Segregation

Latino School Concentration and Academic Performance among Latino Children*

by Joshua Klugman

Jennifer C. Lee is primary author.  Resubmitted to Social Science Quarterly.

Objective: To examine the effects of the concentration of Latino students in elementary schools on Latino first... more Objective: To examine the effects of the concentration of Latino students in elementary schools on Latino first graders’ test scores, and to determine if the effects vary by children’s nativity status.
Methods: We use generalized estimating equations (GEE) on a sample of Latino first graders from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class of 1998 (ECLS-K). 
Results: For math and reading, Latino concentration in schools’ improves students’ first grade test scores for Latino children of immigrant parents, but it has no effect for Latino children of U.S.-born parents.  For general knowledge test scores, Latino concentration has no effect for children of immigrant parents and has a deleterious impact on the scores of children of U.S.-born parents.  We also show no effect of Latino concentration on the scores of white children of U.S.-born parents.
Conclusions:  The results suggest that Latino concentration in elementary schools promotes educational outcomes for children from Latino immigrant families, but Latino families headed by U.S.-born parents do not benefit from co-ethnic concentration, which is in accordance with expectations derived from assimilation theories.   

School Co-ethnicity and Hispanic Parental Involvement

by Joshua Klugman

Co-authored with Jennifer C. Lee.  Forthcoming in Social Science Research.

Scholars of immigration disagree about the role ethnic communities play in immigrant families’ engagement in... more Scholars of immigration disagree about the role ethnic communities play in immigrant families’ engagement in educational institutions.  While some researchers argue that the concentration of disadvantaged ethnic groups may prevent meaningful engagement with schools, others argue that ethnic communities can possess resources that help immigrant families be involved in their children’s schooling.  In this study we use a nationally representative dataset of Hispanic children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) to determine if the relative size of the Hispanic population in the school affects levels of their parents’ involvement in their education, as well as parents’ perceptions of barriers to their involvement.  Our results suggest that a large Hispanic presence in a child’s school can help increase immigrant Hispanic parents’ involvement in their children’s schooling, but there are no benefits for U.S.-born Hispanic parents, indicating that ethnic communities help immigrant families acculturate to American institutions.

Ethnic segregation, urban change and the role of G.I.S.

by Niall Cunningham

This is the text of a paper which I delivered at a workshop Laurence Brown and I organised on Ethnic Segregation & GIS at Manchester University on 26th April, 2012.

The purpose of this paper is not to critique in detailed terms alternate perspectives on issues of race, migration and... more The purpose of this paper is not to critique in detailed terms alternate perspectives on issues of race, migration and segregation; rather, it is to explore the potential utility of Geographical Information Systems (G.I.S.) technology in helping to provide a better understanding of the dynamics of these issues, specifically in relation to radical change within the built environment. It will argue that challenges exist in attempting to represent ethnic spatial change over time, but that tools are also available to help us deal with some of these problems. In doing so, the paper will focus principally on the Moss Side district of inner-city Manchester, but will also draw initially on parallels with the Northern Ireland capital, Belfast. The objective of this comparative slant is to highlight both the methodological issues and substantive historical lessons that can be drawn from a city which is, in a United Kingdom context, the segregation laboratory par excellence. In conventional wisdom, the demographic experience of Belfast is often presented as exceptional. However, in terms of its experience of issues of slum clearance, comprehensive redevelopment and how these impacted on patterns of ethnic settlement, the city has perhaps much more in common with postindustrial northern British cities than has previously been appreciated.

Intermarriage Patterns and Socio-ethnic Stratification among Ethnic Groups in Toronto

by Dan Rodríguez-García

Rodríguez García, Dan (2007) “Intermarriage Patterns and Socio-ethnic Stratification among Ethnic Groups in Toronto”. CERIS Working Paper No.60. Toronto: Joint Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Settlement.
http://www.ceris.metropolis.net/wp-content/uploads/pdf/research_publication/working_papers/wp60.pdf

This paper examines patterns of interethnic marriage in Toronto, Canada. Using data from the 2001 Canadian Census, the... more This paper examines patterns of interethnic marriage in Toronto, Canada. Using data from the 2001 Canadian Census, the paper makes a major contribution to the literature on intermarriage:
first, by relating various widely argued hypotheses concerning intermarriage to the results for Toronto, one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world and a perfect laboratory for investigating the scope of interactions between groups; second, by paying particular attention to how race/ethnicity, class, and gender intersect; and third, by using a large customized census data set (20 per cent sample). The results reveal the prevalence of ethno-racial endogamy and suggest the existence of socio-ethnic stratification and status exchange in patterns of intermarriage in Toronto, an officially multicultural context assumed to be structurally horizontal.

