Smoking

Smoking and its consequences in pregnant women in Ukraine

by Tatiana Andreeva

Do 'light'cigarettes make smoking lighter?

by Tatiana Andreeva

Smoking among adolescents in Russia in comparison with other countries of central and Eastern Europe and former Soviet Union

by Tatiana Andreeva

Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) report, Ukraine 2010

by Tatiana Andreeva

Smoking and health in Indonesia

by Hui Liew

Indonesia is one of the top five tobacco-consuming countries in the world (Ng et al. 2006). Most Indonesians consider... more Indonesia is one of the top five tobacco-consuming countries in the world (Ng et al. 2006). Most Indonesians consider cigarette-smoking socially acceptable (Aditama 2002). This study seeks to determine the extent to which the three theoretical debates identified by Pampel and Rogers (2004) are applicable in Indonesia. The empirical work of this study will be based on the 2000 Indonesian Family and Life Survey (2000 IFLS). The main conclusion from the regression analyses is that the effect of smoking on health is similar across all the socio-economic characteristics at the individual, household and community levels. Overall, multivariate analyses suggest that an additive relationship between socio-economic status and health, and the health impact of smoking in Indonesia, reflect neither the forces of the Blaxter nor social vulnerability hypotheses. The analyses of 2000 IFLS also suggest that marriage has beneficial effects on health and smoking-related morbidity.

Perceived Discrimination and Smoking Among Rural-to-Urban Migrant Women in China

by Sanghyuk Shin

Published online first in the Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, March 3, 2012

Smoking may be a coping mechanism for psychosocial stress caused by discrimination. We conducted a cross-sectional... more Smoking may be a coping mechanism for psychosocial stress caused by discrimination. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of rural-to-urban migrant women working as restaurant/hotel workers (RHWs) and those working as sex workers (FSWs) in 10 Chinese cities to investigate whether perceived discrimination is associated with smoking. We interviewed RHWs at medical examination clinics and FSWs at entertainment venues. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios. Of the 1,696 RHWs and 532 FSWs enrolled, 155 (9.1%) and 63 (11.8%) reported perceived discrimination, respectively. Perceived discrimination was independently associated with ever tried smoking (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31–2.23) and current smoking (PR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.32–4.79) among RHWs and ever tried smoking (PR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.16–1.61) and current smoking (PR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.28–2.06) among FSWs. Perceived discrimination is associated with higher prevalence of smoking among rural-to-urban migrant women in China.

School-related conscientiousness, alcohol drinking, and cigarette smoking in a representative sample of English school pupils

by Gareth Hagger-Johnson

Impact of Smoking on Cognitive Decline in Early Old Age: The Whitehall II Cohort Study

by Gareth Hagger-Johnson

Pathways from childhood intelligence and socio-economic status to late-life cardiovascular disease risk

by Gareth Hagger-Johnson

In press at Health Psychology, co-authored with René MÕTTUS, Leone C.A. CRAIG, John M. STARR, Ian J. DEARY.

Objective: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase marker of systemic inflammation and considered an established... more Objective: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase marker of systemic inflammation and considered an established risk marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in old age. Previous studies have suggested that low childhood intelligence, lower socio-economic status (SES) in childhood or in later life, unhealthy behaviors, poor wellbeing and high Body Mass Index (BMI) are associated with inflammation. Life course models that simultaneously incorporate all these risk factors can explain how CVD risks accumulate over time, from childhood to old age. Methods: Using the data from 1,091 Scottish adults (Lothian Birth Cohort Study 1936), a path model was constructed to predict CRP at age 70  from concurrent health behaviors, self-perceived quality of life and BMI and adulthood SES as mediating variables, and from parental SES and childhood intelligence as distal risk factors. Results: A well-fitting path model (CFI = .92, SRMR = .05) demonstrated significant indirect effects from childhood intelligence and parental social class to inflammation via BMI, health behaviors and quality of life (all ps < .05). Low childhood intelligence, unhealthy behaviors, and higher BMI were also direct predictors of CRP. Conclusions: The life course model illustrated how CVD risks may accumulate over time, beginning in childhood and being both direct and transmitted indirectly via low adult SES, unhealthy behaviors, impaired quality of life and high BMI. Knowledge on the childhood risk factors and their pathways to poor health can be used to identify high risk individuals for more intensive and tailored behavior change interventions, and to develop effective public health policies.

