Situation awareness

Incidental exposure to no-smoking signs primes craving for cigarettes

by Brian Earp

Earp, B. D., Dill, B., Harris, J., Ackerman, J., and Bargh, J. (2011). Incidental exposure to no-smoking signs primes craving for cigarettes: An ironic effect of unconscious semantic processing? Yale Review of Undergraduate Research in Psychology, Vol 2, No 1, 12-23.

The present study tests whether incidental exposure to no-smoking signs may ironically boost craving for cigarettes in... more The present study tests whether incidental exposure to no-smoking signs may ironically boost craving for cigarettes in smokers. Smokers viewed photographs in which no-smoking signs were either incon- spicuously embedded (prime) or edited out (control). Participants then used a joystick to make quick approach vs. avoid motions while viewing smoking-related and neutral stimuli on a computer screen (Chen & Bargh, 1999). We hypothesized that primed smokers, but not controls, would show an automatic reach bias toward the smoking-related stimuli. The data supported our prediction. Possible mechanisms for the effect are discussed, as well as implications for public health policy, negation-based social campaigns in general, and our understanding of the unconscious processing of semantic information.

Context-and activity-awareness in collaborative environments

by Afsaneh Doryab

Back-seat driver: Spatial sound for vehicular way-finding and situation awareness

by Owen Noel Newton Fernando

We are exploring IDSS (intelligent driver support systems), especially including way-finding presented via spatial... more We are exploring IDSS (intelligent driver support systems), especially including way-finding presented via spatial audio. ("Way-finding" refers to giving a driver directions, as via car navigation ['car-nabi"] GPS/GIS systems.) We have developed a networked driving simulator as a virtual-reality based interface (control/display system) featuring integration with the Sc haire rotary motion platform for azimuth-display, stereographic display for 3D graphics, and spatial audio (sound spatialization) way-finding cues. A design for a guidance system coupled with a GPS system is described, using dynamically selected HRTFs (headrelated transfer functions) to directionalize arbitrary audio signals. The system is intended to provide a capability for way-finding as an audio compass or homing beacon. "Back-seat driver" is a slang expression for a passenger (often stereotypically a mother-in-law) who offers driving advice while en route. Besides this colloquialism, we also interpret the phrase literally: we have developed a doubledriver (long ladder) fire-truck simulation with a "tiller" (rear steering), which can be driven via an integrated pair of our driving simulator stations. We have incorporated navigation cues into the emergency vehicle simulator, and are are working to deploy such a system in a real vehicle. Keywords: augmented audio reality, GIS (geographic information systems), GPS (global positioning satellite) applications, stereotelephony, way-finding.

Saisir les situations propices à une éducation à la fois au mieux-être personnel et au mieux-vivre ensemble

by Domenico Masciotra, PhD

Reportage de Domenico Masciotra
Vie pédagogique – Numéro 146 - Février • Mars 2008 » Dossier : Des conditions à mettre en place »

Comment éduquer au mieux-vivre ensemble? Entre autres, en créant des mises en situation d’enseignement et... more Comment éduquer au mieux-vivre ensemble? Entre autres, en créant des mises en situation d’enseignement et d’apprentissage appropriées ou en saisissant les situations qui surviennent « naturellement » dans la vie scolaire. Ici, il est question de cette deuxième avenue : éduquer au mieux-être et au mieux-vivre ensemble en traitant les problématiques réelles auxquelles les élèves font face. Tel est le défi que Lise-Anne St.Vincent a relevé à de multiples reprises, en s’intéressant aux situations de la vie scolaire qui comportaient une problématique à la fois personnelle et sociale.

En de telles situations, l’élève est personnellement concerné; il vit la situation souvent sans trop la comprendre, comme s’il y était englué, et il en subit les conséquences néfastes. Savoir saisir ces moments, les comprendre (lat. comprehendere, de cum, avec, et prehendere, prendre, prendre avec soi) intellectuellement et émotionnellement, et les transformer en occasions d’éducation – Carl Rogers (1996) les décrivait comme des situations d’apprentissage authentique – relève d’un art ou à tout le moins d’une compétence particulière : l’accompagnement compétent d’élèves dans la résolution de situations qui les perturbent et qui s’avèrent donc problématiques pour eux (problème d’anxiété ou d’estime de soi, relations conflictuelles, etc.). L’accompagnement compétent demande, entre autres, de la présence d’esprit, de la disponibilité, de l’empathie, de l’écoute active et une âme éducative. Habitée par ces attitudes positives, Lise-Anne a accompagné certains de ses élèves dans la résolution de leurs situations conflictuelles.

One with I in its eye

by Damir Ibrisimovic

Philosophy of Mind beyond Science

Collaborative Situational Mapping During Emergency Response

by Willem-Paul Brinkman

Gunawan, L.T., Ooms, A.H.J., Neerincx, M., Brinkman, W.-P., & Alers, H., "Collaborative situational mapping during emergency response", Proceedings of ECCE2009, ISBN 978-951-38-6339-5, pp. 85 - 91, 2009.

During emergency response, individuals observe only part of the picture, sharing of information is needed to get the... more During emergency response, individuals observe only part of the picture, sharing of information is needed to get the required complete picture. The aim of our study is to get insight in the collaborative mapping process in order to derive requirements for a map-sharing tool. First, we analyzed the domain to assess the mapping processes, to identify general problem areas of the assessed processes. Subsequently, we conducted a laboratory experiment to systematically investigate the indentified problem of collaborative map construction by individuals who observed an incident from different perspectives.

This paper discuss an experiment, which showed that the individual maps are sometimes better than the jointly constructed map, among other things due to the collaboration biases of unbalanced relations and uncertainty about oneself. Thus based on this experiment, the collaborative mapping tool should support joint map construction and help to prevent the identified collaboration biases.

