Police and Policing

van Brakel Rosamunde, De Hert Paul (2011) Policing, surveillance and law in a pre-crime society: Understanding the consequences of technology based strategies. Journal of Police Studies, issue 20, vol.20, n. 3, pp.163 - 192, published by Maklu.

by Rosamunde van Brakel

The last decades have seen several trends emerging in policing, the policing landscape has become fragmented,... more The last decades have seen several trends emerging in policing, the policing landscape has become fragmented, (surveillance) technology is starting to play an increasingly important role in policing practices and recently new police models are more and more geared to predicting what will happen in the future. A first goal of this article is to explore new developments in policing and more specifically the focus will be on the huge expansion of the use of surveillance technologies by police, and the growing belief amongst both policy makers and police that it is possible, to a certain extent, by using surveillance technology to predict crime before it happens. A second goal is to explore a number of important unintended consequences that arise as a result of what we will call ‘preemptive policing’.
For this exploration the article draws from several disciplines; it reviews literature on policing, but will also venture into surveillance studies and science and technology studies. The goal of this contribution is not to present empirical data to test the literature but to discuss certain unintended consequences that are raised by preemptive policing and to critically analyse how European law deals with these consequences through a discussion of several judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. For our exploration Garland’s much cited theory of the ‘culture of control’ is used as a theoretical backdrop to contextualize the trends in policing that have led to the emergence of pre-emptive policing. The article shows the fundamental importance of taking into account social and legal issues arising when deciding upon the deployment of new surveillance technologies by police and that proportionality, transparency, non-discrimination and due process need to take centre stage in the development of new police models

Lo studio delle lingue estere nell’Arma dei Carabinieri Reali: profili storici (1929-1941)

by Flavio Carbone

the paper was published in “Rassegna dell’Arma dei Carabinieri”, anno LII - n. 2 aprile/giugno 2004, pp. 101-115. you can see the article at the url http://www.carabinieri.it/Internet/Editoria/Rassegna+Arma/2004/2/Studi/101-00.htm.

In the paper, the author tries to write some words on the big effort led by the Carabinieri General Headquarters... more In the paper, the author tries to write some words on the big effort led by the Carabinieri General Headquarters during the period from 1929 to 1941, when the Carabinieri General Headquarters decide to improve the training for NCOs and NCOs cadet to improve the languages studies. In that way were studied foreign languages useful for the everydays life close to the border

Police-Military Interaction in Mexico’s Drug War

by John P. Sullivan

In 'Air & Space Power Journal-Spansih Edition' Third Trimester 2009.  This paper was awarded the 2009 "Alas de las Americas"/"Wings of the Americas" Award by the Air University Foundation.

Mexico is engaged in a complex drug war. This war is actually an interlocking series of networked “narco-“or... more Mexico is engaged in a complex drug war. This war is actually an interlocking series of networked “narco-“or "criminal insurgencies" waged by criminal syndicates and gangs, popularly known as cartels. This situation challenges state institutions and the rule of law as Mexican drug-trafficking organizations (DTOs) seek to penetrate Mexico’s political institutions to further their lucrative drug black market. The situation has profound human and national security implications throughout the Western Hemisphere and beyond. This article looks at the current situation in Mexico. It will briefly examine the cartels and related criminal enterprises (i.e., gangs and enforcer organizations), the nature of their assault on Mexico’s institutions, and the impact on Mexican police and Mexico’s military. Finally, it will suggest potential bi-lateral and multilateral approaches for building police and military capacity to counter the threat.

Interacción entre Policías y Militares en la Guerra Antidrogas en México

by John P. Sullivan

Spanish version of "Police-Military Interaction in Mexico’s Drug War" from 'Air & Space Power Journal-Spansih Edition' Third Trimester 2009.  This paper was awarded the 2009 "Alas de las Americas"/"Wings of the Americas" Award by the Air University Foundation.