Examining the Adolescents’ Smoking According to Their Peer Pressure Levels and Gender

by Halil Eksi

Binnaz KIRAN-ESEN
Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice
3 (1) •  / May 2003 • 179-188

In this research the difference in the students’ smoking according to their peer
pressure levels and gender is... more In this research the difference in the students’ smoking according to their peer
pressure levels and gender is examined. This study is executed in 2001-2002
academic year on 718 2nd grade high school students (311 girls and 407 boys)
between ages 15-17 who are impartially selected by cluster sampling and
random sampling techniques. A Peer Pressure Scale, developed by the author, is used to
determine the peer pressure. Information about the frequency of
students’ smoking is calculated according to the answers of students. The
relations between variables and the difference between scores are analyzed by
chi-square test. The results show that, there is a significant relation (p< 0.05)
between peer pressure levels and smoking. It is, however, determined that
gender does not bring about a meaningful differentiation on adolescents’
smoking. Existence of a relation between smoking and peer pressure among
adolescents makes it necessary for the schools’ psychological counseling and
guidance services to cover studies about decreasing peer pressure.

Risk factors for adolescent smoking: Parental smoking and the mediating role of nicotine dependence

by Arielle (Schmidt) Selya

Co-authored with Lisa Dierker, Jennifer Rose, Donald Hedeker, and Robin Mermelstein.  In press, Drug and Alcohol Dependence (2012), doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.004

BACKGROUND: Parental smoking and early-emerging nicotine dependence symptoms are well-documented risk factors for... more BACKGROUND: Parental smoking and early-emerging nicotine dependence symptoms are well-documented risk factors for adolescent smoking. However, very little is known about the mediating pathways through which these risk factors may act, or whether parental smoking may cause or signal early-emerging nicotine dependence symptoms.

METHODS: Data were drawn from the longitudinal Social and Emotional Contexts of Adolescent Smoking Patterns Study. Adolescents who had smoked under 100 cigarettes in their lifetime (n=594; low-exposure group) and adolescents who had smoked over 100 cigarettes, but fewer than 5 cigarettes per day (n=152) were included in the analyses. Path analysis was performed on longitudinal data to investigate the association between parental smoking and smoking frequency at the 48 months follow-up, both directly and through mediating variables of smoking frequency, smoking quantity, and nicotine dependence.

RESULTS: Father's smoking was associated with higher adolescent nicotine dependence scores at the baseline assessment wave. Structural equation modeling revealed that mother's smoking at baseline was associated with adolescent's smoking frequency at the 48-month follow-up, and its effect was partially mediated by both smoking frequency and nicotine dependence among low-exposure adolescent smokers.

CONCLUSIONS: Parental smoking is a risk factor for future smoking in low-exposure adolescent smokers, above and beyond the risks posed by smoking behavior and nicotine dependence. Moreover, parental smoking is associated with early-onset nicotine dependence in low-exposure adolescent smokers. As an easily measureable risk factor, parent smoking status can be used to identify and intervene with novice adolescent smokers who are at high risk for chronic smoking behavior.

Effect of self-administered auricular acupressure on smoking cessation --a pilot study. Leung, L. et al.

by Lawrence Leung

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, 12:11

Background
Tobacco smoking is still a worldwide health risk. Current pharmacotherapies have at best, a success... more Background
Tobacco smoking is still a worldwide health risk. Current pharmacotherapies have at best, a success rate of no more than 50%. Auricular (ear) acupressure has been purported to be beneficial in achieving smoking cessation in some studies, while in others has been deemed insignificant. We hereby describe the protocol for a three-arm randomised controlled trial to examine the possible benefits of self-administered acupressure for smoking cessation.