The Spatial Dimensions of Urban Social Exclusion and Integration: the Case of Milan

by Alberta Andreotti

research report
with Yuri Kazepov

The URBEX project aims at increasing our knowledge of the spatial dimensions ofurban social exclusion and integration... more The URBEX project aims at increasing our knowledge of the spatial dimensions ofurban social exclusion and integration by comparing eleven cities in six countries in Europe. The comparison is made on the basis of a common statistical analysis and the application of a common analytical framework and commonly designed fieldwork. The programme’s focus is on the spatial patterns of exclusion, and on the extent to which concentrations of deprivation create added problems for the development of effective policy responses. The research investigates and compares the extent to which groups
experiencing social exclusion are spatially segregated in different European cities. It also examines whether spatial segregation aggravates exclusion and whether this makes
the task of combating exclusion more difficult. Moreover, it considers the trajectoriesand coping strategies of individuals in a condition of need, how they enter this condition and how they try to cope with and get out of it. Finally, it considers the impact of
different policy initiatives designed to combat exclusion in areas where problems of deprivation and exclusion are concentrated.

To Segregate or to Separate? Special Education Expansion and Divergence in the United States and Germany

by Justin J.W. Powell

Globalising European Urban Bourgeoisies? Rooted middle classes and partial exit in Paris, Lyon, Madrid and Milan

by Alberta Andreotti

with Patrick Le Galès and Francisco Javier Moreno Fuentes

Introduction to a fothcoming book:
This book aims at empirically testing the role of urban upper middle classes... more Introduction to a fothcoming book:
This book aims at empirically testing the role of urban upper middle classes in the transformations experienced by contemporary European societies, linking our analysis to the debate on the emergence of a transnational bourgeoisie. In this book we argue (and try to provide empirical evidence to prove) that these groups are becoming at the same time more cosmopolitan AND more locally rooted. European urban upper
middle classes have to be analysed in relation to their strategies to gain resources from the international world, and to escape the constraints of national society, while remaining part of it (we call this “partial exit”). 
MEANWHILE, they are also part of urban societies, remain deeply rooted at the local level, and develop strategies to mix with other social and ethnic groups in some domains, while staying away and increasing distance in some others. Beyond simple analysis of secession or gentrification, this book makes
sense of this “partial exit” logic both from the national and from the urban point of view. 
We argue that European urban middle classes are becoming more mobile, partially “exiting” from the national society, and we bring evidence of this (friends, networks, children, jobs, holidays, values). They also invest resources in the cities and neighbourhoods where they live, they only look for secession or
gated communities strategies in certain contexts, but remain in control of the social and spatial distance they want to keep in relation to diverse social and ethnic groups.
 Is a new European managerial service class in the making in European metropolis in relation to European/global processes?
 Is there some pattern of social differentiation emerging, is this segment of the population adopting “exit” or “partial exit” strategies in respect to the nation state?
 Is this segment of the population adopting “exit” or “partial exit” strategies emerging from urban
practices and attempts to “exit” from the urban fabric? 