MÉXICO ESTÁ involucrado en una compleja guerra antidrogas. Esta guerra es en efecto una serie entrelazada de... more MÉXICO ESTÁ involucrado en una compleja guerra antidrogas. Esta guerra es en efecto una serie entrelazada de "insurgencias de narcotraficantes o criminales" llevada a cabo por sindicatos criminales y pandillas, conocidos popularmente como carteles. Esta situación desafía a las instituciones estatales y el estado de derecho porque las organizaciones de traficantes de drogas (OTD) mexicanas buscan penetrar las instituciones políticas de México para impulsar su lucrativo mercado negro de las drogas. La situación tiene profundas consecuencias humanas y para la seguridad nacional en todo el Hemisferio Occidental y más allá. Este artículo examina la situación actual en México, analizando brevemente los carteles y las empresas criminales relacionadas (es decir, pandillas y organizaciones de ejecutores), la naturaleza de sus ataques contra las instituciones mexicanas y el impacto sobre la policía y los militares mexicanos. Finalmente, sugiere enfoques potenciales bilaterales y multilaterales para desarrollar capacidad policial y militar que contrarreste la amenaza.

Oversight Undetected

by Craig Brannagan

Published in March 2012 in the following police association newsmagazines: Police Association of Ontario (PAO) Magazine; Beyond the Badge -- Official Newsmagazine of the Ontario Provincial Police Association; Blue Serge -- Official Newsmagazine of the Windsor Police Association

This article cautions police officers about the possibility for professional misconduct proceedings arising from... more This article cautions police officers about the possibility for professional misconduct proceedings arising from inappropriate or illegal interactions with members of the public, particularly as they may arise in consequence of such behaviour being captured on Smartphones or other similar electronic devices.

Organizational factors, environmental climate, and job satisfaction among police in Slovenia

by Gorazd Mesko

Mahesh K. Nalla, Jason Rydberg, and Gorazd Meško
European Journal of Criminology, 2011/2

Abstract
In this paper we examine the extent to which organizational culture, police enforcement... more
Abstract
In this paper we examine the extent to which organizational culture, police enforcement strategies, and occupational role influence the job satisfaction of police officers in Slovenia. More specifically, we ask if these factors shape perceptions of satisfaction among police officers working in different departments and to what extent they differ among various occupational groups within the same organization. These groups include law enforcement officers, police investigators, and state border officers. Using data from a sample of 995 Slovenian police officers, our analyses suggest that officer demographic characteristics alone do little to explain variation in job satisfaction, whereas the introduction of organizational and environmental factors such as opportunities to innovate, perceptions of citizen cooperation, and job challenges vastly improve the models. Similarities and differences between the occupational groups are discussed, along with implications for policy and future research.

Working Together: Governing and Advising the Police. The Police Journal, 2011, 4(3), pp. 256–271.

by Karim Murji

Drawing on the ideas of critical friendship and the ladder of participation, this article seeks to characterise and... more Drawing on the ideas of critical friendship and the ladder of participation, this article seeks to characterise and comprehend both statutory and voluntary working relationships the police are involved in. These ideas are widely used and their usefulness and limits are explored through a focus on community engagement and independent advisory groups (IAGs), and governance through a police authority. These two cases reveal that various 'steps' on the ladder can be applied and that critical friends can play various roles but that there are also numerous complications around that. One of these is applying critical friendship to groups 'inside' and outside' the police. While there is a lack of information about the content of critical friendly advice and no way of assessing its impact, this article concludes that the term is of some value for what it suggests about what makes for more effective critical friendship.

Keywords: consultation; London; Metropolitan police; partnership; politics

‘The Third Degree’: Press Reporting, Crime Fiction and Police Powers in 1920s Britain', Twentieth Century British History, 21, no. 4 (2010): 464-85.

by John Carter Wood

The late 1920s saw a dramatic upsurge in popular concern about the abuse of police powers in Britain, the end result... more The late 1920s saw a dramatic upsurge in popular concern about the abuse of police powers in Britain, the end result of a longer-term trend. Various aspects of policing were seen as worrying, but the most important concerned illegitimate forms of questioning. The phrase ‘the third degree’—imported from America—came to encapsulate this unease. Before the First World War, the terminology began to be used in British coverage of American crimes and their investigation, typically accompanied by disparaging commentary on American methods as well as the confident assertion of the superiority of British policing. The war-time growth in police powers and broader state regulation caused some to see an erosion in the ‘liberty of the subject’, and a series of scandals seemed to reveal serious problems with police procedure. The popularity of crime dramas featuring ‘third degree’ interrogations also shaped public images of the police. Scandals in 1928 generated enough outcry to force the calling of the Royal Commission on Police Powers and Procedure (1928-29). Even though few concrete procedural changes were undertaken, it appears to have successfully calmed worries about the police. Concerns about the police receded, not to reach a similar level until the late 1950s.

