Public health and health promotion; Social epidemiology; HIV/AIDS; sexuality; malnutrition; stigma; social change; collective action; community participation; power and empowerment; social exclusion and social inequalities.
Growth Monitoring in Maasai Children,Africa
also www.fao.org/docrep/003/X8576M/x8576m03.htm
Growth monitoring a forgotten subject. D. Morley
The weighing of children is commonly undertaken in developing countries. In South Africa, Zambia, Malawi, Kenya and many other countries almost every child still has a weight chart but, unfortunately, the majority of these charts are poorly completed and not used for decision-making.
Faltering of the growth rate of a child is of major significance and should be easy to recognize on an adequately completed weight chart. However, the literature produced by international organizations and major non-governmental organizations (NGOs) rarely, if ever, mentions growth monitoring. For example, studies of food and nutrition made by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1998), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF, 1998) and FAO (1998) make little mention of growth faltering and do not refer to growth monitoring. This omission from reports is justified by the history of growth monitoring given in this article.
The purpose of the article is to propose a new approach to growth monitoring and to present evidence that when family members can recognize growth faltering they will take action to prevent it.
Growth monitoring was introduced in the 1960s and spread worldwide in the 1970s. In the 1980s it fell out of favour as... more
Growth monitoring was introduced in the 1960s and spread worldwide in the 1970s. In the 1980s it fell out of favour as cost-benefit analysis showed that, compared with immunization and oral rehydration, growth monitoring could not be shown to improve the health of small children. Current literature on nutrition and child health rarely mentions growth monitoring.
The reasons for growth monitoring's failure became apparent when those concerned with primary education pointed out the complexities of creating a line graph and making decisions based on changes in its direction. The authors of this article introduce a new method of measuring and recording children's growth, which is carried out in the community instead of the clinic. Mothers actively participate in the weighing of their young children. When unschooled mothers use the new direct recording scale and create their own children's growth curve they come to understand its significance. This new knowledge can be shared with grandmothers and older daughters. The research carried out in Kenya provides some evidence that, when growth faltering is observed by mothers, they will take effective action to restore their children's growth.
Suivi de la croissance des enfants - une question oubliée
Le suivi de la croissance a été introduit dans les années 60 et diffusé dans le monde entier dans les années 70. Dans les années 80, il a été relégué au second plan, l'analyse coût-avantage indiquant que, par rapport à la vaccination et à la réhydratation orale, il n'existait pas de preuve que le suivi de leur croissance améliorait la santé des jeunes enfants. La littérature actuelle sur la nutrition et la santé infantile passe pratiquement sous silence la surveillance de la croissance.
Les raisons de l'échec de ce suivi sont apparues à l'évidence lorsque des instituteurs ont signalé la difficulté de créer un graphique linéaire et de prendre des décisions sur la base de son orientation. Les auteurs de cet article présentent une nouvelle méthode pour mesurer et enregistrer la croissance des enfants, qui permet d'assurer ce suivi au niveau communautaire, sans passer par un dispensaire. Les mères participent activement à la pesée de leurs jeunes enfants. Lorsque des mères n'ayant jamais été scolarisées ont commencé à utiliser la nouvelle balance enregistreuse et à dessiner la courbe de croissance de leurs enfants, elles ont rapidement compris son importance. Cette nouvelle compétence a été partagée avec les grands-mères et les filles aînées. Les travaux de recherche menés au Kenya montrent que lorsque les mères observent une anomalie dans la croissance de leurs enfants, elles prennent des mesures efficaces pour y remédier.
Vigilancia del crecimiento: un asunto olvidado
La vigilancia del crecimiento se introdujo en el decenio de 1960 y se difundió por todo el mundo en el de 1970. En el decenio de 1980 cayó en desgracia al mostrar el análisis de la relación costos-beneficios que, en comparación con la inmunización y la rehidratación oral, no podía probarse que la vigilancia del crecimiento mejorara la salud de los niños pequeños. En la bibliografía actual sobre nutrición y salud infantil rara vez se menciona la vigilancia del crecimiento.
Las razones del fracaso de la vigilancia del crecimiento quedaron de manifiesto cuando las personas interesadas en la educación primaria indicaron las dificultades que comportaba la creación de un diagrama lineal y la adopción de decisiones basadas en cambios en la dirección de éste. Los autores presentan un nuevo método para medir y registrar el crecimiento infantil que se lleva a cabo en la comunidad y no en la clínica. Las madres participan activamente en el pesaje de sus hijos pequeños. Madres que no habían asistido a la escuela empezaron a comprender su importancia cuando trazaron la curva de crecimiento de sus hijos utilizando la nueva báscula de registro directo. Este nuevo conocimiento se intercambió con abuelas e hijas mayores. La investigación realizada en Kenya aporta ciertas pruebas de que, cuando las madres observan un retraso del crecimiento de sus hijos, adoptan medidas eficaces para recuperarlo.
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