Methods
Sixty consenting participants with confirmed habit of tobacco smoking will be recruited and randomized into three arms to receive either auricular acupressure at five true acupoints (NADA protocol), auricular acupressure at five sham points, or no auricular acupressure at all. Participants having auricular acupressure will exert firm pressure to each acupoint bilaterally via the bead in the attached plasters whenever they feel the urge to smoke. The treatment phase will last for six weeks during which all participants will be assessed weekly to review their smoking log, state of abstinence, end-exhalation carbon monoxide levels and possible adverse effects including withdrawal reactions and stress levels. At any time, a successful quit date will be defined with continuous abstinence for the following consecutive 7 days. From then on, participants will be evaluated individually for continuous abstinence rate (CAR), end-exhalation carbon monoxide levels and adverse effects of stress and withdrawal at specified intervals up to 26 weeks. Expectancy of treatment will be assessed with a four-item Borkovec and Nau self-assessment credibility scale during and after intervention.

Discussion
We incorporate validated outcome measures of smoking cessation into our randomised controlled trial design with the objectives to evaluate the feasibility and possible benefits of self-administered auricular acupressure as a non-invasive alternative to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov registration identifier: NCT01389622 (registered Jul 7 2011)

In the trenches of real-world self-control: Neural correlates of breaking the link between craving and smoking

by Elliot Berkman

with Falk & Lieberman in Psych Sci

Successful goal pursuit involves repeatedly engaging self-control against temptations or distractions that arise along... more Successful goal pursuit involves repeatedly engaging self-control against temptations or distractions that arise along the way. Laboratory studies have identified the brain systems recruited during isolated instances of self-control and ecological studies have linked self-control capacity to goal outcomes. However, no study has identified the neural systems of everyday self-control during long-term goal pursuit. The present study integrates neuroimaging and experience-sampling methods to investigate the brain systems of successful self-control among smokers attempting to quit. A sample of twenty-seven cigarette smokers completed a go/no-go task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before cessation, then reported everyday self- control using experience-sampling eight times daily for three weeks during quitting. Increased activation in right inferior frontal gyrus, presupplementary motor area, and basal ganglia regions- of-interest during response inhibition at baseline was associated with an attenuated association between cravings and subsequent smoking, supporting the ecological validity of neurocognitive tasks to everyday response inhibition.

Knowledge and Practice of First Year Medical Students about Smoking

by IOMC Conference

Kye Mon Min Swe
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine,
Melaka Manipal Medical College, Malaysia
khmoneminswe@gmail.com

Smoking and health in London’s East End in the first half of the 19th century

by Michael Henderson

Don Walker and Michael Henderson 2010 Post-Medieval Archaeology 44/1, 209–222

The harmful effects of smoking are now proven, but to what extent can tobacco use be identified in 19th-century... more The harmful effects of smoking are now proven, but to what extent can tobacco use be identified in 19th-century skeletal remains? The full osteological analysis of 705 individuals from the cemetery of St Mary and St Michael (open 1843–54) in Whitechapel, London, revealed a high prevalence of pipe smoking amongst the male population. In addition to a lower life expectancy, the smokers were found to have increased levels of skeletal evidence for lung disease when compared to the remainder of the sample. This has implications for the health, social structure and cohesion of this Irish migrant population.

Radiaoctivity in Cigarette

by Prof.Dr. İbrahim USLU

Turkish Journal of nuclear Sciences Volume 25 no:2 pp 1998
ibrahim Uslu, E. Tanker, M.L. Aksu

Cigarette is known to be hazardous to health due to nicotine and tar it contains. This is indicated on cigarette... more Cigarette is known to be hazardous to health due to nicotine and tar it contains. This is indicated on cigarette packets by health warnings. However there is less known hazard of smoking due to intake of radioactive compounds by inhalation. This study dwells upon the radioactive hazard of smoking.