Understandings of Police Race Relations

by Karim Murji

Co-authored with Simon Holdaway

An Analysis of the San Marcos Police Departments 2004-2005 Use of Force Data

by Texas State PA Applied Research Projects

Kopycinski, Julie E., "An Analysis of the San Marcos Police Departments 2004-2005 Use of Force Data" (2005). Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Paper 116.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/116

Research Purpose

The three research purposes presented in this paper are exploratory in nature. The... more Research Purpose

The three research purposes presented in this paper are exploratory in nature. The research analyzes the subject's gender and race the San Marcos Police Department (SMPD) is encountering. It will also determine if there is a relationship between the subject's race and gender and the amount of aggression they display as well as the amount of force an officer uses. Finally, an evaluation occurs to if there is a relationship between the level of resistance shown and the level of force employed by the officer. Method

This paper cites scholarly literature regarding the use of force to incorporate past research findings. The analysis is quantitative and utilizes statistical techniques, including frequency and Chi-square for Goodness of fit. The research analyzes existing data from the San Marcos Police Department for 2004 and 2005. The data-set contains 543 entries of force. Findings

The findings indicate that the San Marcos Police Department interacts with White Males the most. However, there is no relationship found between race and the level of force officers display. There is a significant relationship found between race and the level of subject resistance. Hispanics use deadly force assault significantly more than the other races. In terms of resistance, females are significantly less likely to display psychological intimidation and verbal resistance towards an officer. Officers are more likely to display a weapon when a subject exhibited defensive resistance. Defensive resistance also yielded the highest number of intermediate weapons utilized.

Just Policing: An Ellulian Critique

by Andy Alexis-Baker

Alexis-Baker, Andy. "Just Policing: An Ellulian Critique." The Ellul Forum 48 (Fall, 2011): 12–18.

In the past decade many pacifist-minded Christians have began to explore differences between policing and warfare with... more In the past decade many pacifist-minded Christians have began to explore differences between policing and warfare with the noble hope of limiting or even abolishing war as we know it. Jim Wallis claims that since 9/11 many Christians have re-read Jacques Ellul, “who explained his decision to support the resistance movement against Nazism by appealing to the ‘necessity of violence’ but wasn’t willing to call such recourse ‘Christian.’” Similarly, Christian pacifists might respond to terrorism, Wallis claimed, by advocating that the international community create a global police force to deal with violations of international law and human rights. Such a force, Wallis wrote, is “much more constrained, controlled, and circumscribed by the rule of law than is the violence of war, which knows few real boundaries.” Wallis’ suggestion that Ellul’s works may help to formulate a response to terrorism, and that such a response ought to be “policing” raises the question of what an Ellulian analysis of policing might look like.

In my paper, I will use Ellul—rather than summarize his views—to critique just policing. Those who advocate for just policing have not adequately tested whether police are less violent because of the rule of law, and they make ahistorical arguments that do not countenance the possibility that policing may in fact sustain or even worsen violence, not lessen it.

Borderscapes of Imperial Europe: Space, Law and Politics at the European Periphery

by Giuseppe Campesi

Published in: "Lo Squaderno. Exploration in Space and Society", 22, December 2011, pp. 21-27.

In this brief paper I discuss the main transformations which affected the European borderscape from the point of view... more In this brief paper I discuss the main transformations which affected the European borderscape from the point of view of critical legal theory.

