Seedless fruit and methods of Parthenocarpy
by Ravi Dinakar
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Publisher: Ravi Dinakar
The Journal of Experimental Secondary Science, July 2011
Authors: Jonathan Yam and Whitney Hagins*
Department of Science
AP Biology
Lexington High School, 251 Waltham Street, Lexington, MA 02421
*Correspondence: whagins@sch.ci.lexington.ma.us
The process of parthenocarpy involves the
use of phytohormones to change the growth
process of a plant’s... more
The process of parthenocarpy involves the
use of phytohormones to change the growth
process of a plant’s fruits and results in fruits
that are generally seedless. In this project,
three phytohormones commonly used in
parthenocarpy were tested for their effects on
the size and quantity of the produced fruits.
The procedures were designed to study patterns
of each hormone’s effect at different amounts
and the effects of cross-pollination on fruit
size. Brassica rapa plants were grown in a uniform
manner and the male organs were removed upon
flowering. After the plants were emasculated, a
number of pistils were exposed to phytohormone
in varying amounts. It was predicted that if
Brassica rapa are grown in a controlled environment,
plants treated with a greater amount of natural
and synthetic auxin phytohormones will produce
larger fruits as compared to plants treated with
less phytohormone. It was also hypothesized that
plants that cross-fertilize will produce a greater
quantity of fruits and more seeds as compared
to plants treated with phytohormone. The
data shows that greater exposure to hormones
generally results in larger fruits, where as all
of the hormone induced fruits are smaller than
fruits produced by cross-pollination.
GAMMA-RAYS INDUCED MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN POT MARIGOLD (CALENDULA OFFICINALIS)
A.K.Tiwari and Vijai Kumar¹
V.C.S.G. College of Horticulture, G.B. Pant Univ. of Agri. & Tech., Bharsar,
Pauri Garhwal-246 123
¹Department of Horticulture, C.S.S.S. (P.G.) College, Machhra, Meerut-250 106 (U.P.)
... more
ABSTRACT
Three years mutagenesis programmes were carried out using physical mutagens (gamma rays) on calendula. Pre-soaked three sets of 100 seeds were irradiated with 2.5, 5 & 7.5 KRD of gamma rays at N.B.R.I., Lucknow in Feb., 2007. A set of 100 untreated seeds was used as control. Reduction in survival rate, days to flower, fresh weight, was observed after irradiation and with increase in exposure of gamma rays. In M1generation, significant increase in plant height at 2.5 KRD & stunted growth of plants at 5 KRD gamma irradiation was observed. Morphological abnormalities in leaf and plants with abnormal leaves increased with increase in exposure of gamma rays. In case of Calendula the intensity of inhibition increased with increasing exposures though lower exposure in some cases was stimulatory. Cent per cent mortality was recorded in plants treated with 5 and 7.5 KRD gamma rays and eliminated from population at the end of first year. On the basis of present observation it may be concluded that 2.5 KRD dose of gamma rays are suitable for induction of somatic mutation in Calendula.
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Download (.pdf) Comparison of Selection Procedures In Breeding for Seed Yield In Segregating Sesame Populations
EUPHYTICA Volume: 82 Issue: 1 Pages: 73-78
Four hundred sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) lines selected by five methods from five crosses were tested for yield and... more Four hundred sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) lines selected by five methods from five crosses were tested for yield and other agronomic characters in F-6 and F-7. More high yielding lines were isolated by the bulk method and in the cross involving two local cultivars when two seasons means and performance in each individual season were considered. The cross involving two exotic cultivars did not produce a single line superior to local recommended variety. The 80 highest yielding lines recorded a 10.8% increase in yield compared to the mean of 400 lines. Thirty five lines were among the top 20% both seasons with a 13.2% increase in yield. Highly significant seasonal and population effects were recorded. There were no significant differences among the methods of selection although the yield differences among lines were highly significant. Interactions of seasons x populations, seasons x methods, populations x methods and seasons x populations x methods were highly significant. The results indicate that simple and less expensive bulk method may be used with equal success as the pedigree, single seed descent or early generation testing methods when selecting for yield in segregating sesame populations. The importance of inclusion of a high yielding, locally adapted cultivar in the crossing programmes for yield breeding of sesame has also been revealed.
