Smoking Cessation

Abandonar el tabaco

by Juan Antonio Moriano León

TOPA, Gabriela; MORIANO, Juan Antonio y MORALES, J. Francisco.
Clínica y Salud [online]. 2012, vol.23, n.1, pp. 43-61. ISSN 1130-5274.

Los meta-análisis sobre la Teoría de la conducta planificada (TCP) no se han aplicado al abandono del tabaco pese a... more Los meta-análisis sobre la Teoría de la conducta planificada (TCP) no se han aplicado al abandono del tabaco pese a que progresivamente se incrementa el número de estudios primarios. Nosotros llevamos a cabo un meta-análisis de 121 tamaños del efecto (ES) sobre la TCP y el abandono del tabaco y examinamos las influencias de cuatro potenciales variables moderadoras. Se obtuvieron ES globales con valores medios (ES = .28 para intenciónconducta, ES = .33 para control percibido-intención, ES = .29 para norma subjetiva-intención) o grandes (ES = .40 para actitud-intención). Los resultados de los análisis de moderadores mostraron que el intervalo de tiempo entre intención y conducta, la correspondencia de la escala, y la edad de los participantes moderaban el ES. Finalmente, la matriz de correlaciones conjunta fue usada como entrada para análisis de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM), poniendo a prueba un modelo más amplio. La TCP explica efectivamente la intención y la conducta de dejar de fumar.

Smoking cessation in Russia and Ukraine: comparison of Global Adult Tobacco Survey results

by Tatiana Andreeva

Medical students readiness to provide smoking cessation help

by Tatiana Andreeva

Seeking out 'easy targets'? Tobacco companies, health inequalities, and public policy

by David Clifford

A survey of the prevalence of smoking and smoking cessation advice received by inpatients in a large teaching hospital in Ireland

by Karen Morgan

Social disapproval not fear helps smokers quit

by Caroline Wood

Press release by Canterbury Christ Church University
Co-authored with Dr. Masi Noor

Researchers from Canterbury Christ Church University have found that smokers are more likely to stop because of... more Researchers from Canterbury Christ Church University have found that smokers are more likely to stop because of anti-social attitudes towards them than from fear of ill-health.

Explicit Prejudice is Alive and Kicking! Graphic Anti-Smoking Warnings Increase Prejudice in Non-Smokers Towards Smokers

by Caroline Wood

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISPP 34th Annual Scientific Meeting, Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey, Jul 09, 2011
Co-authored with Dr. Masi Noor

Around the world, graphic warnings on tobacco packaging are used with the intention to raise smoker awareness of the... more Around the world, graphic warnings on tobacco packaging are used with the intention to raise smoker awareness of the adverse consequences of smoking. Regardless of the effectiveness of these campaigns, inevitably as public images they are likely to be seen by non-smokers as well as smokers. This current research employed an experimental methodology to examine the effects of graphic anti-smoking warnings on non-smokers’ attitudes towards smokers.
Results revealed that non-smokers expressed more negative attitudes towards smokers in terms of prejudice and victim blame after exposure to an anti-smoking warning compared to non-smokers shown a control image. Furthermore, the presence of the warning provoked more blame amongst non-smokers with high belief in a just world compared to non-smokers with low belief in a just world. Findings are discussed in relation to intergroup relations and implications for graphic anti-smoking campaign effectiveness.

The Psychology and Politics of Smoking: The Impact of Fear, Hypocrisy and Processing Mode on Intentions to Quit Smoking

by Caroline Wood

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISPP 33rd Annual Scientific Meeting, Mark Hopkins Hotel, San Francisco, California, USA, Jul 07, 2010
Co-authored with Dr. Masi Noor

Anti-Smoking Campaigns in the United Kingdom and across Europe have recently relied on Fear to motivate people to quit... more Anti-Smoking Campaigns in the United Kingdom and across Europe have recently relied on Fear to motivate people to quit smoking. These are most commonly conveyed to the general public via pictures showing the gruesome consequences of smoking, usually presented on the cigarette packet. The question that the present research addresses is whether these scare tactics are effective in encouraging smokers to change their smoking habits?
Two experiments (N=160, N=100) were conducted to examine the role of fear, both on its own and in interaction with how smokers process information and deal with hypocrisy-induced dissonance, on intentions to quit smoking. Despite the successful manipulation of these factors, results yielded little support for the effects of fear on smoking intentions, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. In order to shed light on these results, qualitative data were collected from smokers that highlighted how and why smoking behaviour is maintained and also key characteristics which would ultimately replace it.
Overall results are discussed in terms of their political, psychological and financial implications for smoking campaigns.

