Root of all evil: the conception of evil in Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride
In a passage of the tenth book of the Laws (896a-897b), Plato seems to state the existence of "not less than... more
In a passage of the tenth book of the Laws (896a-897b), Plato seems to state the existence of "not less than two" souls: the former good, ordered and rational, the latter cause of all that is evil, disordered, irrational.
Few Platonist accepted this hypothesis as true, structuring their philosophy on a dualistic metaphysics. Among them, Plutarch is one of the most authoritative, and the one whose works are better preserved.
His heterodox interpretation allows him to combine the divine perfection with human freedom.
In this way, he can give an account of the reality closer both to the everyday experience and to the traditional religion, showing also in this case his inclination to present a philosophy suitable for his times.
Nauseating Flux: Iris Murdoch on Sartre and Heraclitus
forthcoming, The European Journal of Philosophy
Article first published online: 17 APR 2012
I observe Iris Murdoch’s distinctive use of the word ‘flux’ in discussion of Sartre’s Nausea and show that her usage... more I observe Iris Murdoch’s distinctive use of the word ‘flux’ in discussion of Sartre’s Nausea and show that her usage is persuasive and revolutionary, first as Sartre exegesis, second as Heraclitus exegesis, and throughout as a contribution to the philosophy of language. Murdoch’s usage of ‘flux’ frames a comparison of Sartre’s Roquentin with other figures who have had similarly flowing experience but without nausea. Roquentin's plight is shown to be ‘a philosopher's plight’ precipitated by a defective theory of descriptive success. I then show how the Heraclitean fragments would support Murdoch’s treatment of flux and on close analysis contradict the established view exemplified in the work of Wittgenstein and Jonathan Barnes. Flux is not a variety of change, and the river image ‘cannot be analysed into non-metaphorical components without a loss of substance’.
Эпистемический поиск в диалоге Платона «Менон» (Epistemic inquiry in Plato’s “Meno”)
by Marina Volf
Вестник Томского государственного университета. Серия: Философия. Социология. Политология. 2011. № 4
Leaving aside the traditional logical discussion, we examined "Meno" in relation to the key concept of this... more
Leaving aside the traditional logical discussion, we examined "Meno" in relation to the key concept of this dialogue – inquiry (zetesis) of the knowledge, and of the role which the epistemic inquiry play for Plato's doctrine in general, for his theory of Forms and how to understand anamnesis. In this article we focused on Plato’s epistemic inquiry account, what elements it is composed, and we briefly reviewed the significance of the theory of definition, elenchos and aporia (paradox) in Plato as the elements of the philosophical inquiry.
We didn’t discuss the Meno's paradox in logical terms, but we did it as two possible alternatives for the inquiry: whether to seek what is already known (Z1) or seek that can’t be known at all (Z2). In this article we argued that Socrates didn’t imply and provide a logical solution of the paradox, but considered it as an element of inquiry and proved his choice in favor of Z2.
We believed that it is possible to reconstruct two theses that leaded Socrates to their own final formulation of the paradox. These two theses allowed us to demonstrate that Meno’s paradox applied not only to cases of absolute ignorance, but also to intelligible and quite explicit objects of the phenomenal world. First thesis: If we do not know something specific (F), how do we know how to accomplish this. The second thesis: It is impossible get to learn what is the part of particular thing (F), not knowing what is that very thing. In inspecting of the second thesis we discussed the existential (inquiry of what-is, ti) and predicational (inquiry of predicates, things like this, hopoion) inquiry, associated with the Socratic decision of two different projects: “looking to” Forms and finding definitions.
Further in article we argued that Socrates hadn’t offer a logical solution of the Meno’s paradox. Moreover Plato introduced the aporia in his dialogues like the element of the inquiry consists of the some components: elenchos, aporia, and anamnesis.
Sharing the G. Vlastos’s concept of elenchos, we drew attention to the fact that it was not a refutation in its pure form, but it should be understand as an argument or proof. So the feature of elenchos would be an inquiry through a series of questions from Socrates and of answers from the interlocutor. Often this kind of inquiry could result as aporia and thus is given the direction for a new inquiry.