YIELD COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF BUNCH GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA L SSP FASTIGIATA) GERMPLASM IN SRI-LANKA
TROPICAL AGRICULTURE Volume: 70 Issue: 3 Pages: 256-259
One hundred and twenty-five bunch groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata) accessions, selected from over 300... more One hundred and twenty-five bunch groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata) accessions, selected from over 300 entries for adaptability, were studied for yield and related quantitative characters during two consecutive dry seasons under irrigation in the Intermediate Zone of Sri Lanka. The accessions showed much diversity for the characters. Low environmental variability was recorded for seed size and shelling percentage. The number of pods, number of seeds, and the pod weight plant(-1) had similar levels of variability and high correlations among themselves and with seed yield. Genotypic correlations and the direct effect (estimated by the method of path coefficients) of the number of pods plant(-1) and the seed size on the seed yield were high. The number of seeds pod(-1) also correlated positively with yield but to a lesser extent than the other yield components. Positive direct effects and lack of negative indirect effects of yield components on the seed yield indicated the possibility of improving seed yield and seed size without compensatory effects in irrigated groundnut.
Combining ability for yield and agronomic characters in sesame cultivars of diverse origin
Egyptian Journal of Agronomy Volume: 21 Pages: 1-13 Published: 1999
A diallel cross involving 7 sesame (Sesamum indicum) varieties originating in different latitudes was grown in Sri... more
A diallel cross involving 7 sesame (Sesamum indicum) varieties originating in different latitudes was grown in Sri Lanka during the monsoon season of 1992 and evaluated for 9 yield components. Heterosis and combining ability were studied according to Griffing's (1956) model 1, method 2. Heterosis was pronounced for all characters, except 1000-seed weight. Heterosis was less pronounced in crosses of the local high yielding variety MI2. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were significant for all characters, except 1000-seed weight. The GCA component was large for plant height and dry plant weight whereas other characters, including seed yield, had a high SCA component indicating the importance of non-additive effects. MI2 recorded positive GCA effects for all characters. High SCA effects for seed yield were recorded in 3 crosses of the late-maturing variety Criollo de Falcon and 2 crosses of the day-neutral Australian Introduction.
NATURAL CROSS-POLLINATION IN SESAME (SESAMUM-INDICUM L)
PLANT BREEDING Volume: 112 Issue: 2 Pages: 167-170
Three sesame genotypes with contrasting characters were grown in alternate rows to estimate the degree of natural... more Three sesame genotypes with contrasting characters were grown in alternate rows to estimate the degree of natural cross-pollination (NCP) at two locations. Capsules from the lower (first-formed five capsules), upper (last five fully-developed capsules) and middle portions were harvested separately and the frequency of appearance of progenies with dominant markers was used as the criterion for NCP. The degree of inter-genotypic NCP was similar in the three genotypes and at the two locations (4.02-5.10 % NCP) when the total number of hybrid seeds per plant was considered. The lower portion of the early (1.03-1.31 % NCP) and medium (1.51-2.08 %) flowering genotypes and the upper portion of the late-flowering genotype (2.27-2.49 % NCP) recorded less NCP than the total plant. The NCP in the lower portion of the early-flowering genotype due to pollen from the late-flowering genotype was negligible (0-0.7 %). The results indicate the need for controlled self-pollination for purity maintenance in sesame. However, contamination due to NCP can be reduced by sampling seeds from the lower capsules of early and medium-flowering genotypes and from the upper capsules of late-maturing genotypes when pollination control is not practised.
Sweet and hot peppers.
Author(s): Brummell, D. A.; Pathirana, R.
Editor(s): Pua, E. C.; Davey, M. R.
Source: Transgenic crops IV Pages: 393-414 Published: 2007
ISBN: 3-540-36751-9; 978-3-540-36751-2
This chapter provides a brief overview of the progress in some aspects of sweet and hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) in... more
This chapter provides a brief overview of the progress in some aspects of sweet and hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) in vitro culture (isolation of protoplasts and plant regeneration, cell culture, anther culture for generating doubled haploids, virus elimination through meristem culture and in vitro grafting, and embryo rescue for the production of interspecific hybrids) and genetic transformation (genetic engineering for resistance to viruses and insect pests, and improved growth habit and fruit quality).
Use of induced mutations to adapt aromatic rice to low country conditions of Sri Lanka.
Pathirana, R.; Vitiyala, T.; Gunaratne, N. S.
Proceedings of an International Joint FAO/IAEA Symposium, Vienna, Austria, 2008.