Compositional and thermal equilibration of particles, drops, and diapirs in geophysical flows

by Martina Ulvrova

Co-authored with N. COLTICE, Y. Ricard, S. Labrosse, F. Dubuffet, J. Velimsky, O. Sramek

Core formation, crystal/melt separation, mingling of immiscible magmas, and diapirism are fundamental geological... more Core formation, crystal/melt separation, mingling of immiscible magmas, and diapirism are fundamental geological processes that involve differential motions driven by gravity. Diffusion modifies the composition or/and temperature of the considered phases while they travel. Solid particles, liquid drops and viscous diapirs equilibrate while sinking/rising through their surroundings with a time scale that depends on the physics of the flow and the material properties. In particular, the internal circulation within a liquid drop or a diapir favors the diffusive exchange at the interface. To evaluate time scales of chemical/thermal equilibration between a material falling/rising through a deformable medium, we propose analytical laws that can be used at multiple scales. They depend mostly on the non‐dimensional Péclet and Reynolds numbers, and are consistent with numerical simulations. We show that equilibration between a particle, drop or diapir and its host needs to be considered in light of the flow structure complexity. It is of fundamental importance to identify the dynamic regime of the flow and take into account the role of the inner circulation within drops and diapirs, as well as inertia that reduces the thickness of boundary layers and enhances exchange through the interface. The scaling laws are applied to predict nickel equilibration between metals and silicates that occurs within 130 m of fall in about 4 minutes during the metal rain stage of the Earth’s core formation. For a mafic blob (10 cm diameter) sinking into a felsic melt, trace element equilibration would occur over 4500 m and in about 3 years.

Ethnic density effects on physical morbidity, mortality and health behaviours: A systematic review of the literature.

by Christo Albor

This was a systematic review in which I contributed. It was led by Laia Becares (Manchester). Other co-authors were Mai Stafford, James Nazroo, Richard Shaw, Karl Atkin, Kate Pickett, Kath Kiernan and Richard Wilkinson. It is currently in press with the American Journal of Public Health (2012)

A review of the impact of ethnic density on adult mental disorders

by Christo Albor

In press with the British Journal of Psychiatry (2012). The lead author is Richard Shaw. I am a co-author along with Karl Atkin, Laia Bécares, Mai Stafford, Kathleen Kiernan, James Nazroo, Richard Wilkinson, and Kate Pickett

Background
The ‘ethnic density hypothesis’ is a proposition that members of ethnic minority groups may have... more Background
The ‘ethnic density hypothesis’ is a proposition that members of ethnic minority groups may have better mental health when they live in areas with higher proportions of people of the same ethnicity. Investigations into this hypothesis have resulted in a complex and sometimes disparate literature.

Aims
Systematically identify relevant studies, summarise their findings in a narrative synthesis, and discuss potential explanations of the associations found between ethnic density and mental disorders.

Method
A narrative review of studies published up to January 2011, identified through a systematic search strategy. Studies included have a defined ethnic minority sample; some measure of ethnic density defined at a geographical scale smaller than a nation or a US state; and a measure ascertaining mental health or disorder. Analysis was by narrative synthesis with the aid of semi-quantitative visualisation of data.

Results
Thirty four papers from 29 datasets were identified. Protective associations between ethnic density and diagnosis of mental disorders were most consistent in older US ecological studies of admission rates. Among more recent multilevel studies, there was some evidence of ethnic density being protective against depression and anxiety for African Americans and Hispanic adults in the US. However, Hispanic, Asian-American and Canadian ‘visible minority’ adolescents suffer higher levels of depression at higher ethnic densities. Studies in the UK showed mixed results, with evidence for protective associations most consistent for psychoses.

Conclusions
The results of this review indicate that the most consistent associations of ethnic density are found for psychoses. Ethnic density may also protect against other mental disorders, but presently, as most studies of ethnic density have limited statistical power, and given the heterogeneity of their study designs, our conclusions can only be tentative.

Draußen vor der Tür: Die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Menschen mit Behinderung [On the outside: The labor market situation of people with disabilities]

by Justin J.W. Powell

Planning Urban Segregation?

by tino buchholz

Lutz, Manuel/ Buchholz, Tino (2006): Planning Urban Segregation? In: Raumplanung 129/ 2006. Dortmund: 280-282.