It is usually assumed that the aporia in Plato cannot be considered as part of a positive inquiry. In this article followed by V. Politis we distinguished cathartic and zetetic aporia. We believed that in addition to some of the cathartic function same of aporia has also zetetic functions, Meno’s paradox relates to this type of aporia.
In the case of Meno’s paradox Socrates modeled the inquiry as unknown or partially known inquiry through his famous doctrine of recollection, we argued that it was one of the steps in Plato’s epistemic inquiry. Of the two possible interpretations of anamnesis rational or mythical we choose the first, understanding anamnesis as a metaphor, as another Platonic myth, beyond which lies a practical experiment and learning. Anamnesis then was one more component of epistemic inquiry.
Отходя в сторону от традиционных логических дискуссий, мы рассматриваем «Менон» в отношении ключевого понятия диалога поиска (zetesis) знания и того, какую роль играет эпистемический поиск для доктрины Платона в целом, для его теории идей и для понимания анамнесиса. В статье мы сосредоточились на том, как видит Платон эпистемический поиск, из каких элементов он складывается, и коротко рассмотрели значение теории определений, метода эленхоса и апорий (парадоксов) у Платона через призму философского поиска.
Сам парадокс Менона рассматривается не в логическом отношении, а как указание на две возможные альтернативы поиска: искать ли то, что уже известно (Z1) или искать то, что не известно в принципе (Z2). В этой статье мы настаиваем, что Сократ не предполагает и не дает логического решения парадокса, рассматривает его как элемент поиска и обосновывает свой выбор в пользу Z2.
Мы считаем, что можно реконструировать два тезиса, которые позволили Сократу подвести Менона к пробной версии парадокса и дать собственную окончательную формулировку, причем эти тезисы позволяют нам продемонстрировать, что парадокс Менона распространяется не только на случаи абсолютного неведения, но и на умопостигаемые и на вполне явные объекты феноменального мира. Первый тезис: Если мы не знаем нечто конкретное (F), откуда нам знать, как этого достичь. Второй тезис: Невозможно установить, что есть часть конкретной вещи (F), не зная, что есть сама эта вещь. В рамках второго тезиса обсуждается вариант экзистенциального (как поиск что, ti) и предикационного поиска (поиск по предикатам, поиск по похожим вещам, hopoion), связанный с решением Сократом двух разнородных задач: построения определений и отыскания Идей.
Далее в статье мы показываем, что Сократ не предлагает логического решения парадокса поиска, для него апория – это один из элементов поиска, который имеет несколько составляющих: эленхос, апория, и анамнесис.
Мы, в целом разделяя позицию Властоса об эленхосе, обращаем внимание на то, что эленхос не является опровержением в чистом виде, а понимается как довод или доказательство. Тогда характерной чертой эленхоса является именно поиск некоторого верного положения через серию вопросов со стороны Сократа и ответов со стороны собеседника. Зачастую такой поиск может закончиться апорией и, тем самым, задать направление для нового поиска.
Обычно считается, что апории у Платона нельзя рассматривать как часть позитивного поиска. В данной статье вслед за Политисом, различаются катартические апории и зететические. Мы полагаем, что помимо катартической функции некоторые апории выполняют также и зететическую функцию, к таким апориям следует отнести парадокс Менона.
В случае с парадоксом Менона Сократ моделирует поиск как поиск неизвестного или частично известного посредством своей знаменитой доктрины припоминания. Из двух возможных интерпретаций анамнесиса – рационального или мифологического – мы отдаем свой выбор в пользу первой, понимая анамнесис как метафору, как еще один платоновский миф, за которым кроется практический эксперимент, обучение. Анамнесис тогда следует понимать как еще одну составляющую эпистемического поиска.
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Seen by:Prince and Principle: The Philosophy of Callimachus' Hymn to Zeus
in Callimachus II, eds. M.A. Harder, R.F. Regtuit, G.C. Wakker (Groningen 2004), 95-115
Plato's presence in Blake's works
Another seminar paper, which I once upon a time inteded to elaborate into an article.