Source: Induced plant mutations in the genomics era. Proceedings of an International Joint FAO/IAEA Symposium, 2008 Pages: 388-390
Two aromatic rice accessions, Au 27789 and IR Basmati were used in mutation breeding by subjecting 12,000 seeds of... more Two aromatic rice accessions, Au 27789 and IR Basmati were used in mutation breeding by subjecting 12,000 seeds of each variety to gamma-ray doses of 200 or 300Gy from a 60Co source. Based on agronomic characteristics, 635 M2 plants were selected and grown as M3 progenies. Sixty plants were selected from non-irradiated parental varieties using the same criteria, and tested along with mutant plant progenies. Both doses of gamma-rays were effective in creating genetic variability for agronomic characteristics, with high heritability values when M2 parent to M3 progeny regression-based heritability was compared with selection in non-irradiated control varieties. Three mutant lines with compact plant type, erect and larger flag leaf, compact panicles and acceptable quality recording the highest yield were tested in five locations over four seasons using two recommended cultivars as controls. The mutant line 22/3 with a medium level of aroma recorded more than 2.5 t/ha, higher than the average yield of rice (1.5-2 t/ha) in low-country wet zone. It has a compact panicle and narrow leaf angle allowing denser planting, which may help further increase the yield. The mutant lines maintained superior kernel length, linear elongation ratio and expansion index, all of which are important characteristics of aromatic long grain rice.
GAMMA-RAY-INDUCED FIELD TOLERANCE TO PHYTOPHTHORA BLIGHT IN SESAME
PLANT BREEDING Volume: 108 Issue: 4 Pages: 314-319
Due to the non-availability of sources of resistance in Sri Lanka to Phytophthora blight in sesame (Sesamum indicum)... more Due to the non-availability of sources of resistance in Sri Lanka to Phytophthora blight in sesame (Sesamum indicum) caused by Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica, a mutation breeding programme was initiated. Seeds of three genotypes were subjected to six doses of gamma rays from 100 Gy to 750 Gy from a Co-60 source. Seeds of M2 bulks, sampled by variety and treatment from the first five capsules formed on M1 plants, were grown in a field with a history of repeated incidence of the disease. The best 21 lines, having the highest survival and seed production, identified in the screening of M3 and M4 progeny rows of selected M2 single plants were then tested in a replicated field trial with the recommended cultivar 'MI 3' as a control. The plant survival in selected lines averaged 43.3 percent as against 7.2 percent in the recommended variety. Eight selections recorded significantly higher seed yield than 'MI 3' at P < 0.01 and another three at P < 0.05. Gamma ray treatments of 450 Gy and 600 Gy produced more lines tolerant to the disease than the other doses used.
In silico analysis of promoter regions from cold-induced genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana reveals the importance of combinatorial control.
Angelica Lindlöf, Marcus Bräutigam, Aakash Chawade, Olof Olsson and Björn Olsson
Evaluation of combining several statistical methods with a flexible cutoff for identifying differentially expressed genes in pairwise comparison of EST sets.
Angelica Lindlöf, Marcus Bräutigam, Aakash Chawade, Olof Olsson and Björn Olsson
Putative cold acclimation pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana identified by a combined analysis of mRNA co-expression patterns, promoter motifs and transcription factors.
Aakash Chawade, Marcus Bräutigam, Angelica Lindlöf, Olof Olsson and Björn Olsson
Climate Warming Studies in Alpine Habitats of Indian Himalaya, using Lichen based Passive Temperature-enhancing System
by Himanshu Rai
Co-authored with Pramod Nag, D.K. Upreti, Rajan K Gupta
Increase in the average annual temperature of the planet is posing an intimate threat to global biodiversity. Though... more Increase in the average annual temperature of the planet is posing an intimate threat to global biodiversity. Though high altitude alpine habitats, due to their physico-chemical constrains are some of the extremely fragile habitats, they harbor unique diversity of life forms. Indian Himalayan habitats are abode of a diverse lichen community, and have evolved into various growth forms. Lichens inhabit nearly all the terrestrial and boreal domains of the region. Lichens are more sensitive to changes in environmental conditions than all other plant forms. Passive temperature enhancing systems (PTES) such as open top chambers (OTC) are most appropriate devices to experimentally simulating the global temperature alleviation as they use trapped solar energy to enhance the ambient temperature of experimental area. PTES experimental setups utilizing lichens can be a very efficient method for studying effect of temperature alleviation on plants.
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