Police Misconduct and Public Accountability: A Commentary on Recent Trends in the Canadian Justice System

by Craig Brannagan

Windsor Review of Legal and Social Issues, Volume 30 (March 2011)

The reform of Police Law in Canada over the course of the last two decades has been significant. This is evident at... more The reform of Police Law in Canada over the course of the last two decades has been significant. This is evident at common law and in statutory law. The possibilities for holding subject police officers and police services legally responsible for having committed transgressions against the public are real and apparent. The article highlights some of the procedures and mechanisms available to victims, complainants, accused persons, and plaintiffs for achieving legal redress by holding police misconduct to public account in Canada.

Riot: Race and Politics in the 2011 Disorders

by Karim Murji

Co-authored with Sarah Neal

The 2011 riots have already been the most commented upon riots of recent decades. Casting some doubt about generalised... more The 2011 riots have already been the most commented upon riots of recent decades. Casting some doubt about generalised and holistic explanations and responses, we seek to locate the events in a matrix of race, policing and politics. This approach enables us to identify shifts in political discourse around the riots from the simple to the complex, as well as significant changes between how the events of 2011 and earlier riots have been 'read'. We seek to unravel some of these strands, to show how race, place and political discourse have been located in the reaction to the riots. In drawing attention to important unevenness, we argue that sociologists need to focus on both continuities and changes since the 1980s.

A neoliberal security complex?

by Georgios Papanicolaou

to be published in Whitehead, P. and Crawshaw, P. (eds) Insitutionalising neoliberalism. Anthem Press.

Race policy and politics: two case studies from Britain.

by Karim Murji

Policy Studies, vol. 32, 2011

This article considers academic engagements with policy and politics and, inparticular, race and racism through two... more This article considers academic engagements with policy and politics and, inparticular, race and racism through two case studies. Contextualising such engagements within wide ranging debates about the relationship between academics, research, and policy and politics, two dimensions are utilised to analyse the examples presented. These are, firstly, the inside/outside (the location and extent of academic engagement) and, secondly, the link between knowledge and politics. These are applied to two examples or cases from the UK, both of which concern racism and the police. The first was a public inquiry in which the idea of institutional racism was powerfully resurrected; the second was an employment tribunal alleging racial discrimination � so the same idea may have been expected to be raised but was not. In part the abstract is concerned with this striking difference between the cases. In the two cases the author has been equivalent to an ‘observer’ and a ‘participant’, and the article sets out some dilemmas for academics when acting in public roles or arenas. The main argument is that in spite of the tenuousness of the dichotomies between theory/practice and observation/participation, as well as the ones between insider/outsider roles and instrumental and critical knowledge, they can all be significant in terms of how politics plays out and policy is fashioned.

Drilling down: trust, confidence & ethnicity

by Karim Murji

Frequently asked questions about filing an FIR in India

by Kumar Rajendran

Preventing Another Mumbai: Building a Police Operational Art

by John P. Sullivan

Co-authored with Adam Elkus at 'CTC Sentinel,' Vol.2, Issue 6 (Combating Terrorism Center, US Military Academy, West Point).

Half a year after the devastating Mumbai attack in November 2008, its lessons have yet to be learned. Many have... more Half a year after the devastating Mumbai attack in November 2008, its lessons have yet to be learned. Many have commented on the disorganization of the Indian police and security forces’ response, but fail to address the problem’s root cause. The Mumbai police’s command and control failures, slowness and disorganization of tactical response, and inability to prevent the terrorists from entrenching are rooted in a central doctrinal flaw: the lack of police operational art. Police operational art is defined as the capacity to go beyond managing single tactical incidents to influencing the effects of multiple incidents in multiple locations over time. Current police practice, for example, conceives response as a series of tactical engagements, rather than a campaign with many different elements that must be intricately coordinated to achieve a larger aim. Operational myopia is not exclusive to Mumbai—even the best American police units do not effectively recognize or utilize the operational level of maneuver.

Policing transportation facilities

by John P. Sullivan

Abstract for co-authored book. See entry under books.

This text is designed to provide administrators and police at rail and bus transit systems, airports, and seaports... more This text is designed to provide administrators and police at rail and bus transit systems, airports, and seaports with a framework for developing strategies to protect their facilities and patrons from current and future security risks.