Effect of map sharing and confidence information in situation-map making

by Willem-Paul Brinkman

Gunawan, L., Alers, H., Brinkman, W.-P., and Neerincx, M.A. (2010). "Effect of map sharing and confidence information in situation-map making", Proceedings of ECCE 2010, ISBN 978-94-90818-04-3, pp. 41-48.

Motivation -- A situation map that shows the overview of a disaster situation serves as a valuable tool for disaster... more Motivation -- A situation map that shows the overview of a disaster situation serves as a valuable tool for disaster response teams. It helps them orientate their location and make disaster response decisions. It is, however, a quite complicated task to rapidly generate a comprehensive situation map of a disaster area. In this paper, we report on an investigation of how two persons can collaborate to make a situation map.

Research approach -- We performed a controlled laboratory experiment, in which 32 participants (grouped into 16 pairs) made a situation map of incidents. The experiment was set up as a two-way repeated-measures design with the type of collaboration and the availability of confidence level information as within-subject factors.

Findings/Design -- The results suggest that the collaboration type can affect the quality of the situation map. Additionally, the results also suggest that the availability of confidence information influences the discussion process during collaboration. The participants perceived the availability of confidence level information as being positive.

Research limitations/Implications -- The order of using the types of collaboration might have caused a learning effect by participants. Furthermore, the lack of a practice session might have had an influence on participants' object recognition during the first session of the experiment.

Originality/Value -- The study takes the position that the affected population in a disaster can actively participate in the situation-map making process.

Take away message -- Situation map-making might benefit from a simple collaborative action such as sharing a map including confidence information.

Distributed Collaborative Situation-Map Making for Disaster Response

by Willem-Paul Brinkman

Gunawan, L.T., Alers, H., Brinkman, W.-P., Neerincx, M.A. (2011). Distributed collaborative situation-map making for disaster response. Interacting with Computers, 23(4), 308-316.

A situation map that shows the overview of a disaster situation serves as a valuable tool for disaster response teams.... more A situation map that shows the overview of a disaster situation serves as a valuable tool for disaster response teams. It helps them to orientate their location and to make disaster response decisions. It is, however, a complicated task to rapidly generate a complete and comprehensive situation map of a disaster area, particularly due to the centralized organization of disaster management and the limited emergency services. In this study, we propose to let the affected population be utilized as an additional resource that can actively help to make such a situation map.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of constructing a shared situation map using a collaborative distributed mechanism. By examining earlier research, a detailed list of potential problems is identified in the collaborative map-making process. These problems were then addressed in an experiment which evaluated a number of proposed solutions. The results showed that more collaboration channels led to a situation map of better quality, and that including confidence information for objects and events in the map helped the discussion process during the map-making

The Relationship Between SPAM, Workload, and Task Performance on a Simulated ATC Task

by Russell Pierce

Po Li AwaC: Design and Evaluation of An Awareness-Enhanced Groupware Client

by Wolfgang Prinz

From Multi-User to Shared Object Systems: Awareness About Co-Workers In Cooperation Support Object Databases

by Wolfgang Prinz

This paper presents a new paradigm of awareness about cooperating partners in an object oriented database system.... more This paper presents a new paradigm of awareness about cooperating partners in an object oriented database system. Given a collaborative object store, users who are accessing objects or navigating through the system should be aware of "nearby" users and their activities, and given the opportunity to communicate with those users, hence abolishing the isolationism enforced by current database technology. This paper thus examines the different levels of awareness that should be provided, and also potential spatial metrics that are required to give some meaning to "nearby". Based on these considerations, we will show that it is possible to calculate the mutual awareness of users in an object system based on their behavior, i.e. their actions and operations in the system.

Awareness In Context: A Light-Weight Approach

by Wolfgang Prinz

Supporting Cooperative Awareness With Local Event Mechanisms: The GroupDesk System

by Wolfgang Prinz

Fuchs, L., U. Pankoke-Babatz and W. Prinz, "Supporting Cooperative Awareness with Local Event Mechanisms: The GroupDesk System" in Proc. of Fourth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: ECSCW '95, H. Marmolin, Y. Sundblad, and K. Schmidt eds., Stockholm, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995, pp. 247-262.

An event distribution model for a computer based cooperative working environment is presented.
The proposed model... more An event distribution model for a computer based cooperative working environment is presented.
The proposed model aims to provide information about the ongoing and past activities of
collaborating users, based on the semantics and contextual relationships of the shared artifacts
and contributes to increase the awareness of the ongoing state of affairs without overloading the
user with additional information.
GroupDesk, a prototype implementation of this model is introduced. The system provides a
simple environment for the coordination of cooperative document production. Support for shared
awareness is achieved by visualizing the event information using the desktop metaphor.

NESSIE: An Awareness Environment for Cooperative Settings

by Wolfgang Prinz

Prinz, W., "NESSIE: An Awareness Environment for Cooperative Settings" in Proc. of ECSCW'99: Sixth Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, S. Bødker, M. Kyng, and K. Schmidt eds., Copenhagen, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999, pp. 391-410.

This paper describes NESSIE1, an awareness environment for cooperative settings. Key
elements of NESSIE are an... more This paper describes NESSIE1, an awareness environment for cooperative settings. Key
elements of NESSIE are an application independent generic infrastructure, an open and
extendable protocol including dynamic event types, and a set of sensors and
configurable indicators, both for discrete and contextual event notifications. Special
aspects of the NESSIE server are the support access control, reciprocity, event
transformation, the provision of different interaction methods, the implementation of a
subscription method that is based on interest profiles, as well as the possibility of sharing
profiles among groups. With the integration of real-world sensors and tangible interfaces
for the presentation of awareness information, NESSIE enables new ways to foster taskoriented
and social awareness.
Introduction