Une théorie de l’État esclavagiste, JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN Gérard HUGUES Aix, Publications de l’Université de Provence, 2004

by Jacques Coulardeau

Un livre sur Calhoun peut être fascinant pour comprendre l’enchaînement des événements qui mènent à la Guerre Civile. Il est donc bon que ce personnage politique soit un peu exploré. Ce volume reprend La Dissertation sur le Gouvernement publié en 1853 dans une traduction de Gérard Hugues et dote ce texte d’une longue présentation de Calhoun lui-même et d’une analyse de l’œuvre. Une remarque préalable s’impose : le texte de la Dissertation est criblé de coquilles, certaines difficiles. Ceci dit la lecture en est facile, même si j’ai remarqué quelques américanismes traduits littéralement.

On regrettera que l’auteur ne mette pas en avant deux questions importantes que Calhoun soulève. D’une part la liberté... more On regrettera que l’auteur ne mette pas en avant deux questions importantes que Calhoun soulève. D’une part la liberté de la presse comme pouvoir d’expression de l’opinion publique. Mais Calhoun neutralise ce pouvoir comme ne pouvant pas assurer un quelconque équilibre dans la société, car la presse défendra nécessairement des intérêts privés. D’autre part les inventions (et il ne considère que la poudre à canon, l’imprimerie et la machine à vapeur) qu’il ne prend en compte que du point de vue militaire ou de l’accroissement de la productivité du travail qu’elles permettent. Il n’a donc compris ni la révolution proto-industrielle des 11ème-13ème siècles, ni la révolution culturelle, urbaine et manufacturière des 15ème-17ème siècles, ni la révolution industrielle des 18ème-19ème siècles. Il n’a pas plus compris l’importance du marché dans le progrès humain, du marché féodal de survivance autarcique au marché libre qui se construit avec la révolution industrielle qui donne à ce marché le rôle de réaliser la valeur ajoutée de la production et pour lequel tout être humain doit devenir un consommateur.

Cartoneros in Buenos Aires: New Forms of Encounter

by Mariano Perelman

Perception of insecurity in poor neighbourhoods: Racial proxy

by Jean-Louis Pan Ké Shon

Equality on Different Terms: The Case of Dutch Hindu Schools

by Michael Merry

Equality, Self Respect and Voluntary Separation

by Michael Merry

Extrapolating Revolution in Who Fears Death and District 9

by Frederic Derose-Jacques

The Limits of Advocacy: The Case of the Lumbee "Indians"

by David Cohen

The Lumbees are a racially mixed population living in and around Robeson County, North Carolina. According to legend,... more The Lumbees are a racially mixed population living in and around Robeson County, North Carolina. According to legend, they are said to descend from the Lost Colony of Roanoke settlers who intermarried with local Indians. In 1885 they were recognized by the State of North Carolina as the Croatan Indians. In 1956 they were recognized as the Lumbee Indians by an act of Congress. However, the 1956 legislation denied them the benefits that ensue from federal recognition. Recently, they have introduced in Congress that would provide them with all federal benefits, except the right to operate casino gambling. Historians and anthropologists have endorsed this legislation despite the extensive, published, genealogical evidence that proves that they descend primarily from free blacks, that there is no credible evidence that links them to a historic Indian tribes, that they made a deal with the so-called Redeemers after the Civil War to vote Democratic in exchange for establishing their own segregated Indian schools, and that they opposed federally mandated integration in the 1950s.

A Susceptible-Infected Model for Exploring the Effects of Neighborhood Structures on Epidemic Processes – A Segregation Analysis

by Leonardo Santos

Leonardo Bacelar Lima Santos, Raian Vargas Maretto,
Líliam César de Castro Medeiros, Flávia da Fonseca Feitosa,
Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro

This work explores and analyzes the effects of neighborhood structures on disease spreading in a compartmental... more This work explores and analyzes the effects of neighborhood structures on disease spreading in a compartmental epidemic CA-model. The main goal is to investigate how different neighborhood configurations are able to affect the spatial and temporal distribution of infected and susceptible individuals
and the chance of having members from these different groups interacting with each other. It uses the idea of “activity-space neighborhood”, which extends traditional contiguity-based neighborhoods to capture interactions beyond those
established in a residential environment. To depict the spatial distribution of infected and susceptible individuals along the simulation steps, we introduce the use of spatial segregation indices, traditionally adopted in urban studies, to an
epidemiological context.