The paper examines the influence of Platonic and Neoplatonist ideas in Blake's oevure, and evaluates Blake's changing... more The paper examines the influence of Platonic and Neoplatonist ideas in Blake's oevure, and evaluates Blake's changing attitude towards Plato.
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Seen by: and 9 moreTabula Rasa and Human Nature
draft - forthcoming in Philosophy
It is widely believed that the philosophical concept of ‘tabula rasa’ originates with Locke’s Essay Concerning Human... more It is widely believed that the philosophical concept of ‘tabula rasa’ originates with Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding and refers to a state in which a child is as formless as a blank slate. Given that both these beliefs are entirely false, this article will examine why they have endured from the eighteenth century to the present. Attending to the history of philosophy, psychology, psychiatry and feminist scholarship it will be shown how the image of the tabula rasa has been used to signify an originary state of formlessness, against which discourses on the true nature of the human being can differentiate their position. The tabula rasa has operated less as a substantive position than as a whipping post. However, it will be noted that innovations in psychological theory over the past decade have begun to undermine such narratives by rendering unintelligible the idea of an ‘originary’ state of human nature.
The Platonic Origins of Stoic Theology
Forthcoming in Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy
In this paper I inquire into the various ways in which Plato's dialogues influenced the Stoic conception of God and... more In this paper I inquire into the various ways in which Plato's dialogues influenced the Stoic conception of God and matter. In particular, I discuss the role of the Timaeus and argue that the Cratylus was another important influence on Stoic theology.
La lectura contextual. Metodología para la lectura de fragmentos de los filósofos presocráticos aplicada a la tradición interpretativa platónica sobre Heráclito
La lectura contextual.
Metodología para la lectura de fragmentos
de los filósofos presocráticos aplicada a... more
La lectura contextual.
Metodología para la lectura de fragmentos
de los filósofos presocráticos aplicada a la
tradición interpretativa platónica sobre Heráclito*
Liliana Carolina Sánchez-Castro**
Resumen: La lectura contextual es una metodología de estudio para estos testimonios fragmentarios que,
aunque no deja de lado los aspectos microtextuales, se concentra en las estructuras argumentativas de los textos
que portan los testimonios de los presocráticos (es decir, busca esclarecer a qué necesidades textuales responde
el uso del fragmento), buscando detectar sesgos y elementos paradigmáticos que sean dicientes a la hora de una
reconstrucción filosófica del pensamiento del autor en cuestión. En este caso me concentraré en el testimonio de
Platón sobre Heráclito, particularmente en el Crátilo, para mostrar cómo una lectura contextual da luces sobre
la construcción de una tradición interpretativa que ha resultado dominante en el caso de Heráclito: la doctrina
del flujo perpetuo. Dado que dicha interpretación ha sido puesta en duda por muchos estudiosos de Heráclito,
me propongo, como último paso, cotejarla con otra tradición interpretativa que nos muestre elementos en común
y nos permita hacer un uso global de los testimonios que conservamos sobre el filósofo de Éfeso.
Palabras clave: Lectura contextual, Heráclito, Crátilo, testimonio fragmentario.
Contextual Reading.
Methodology for Reading Fragmentary Texts of
Pre-Socratic Philosophers Applied to the Platonic
Interpretative Tradition on Heraclitus
Abstract: Contextual reading is a way of studying these fragmentary texts that concentrates on the structure
of the arguments put forth by pre-Socratic philosophers, without ignoring the microtextual aspects (in
other words, it seeks to clarify what textual needs use of the fragment responds to). This involves looking for
biases and paradigmatic elements that may be revealing when trying to reconstruct the philosophic thinking
of the author in question. In this case, I will concentrate on what Plato says about Heraclitus, particularly
Pensamiento y Cultura 134 Vol. 14-2 l Diciembre de 2011
in Cratylus, to show how contextual reading sheds light on the creation of an interpretative tradition that
gained predominance in the case of Heraclitus; namely, the doctrine of perpetual flux. Inasmuch as that interpretation
has been called into doubt by many Heraclitian scholars, I propose, as a final step, to compare it
to another interpretative tradition that reflects elements in common and allows us make universal use of the
testimonies we still have on the philosopher of Ephesus.