Manejo de la adicción al tabaco en el paciente odontológico

by KelvinIan Afrashtehfar

Koushyar-Partida KJ. Manejo de la adicción al tabaco en el paciente odontológico. GAMO 2010; 09:297-9.

Tobacco addiction is a disease that affects oral and systemic health. Dentists should encourage smokers to tobacco... more Tobacco addiction is a disease that affects oral and systemic health. Dentists should encourage smokers to tobacco cessation trough explaining oral diseases caused by smoking and suggesting the proven successful methods.
Key words: addiction, smoker, tobacco, cessation, oral health.


Resumen:
La adicción al tabaquismo es una enfermedad que produce efectos adversos en la salud sistémica y bucal. Debe existir el compromiso de los dentistas con los pacientes fumadores a enfatizar sobre los efectos dañinos que el fumar tabaco ocasiona en la salud oral y sugerir alternativas para erradicar la adicción al tabaquismo.
Palabras clave: adicción, fumador, tabaquismo, tabaco, cesación, salud oral.

Effect of self-administered auricular acupressure on smoking cessation --a pilot study. Leung, L. et al.

by Lawrence Leung

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:11

Background
Tobacco smoking is still a worldwide health risk. Current pharmacotherapies have at best, a success... more Background
Tobacco smoking is still a worldwide health risk. Current pharmacotherapies have at best, a success rate of no more than 50%. Auricular (ear) acupressure has been purported to be beneficial in achieving smoking cessation in some studies, while in others has been deemed insignificant. We hereby describe the protocol for a three-arm randomised controlled trial to examine the possible benefits of self-administered acupressure for smoking cessation.

Methods
Sixty consenting participants with confirmed habit of tobacco smoking will be recruited and randomized into three arms to receive either auricular acupressure at five true acupoints (NADA protocol), auricular acupressure at five sham points, or no auricular acupressure at all. Participants having auricular acupressure will exert firm pressure to each acupoint bilaterally via the bead in the attached plasters whenever they feel the urge to smoke. The treatment phase will last for six weeks during which all participants will be assessed weekly to review their smoking log, state of abstinence, end-exhalation carbon monoxide levels and possible adverse effects including withdrawal reactions and stress levels. At any time, a successful quit date will be defined with continuous abstinence for the following consecutive 7 days. From then on, participants will be evaluated individually for continuous abstinence rate (CAR), end-exhalation carbon monoxide levels and adverse effects of stress and withdrawal at specified intervals up to 26 weeks. Expectancy of treatment will be assessed with a four-item Borkovec and Nau self-assessment credibility scale during and after intervention.

Discussion
We incorporate validated outcome measures of smoking cessation into our randomised controlled trial design with the objectives to evaluate the feasibility and possible benefits of self-administered auricular acupressure as a non-invasive alternative to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration identifier: NCT01389622 (registered Jul 7 2011)

In the trenches of real-world self-control: Neural correlates of breaking the link between craving and smoking

by Elliot Berkman

with Falk & Lieberman in Psych Sci

Successful goal pursuit involves repeatedly engaging self-control against temptations or distractions that arise along... more Successful goal pursuit involves repeatedly engaging self-control against temptations or distractions that arise along the way. Laboratory studies have identified the brain systems recruited during isolated instances of self-control and ecological studies have linked self-control capacity to goal outcomes. However, no study has identified the neural systems of everyday self-control during long-term goal pursuit. The present study integrates neuroimaging and experience-sampling methods to investigate the brain systems of successful self-control among smokers attempting to quit. A sample of twenty-seven cigarette smokers completed a go/no-go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before cessation, then reported everyday self- control using experience-sampling eight times daily for three weeks during quitting. Increased activation in right inferior frontal gyrus, presupplementary motor area, and basal ganglia regions- of-interest during response inhibition at baseline was associated with an attenuated association between cravings and subsequent smoking, supporting the ecological validity of neurocognitive tasks to everyday response inhibition.

The Effectiveness of Interventions to Change Six Health Behaviours: a Review of Reviews

by Fiona Harris

Re-analysing Equity in a Cochrane Review: Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy

by Alison O'Mara-Eves

Poster presentation at the 2011 Cochrane Collaboration Colloquium.