SMOKING AND ORAL HEALTH

by DR.ABHITOSH DEBATA

JOURNAL OF EMERGING SCIENCE,VOL.3,NOVEMBER 2011

Harm reduction and the medicalisation of tobacco use

by Catriona Rooke

Sociology of Health and Illness. Forthcoming.

In tobacco control the focus has, for some time, been on abstinence from all types of tobacco use as the only solution... more In tobacco control the focus has, for some time, been on abstinence from all types of tobacco use as the only solution to the problem of smoking, and harm reduction approaches are controversial. The most recent English tobacco strategy has incorporated harm reduction approaches in the form of new ‘routes’ to quitting smoking that encourage those who cannot quit to use safer sources of nicotine. This move away from a focus on abstinence can be seen as the result of gradual shifts over the past fifty years in the way that that the problem of smoking is understood and the solutions that are offered. These shifts have involved increasingly seeing tobacco use as a medical problem. This paper uses conceptual tools from science and technology studies to examine developments over the last decade in England, primarily the increasing importance of the idea of harm reduction. Drawing on twenty semi-structured qualitative interviews with key stakeholders and documentary analysis, I suggest that the shape harm reduction has taken in English tobacco control policy has been another shift towards the medicalisation of tobacco use, but that this process has occurred in ways that provide a contrast to commonly outlined ‘drivers’ of medicalisation.

Tobacco point of sale (PoS) displays in England: a snapshot survey of current practices

by Catriona Rooke

With Hazel Cheeseman, Martin Dockrell, Deborah Millward and Amanda Sandford (2010) Tobacco Control 19 (4): 279-284

Background: Tobacco displays at the point of sale (PoS) are an important means for the tobacco industry to communicate... more Background: Tobacco displays at the point of sale (PoS) are an important means for the tobacco industry to communicate with consumers. With regulations prohibiting PoS displays recently having come into force in Ireland, passed into law in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and some Australian states, and being considered in New Zealand, Finland and Brazil, this is an increasingly important issue. This study explores the nature of displays, the extent to which they are tobacco industry funded, and the relation between the tobacco companies and retailers.

Methods: Three areas were chosen to gain a snapshot of PoS displays in England. Over 100 retailers were visited, with interviews taking place on site. Information was gathered on the type and size of tobacco display, who was paying for the display, requirements and incentives, and visits by industry representatives.

Results: The majority of retailers had gantries provided by tobacco companies. A minority of these were fitted with automated dispensers called retail vending machines. Attractive lighting and colour were often used to highlight particular products. Most retailers were being visited by industry representatives who checked displays. Some retailers also reported incentives offered to them for displaying products.

Conclusions: The results suggest that the tobacco industry presence and control in the retail environment is significant. Tobacco companies overwhelmingly provided tobacco gantries in the shops surveyed and influenced displays through a combination of requirements and incentives. The extensive involvement of tobacco companies in providing and monitoring retail displays suggests the importance of implementing policies to end this form of advertising.

Lamoure J., Stovel J. Varenicline and Suicidal Ideations. How Common is It?. Cdn J of CME 2012; 24(2): 14

by Dr. Joel Lamoure

Lamoure J., Stovel J. Varenicline and Suicidal Ideations. How Common is It?. Cdn J of CME 2012; 24(2): 14
Dr Joel Lamoure

In Canada, varenicline is currently indicated for smoking cessation in conjunction with counselling.1 There have been... more In Canada, varenicline is currently indicated for smoking cessation in conjunction with counselling.1 There have been numerous reports of increased suicidal ideation in patients taking varenicline, and in patients that are quitting smok- ing. This has resulted in the Health Canada Advisory warning health- care providers about the increased risk of serious neuropsychiatric adverse events in those patients taking varenicline. Specifically, depressed mood, agitation, hostili- ty, changes in behaviour, suicidal ideation and suicide, as well as worsening of pre-existing psychi- atric illness have been observed.2 This scenario is very reminiscent for me of the mid 1980’s when fluoxe- tine was first launched in the USA.