Key words: ontextual reading, Heraclitus, Cratylus, fragmentary testimony
La lecture contextuelle.
Méthodologie pour la lecture de fragments des
philosophes présocratiques appliquée à la tradition
interprétative platonique sur Héraclite
Résumé: La lecture contextuelle est une méthodologie d’étude pour ces témoignages fragmentaires qui,
même si elle ne laisse pas de côté les aspects microtexutels, se concentre sur les structures argumentatives des
textes qui comprennent des témoignages des présocratiques (c’est-à-dire que cette lecture cherche à savoir à
quels besoins textuels répond l’utilisation du fragment), en cherchant à détecter des tournures et des éléments
paradigmatiques pertinents au moment d’une reconstruction philosophique de la pensée de l’auteur en question.
Dans ce cas, je me concentrerai sur le témoignage de Platon sur Héraclite, en particulier dans le Cratylus,
afin de montrer comment une lecture contextuelle permet de comprendre la construction d’une tradition
interprétative qui fut dominante dans le cas d’Héraclite : la doctrine du flux perpétuel. Comme cette interprétation
a été remise en cause par de nombreux spécialistes d’Héraclite, je propose, comme dernière étape, de la
confronter avec une autre tradition interprétative qui nous montre des éléments communs et nous permet de
faire une utilisation globale des témoignages que nous conservons sur le philosophe de feso.
Mots-clés: ecture contextuelle, Héraclite, Cratylus, témoignage fragmentaire.
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Seen by:Zašto je Neo nov? Istorija filozofije i trilogija Matriks
Why is Neo new? History of Philosophy and Matrix trilogy
The article analyzes Matrix film trilogy of... more
Why is Neo new? History of Philosophy and Matrix trilogy
The article analyzes Matrix film trilogy of Wachowski brothers from the aspect of the history of philosophy and presence of ideas of Plato, Descartes and Hegel in it. In the first part, it is analyzed the platonic framework of the first film and it is argued that there is no Cartesian hyperbolic doubt in it, but there is a cartesian theme in physical exercises in very world of Matrix as a way of freeing the mind. In the second part, using Hegel’s The Philosophy of History and The Phenomenology of Spirit, author gives an answer from the title of the article: sixth Neo is new because he started to determines himself, he is free. The final part of the article is concerned with clash of Neo and Agent Smith in third part of Matrix. Neo’s death is tragic in Hegelian sense of tragedy. Finally, the author interprets the dialog between Architect and Oracle using the Marx’s idea that whole previous history of mankind is only prehistory.
Key words: Plato, Hegel, Descartes, Marx, free will, Platonism, philosophy of history, tragedy.
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Seen by:La teoria dei due tipi di assimilazione nel trattato 19 (Enn. I 2): la soluzione plotiniana dell’aporia di Parm. 132d-133a
in Plotino e l’ontologia, a cura di M. Bianchetti, Milano: AlboVersorio («Studi», 7), 2006, ISBN 978-88-89130-17-9, pp. 33-40
l saggio prende in esame la distinzione tra i due tipi di assimilazione esposta da Plotino nel capitolo 2, righe 4-10,... more l saggio prende in esame la distinzione tra i due tipi di assimilazione esposta da Plotino nel capitolo 2, righe 4-10, del suo trattato 19. La tesi sostenuta nel saggio è che in quel luogo Plotino stia in realtà rispondendo a un'obiezione contro la teoria delle Forme avanzata nel «Parmenide» di Platone.
Recensione di M. BONAZZI, Academici e Platonici. Il dibattito antico sullo scetticismo di Platone, Milano: LED, 2003
«Giornale critico della filosofia italiana», LXXXIV (LXXXVI) (2005), ISSN 0017-0089, pp. 589-592
Book review. Book review.

