by institutional tensions in respect of decision-making authority and difficulties with the integration of different expertises. Comparing the profiles of four individuals, who played distinct roles in the problem-solving process, I show that (1) to address a complex problem, a suite of contributory expertises—rarely found in one individual—may be required; (2) formal credentials are not a reliable indicator of who possesses these necessary expertises; (3) interactional expertise and interactive ability are useful tools in combining the contributory expertises of others to yield a desirable collective outcome; and (4) the concepts of contributory expertise and no expertise are useful tools for understanding the actual contribution of various parties to the problem-solving process.

The Evolution of a Trading Zone: A Case Study of the Turtle Excluder Device

by Lekelia "Kiki" Jenkins

published in 'Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science', 2010

This paper explores the evolution of a trading zone by organizing the case study of turtle excluder devices within the... more This paper explores the evolution of a trading zone by organizing the case study of turtle excluder devices within the model proposed by Collins et al. (2007). The case study offers evidence that trading zones do evolve and that the concepts of enforced and fractionated trading zones hold practical utility for describing and defining the complexities of actual exchanges. In this case a trading zone evolved from enforced to fractionated and ultimately diverged into two trading zones. For each step of the evolution I describe the forces that drove these transitions. Finally, I present an adapted trading zone model that is conceptually a better fit for the turtle excluder device case study.

Profile and Influence of the Successful Fisher-Inventor of Marine Conservation Technology

by Lekelia "Kiki" Jenkins

published in 'Conservation & Society', 2010

Anecdotally it is often said that fishers are the best inventors of marine conservation technologies. In this paper I... more Anecdotally it is often said that fishers are the best inventors of marine conservation technologies. In this paper I describe case studies of Turtle Excluder Devices  (TEDs) and dolphin conservation technology, offering empirical evidence that fishers are successful inventors of marine conservation technology. I describe the Local Inventor Effect, in which adoption of a technology is disproportionately high in the geographic area near the inventor’s home. In one case, the adoption of a local invention was 600% higher than that of the next most popular device. Further, I present the Successful Inventor Profile for inventors of marine conservation technologies. This profile consists of three characteristics (1) a successful conservation technology inventor will have extensive experience relevant to the problem and potential solutions, (2) he or she will have extensive experience in fabrication, and (3) he or she will have the ability and tendency to employ mental and/or physical models, to assemble and refine inventions.

The rise and reorganization of the Pompeian salted fish industry

by Steven Ellis

in The Making of Pompeii: Studies in the history and urban development of an ancient town (Edited by Steven J.R. Ellis, JRA suppl. 85, 2011) 59-88.

Shocks, recovery trajectories and resilience among aquaculture-dependent households in post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia

by Dedi S Adhuri

co-authored with Mills, D.J., Phillips, M., Ravikumar, B. and Padiyar, A.P. 2011 in Local Environment: The International journal of Justice and Sustainability. Pp. 425-444.

Aquaculture-dependent households in Bireuen District, Aceh, Indonesia, have in recent years endured repeated, diverse... more Aquaculture-dependent households in Bireuen District, Aceh, Indonesia, have in recent years endured repeated, diverse hocks; multiple economic shocks, shrimp disease, civil war and the 2004 Asian tsunami. Following the tsunami, extensive international aid efforts were directed at aquaculture pond rehabilitation. Yet, the pitfalls of simply recreating a system that was run down, underperforming and environmentally damaging due to the ongoing effects of multiple previous shocks are clear. Research reported here is one component of an action research project aimed at rebuilding improved, sustainable systems. The diversity of shocks experienced provided an unparalleled opportunity to look at the range of impacts and coping mechanisms employed at the household level. Detailed analysis of factors affecting rebuilding and recovery strategies from shocks highlighted the importance of diversification across
multiple livelihood characteristics, as well as the multi-dimensional nature of diversification itself. Diversification in household livelihood strategy, aquaculture species availability and market options for aquaculture produce were all important factors contributing to recovery and resilience. The “distance” (degree of difference) among diversified options was shown to be critical in building resilience

Will the Oceans Help Feed Humanity?

by Ioannis Karakassis

Social Identity and Access to Natural Resources: Ethnicity and Regionalism from a Maritime Perspective

by Dedi S Adhuri

published in Sakai, M, J. H. Walker and G. Bank (2009). The Politics of the Periphery in Indonesia: Social and Geographical Perspectives

The political ideology of the sea in Indonesia is embedded in the concept of Wawasan Nusantara (archipelagic... more The political ideology of the sea in Indonesia is embedded in the concept of Wawasan Nusantara (archipelagic principle). The essence of Wawasan Nusantara is the ‘oneness’ of Indonesia in terms of territory (wilayah), nationhood (bangsa), goal and spirit of struggle (tujuan dan tekad perjuangan), the law (hukum), socio-cultural attributes (sosial-budaya), the economy (ekonomi), and defense and security (Hankam). The territorial ‘oneness’ of Indonesia assumes that the many islands (land), sea (water) and the atmosphere (air) are a single integrated entity. Thus, the sea is not considered as dividing the islands of Indonesia; on the contrary, the sea is believed to unite all the Indonesian islands and the people living on them. In Indonesia, this ideology is commonly expressed by the proverbs that “laut adalah perekat kepulauan Indonesia” (The sea is the substance that binds the Indonesian archipelago) and “laut adalah jembatan yang menghubungkan pulau dan penduduk yang menempatinya di seluruh Indonesia” (the sea is a bridge connecting all the islands and people of Indonesia).
If we look at the marine fishery policies in Indonesia, these proverbs have been adopted literally; as a bridge for all Indonesians, the sea is ‘free for all people’ to use. In doing so, the government detaches the sea from all, or any individual, social groups in Indonesia. The Indonesian Constitution 1945, Article 33 (3)iii, states that “Bumi, air, angkasa, dan kekayaan alam yang tekandung di dalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat” (the land, water, air and the natural wealth therein are under state control and used for the betterment of peoples’ welfare). As a result, unlike other resources such as forests and minerals—where the government splits the resource rights into units and distributes them to people or institutions—the sea is
treated as indivisable. Again, unlike the rights to manage forests in Indonesia (Hak Pengusahaan Hutan), which are given to a particular institution (company or cooperative) to the exclusion of other institutions for a particular area, many fishermen or fishing companies may hold the license to fish for the same resource in the same zone. In short, this means that those who live in the western limits of Indonesia’s territorial boundaries may fish anywhere, including in the waters of the eastern edge of the archipelago together with people from different places and cultural backgrounds. There are, of course, taxes to be paid and procedures to follow but these are only based on the fishing technology used. The Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. 32/1999, for example, stipulates that those who use “traditional” technology are free to fish wherever they like but they are given exclusive rights in Zone I (minimum low tide up to six miles); those who use middle-range technology can only fish in Zone II (outside Zone I, up to twelve miles); and those who use high-tech or modern technology are only allowed to fish outside both zones. Is this ideology, and the marine resource management practices which derive from it, adhered to by the fishermen themselves? Do local people perceive the sea in the same way as the Indonesian government? What do fishermen think when they enter fishing zones, extract resources or prohibit others from doing so? In the following sections, I will discuss cases of conflicts over fishing grounds, which will shed some light on these issues.