Suggested Citation:
Kavanagh J, O'Mara AJ, Oliver S, Chamberlain C, Caird J, Barnett-Page E, Thomas J. (2011, Oct). Re-analysing Equity in a Cochrane Review: Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy. Presented at the 19th Cochrane Colloquium, 19-22 October 2011, Madrid, Spain.

Background:
A Cochrane review about smoking cessation in pregnancy concluded that interventions can reduce the... more Background:
A Cochrane review about smoking cessation in pregnancy concluded that interventions can reduce the proportion of smokers and the incidence of low birthweight and preterm births (Lumley et al. 2009). Another systematic review (Arblaster and colleagues 1996) suggested a number of intervention features that are promising for reducing inequalities, such as the involvement of peers.

Objectives:
To assess the impact of interventions on smoking cessation in pregnancy for disadvantaged groups, and to evaluate the relative effectiveness of intervention features suggested by Arblaster and colleagues for reducing health inequalities.

Methods:
Various meta-analytic models (meta-regression, multivariate multilevel modeling) assessed the relative impact of interventions on women differing in their socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity. The effectiveness of intervention features at reducing inequalities was also explored: using incentives; addressing the expressed concerns of pregnant smokers; involving participants’ peers; and consulting women to design interventions. Some variables were addressed descriptively (e.g., young mothers as a disadvantaged group; structural measures as an intervention feature).

Results:
Interventions reduced the number of women smoking in late pregnancy regardless of SES or ethnicity. Interventions with incentives were more effective than those without; no other intervention features were statistically significant predictors of effectiveness. Interventions were relatively more effective at increasing birthweight than stopping smoking altogether.

Conclusions:
Smoking cessation programmes are effective for all women and should be widely implemented. Analysis is ongoing to identify promising elements for smoking cessation interventions to reduce inequalities.

References:
Lumley J, Chamberlain C, Dowswell T, Oliver S, Oakley L, Watson L. (2009) Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. In: the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009: Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001055. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001055. pub2
Arblaster L. (1996) A systematic review of the effectiveness of health service interventions aimed at reducing inequalities in health. Journal of Health Services Research and Policy 1: 93-103.

SMOKING AND ORAL HEALTH

by DR.ABHITOSH DEBATA

JOURNAL OF EMERGING SCIENCE,VOL.3,NOVEMBER 2011

Harm reduction and the medicalisation of tobacco use

by Catriona Rooke

Sociology of Health and Illness. Forthcoming.

In tobacco control the focus has, for some time, been on abstinence from all types of tobacco use as the only solution... more In tobacco control the focus has, for some time, been on abstinence from all types of tobacco use as the only solution to the problem of smoking, and harm reduction approaches are controversial. The most recent English tobacco strategy has incorporated harm reduction approaches in the form of new ‘routes’ to quitting smoking that encourage those who cannot quit to use safer sources of nicotine. This move away from a focus on abstinence can be seen as the result of gradual shifts over the past fifty years in the way that that the problem of smoking is understood and the solutions that are offered. These shifts have involved increasingly seeing tobacco use as a medical problem. This paper uses conceptual tools from science and technology studies to examine developments over the last decade in England, primarily the increasing importance of the idea of harm reduction. Drawing on twenty semi-structured qualitative interviews with key stakeholders and documentary analysis, I suggest that the shape harm reduction has taken in English tobacco control policy has been another shift towards the medicalisation of tobacco use, but that this process has occurred in ways that provide a contrast to commonly outlined ‘drivers’ of medicalisation.

Lamoure J., Stovel J. Varenicline and Suicidal Ideations. How Common is It?. Cdn J of CME 2012; 24(2): 14

by Dr. Joel Lamoure

Lamoure J., Stovel J. Varenicline and Suicidal Ideations. How Common is It?. Cdn J of CME 2012; 24(2): 14
Dr Joel Lamoure

In Canada, varenicline is currently indicated for smoking cessation in conjunction with counselling.1 There have been... more In Canada, varenicline is currently indicated for smoking cessation in conjunction with counselling.1 There have been numerous reports of increased suicidal ideation in patients taking varenicline, and in patients that are quitting smok- ing. This has resulted in the Health Canada Advisory warning health- care providers about the increased risk of serious neuropsychiatric adverse events in those patients taking varenicline. Specifically, depressed mood, agitation, hostili- ty, changes in behaviour, suicidal ideation and suicide, as well as worsening of pre-existing psychi- atric illness have been observed.2 This scenario is very reminiscent for me of the mid 1980’s when fluoxe- tine was first launched in the USA.

Amygdala response to smoking-cessation messages mediates the effects of serotonin transporter gene variation on smoking cessation.

by Agnes Jasinska

Association between retinol and vitamin C with the risk of oral cancer - A case-control study.

by Rosnah Binti Zain

Introduction: Dietary intake has been hypothesized to be associated with various diseases including oral cancer.... more Introduction: Dietary intake has been hypothesized to be associated with various diseases including oral cancer. According to studies worldwide, imbalanced diet and nutrient deficiency have been attributed to promote oral malignancies. However, the function of specific nutrients in preventing oral cancer remains largely undefined. This study aims to investigate the association between intake of retinol and vitamin C with the risk of oral cancer. Materials and methods: Dietary intake data was collected from 8 participating hospitals throughout Malaysia using a validated foodfrequency questionnaire (FFQ). Intake of retinol and vitamin C were computed using the Nutriemart software. This case-control study included 150 cases and 150 controls matched for age, gender and ethnicity.The association between micronutrients, risk habits and oral cancer was analysed using Pearson Chi-Square test and multiple logistic regression. Results: Significantly more controls were found to consume retinol (27.3%) and vitamin C (83.3%) above the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) as compared to cases (10.7% and 72.0%, respectively). Among risk habits, only cigarette smoking was found to have an inverse association with vitamin C (p = 0.021) where as no risk habits were found to be associated with retinol intake. After adjusting for confounding factors, only retinol intake was found to be inversely related to the risk of oral cancer (aOR 0.272, 95%CI 0.135– 0.548). Discussion: This study suggests that vitamin C appears to reduce risk of oral cancer and this relationship is weakened after adjusting for risk habits. Meanwhile, retinol intake proves to provide protection against oral cancer up to 72.8% independent of risk habits practiced.

Incidental exposure to no-smoking signs primes craving for cigarettes

by Brian Earp

Earp, B. D., Dill, B., Harris, J., Ackerman, J., and Bargh, J. (2011). Incidental exposure to no-smoking signs primes craving for cigarettes: An ironic effect of unconscious semantic processing? Yale Review of Undergraduate Research in Psychology, Vol 2, No 1, 12-23.

The present study tests whether incidental exposure to no-smoking signs may ironically boost craving for cigarettes in... more The present study tests whether incidental exposure to no-smoking signs may ironically boost craving for cigarettes in smokers. Smokers viewed photographs in which no-smoking signs were either incon- spicuously embedded (prime) or edited out (control). Participants then used a joystick to make quick approach vs. avoid motions while viewing smoking-related and neutral stimuli on a computer screen (Chen & Bargh, 1999). We hypothesized that primed smokers, but not controls, would show an automatic reach bias toward the smoking-related stimuli. The data supported our prediction. Possible mechanisms for the effect are discussed, as well as implications for public health policy, negation-based social campaigns in general, and our understanding of the unconscious processing of semantic information.

Patient and doctor perspectives on incorporating smoking cessation into tuberculosis care in Beijing, China.

by Sanghyuk Shin

Published in the International Journal of TB and Lung Disease 2012;16(1):126-131.

SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) hospital in Beijing, China.

OBJECTIVE: To describe perspectives of patients and... more SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) hospital in Beijing, China.

OBJECTIVE: To describe perspectives of patients and physicians regarding the incorporation of smoking cessation interventions as part of TB treatment.

DESIGN: Seven focus groups were conducted with 39 patients and 17 physicians.

RESULTS: Patients were more receptive to physicians' advice to quit smoking due to increased concerns about their health after becoming ill with TB. However, patients indicated that they might start smoking again after they recovered from TB. Patients' attempts to quit smoking may have been inhibited by exposure to smoking at the TB facility. Physicians had low levels of knowledge regarding the effect of smoking on TB. Many doctors, particularly those who smoked, did not view smoking cessation as an integral part of TB treatment.

CONCLUSION: Despite the presence of a `teachable moment', TB patients experience significant barriers to quitting smoking. Patient education in TB treatment programs should address the specific effects of smoking on TB and the general health benefits of cessation. Smoke-free policies should be strictly enforced in TB facilities. Successful integration of smoking cessation interventions within TB treatment regimens may require that providers adopt smoking cessation as an essential part of TB treatment.