Legal and Economic Translation

La traducción jurada de actas matrimoniales marroquíes

by Manuel Feria García

Published in FERIA GARCÍA, Manuel C. (coord.): Traducir para la justicia, Granada: Comares, 1999, 221-258.

Practical guidelines for translating Moroccan marriage certificates from Arabic into Spanish Practical guidelines for translating Moroccan marriage certificates from Arabic into Spanish

Terminologia, frazeologia i stylistyka umowy o pracę oraz contract of employment i statement of employment particulars

by Lucja Biel

Pre-print version of „Terminologia, frazeologia i stylistyka umowy o pracę oraz contract of employment i statement of employment particulars”, Lingua Legis 19, 2011, 47-62.

The article discusses the terminology, phraseology and stylistics of Polish and UK contracts of employment and... more The article discusses the terminology, phraseology and stylistics of Polish and UK contracts of employment and selected accompanying documents. The analysis is based on a contrastive study of parallel texts, as well as two existing translations of the Polish Labour Code. As re-gards stylistics, the texts of UK employment contracts are written in a less formal register than Polish contracts, which results in a register shift in translation. The author explores the macrostructure of employment contracts and written statements of particulars of employment, as well as regulations which are incorporated in such documents. The remaining part of the article discusses their microstructure, including commencement, continuous service, working time, place of work, pay and bonuses, leaves and time off, sick pay, termination and dismissal, disciplinary procedures, and pension schemes. As the author has attempted to show, a contrastive analysis of parallel texts raises the awareness of natural equivalents in the target language and helps overcome lexicalisation problems.

Professional Realism in the Legal Translation Classroom: Translation Competence and Translator Competence

by Lucja Biel

The paper proposes how to integrate professional realism in BA legal translation classes at the level of translation... more The paper proposes how to integrate professional realism in BA legal translation classes at the level of translation competence and translator competence. The distinction between competences is adopted from Kiraly, where the former means the ability to translate to the required standard while the latter is the ability to function efficiently as a professional. The competences are developed concurrently, the main focus being placed on translation competence. Professional realism is ensured in content design (the most frequently translated branches of law), a varied selection of authentic and prototypical texts, an eclectic teaching approach progressing from task-based learning to project-based learning, including subject-field competence building, terminology work and, finally, translation and revision projects which integrate all tasks and activities in a single assignment.

E-lectra: A Bibliography for the Study and Practice of Legal, Court and Official Translation and Interpreting

by Esther Monzo

Meta (vol. 55, n.º 2)

Scientific development presupposes the efficient communication of new findings. The increase in the number of academic... more Scientific development presupposes the efficient communication of new findings. The increase in the number of academic journals and publications worldwide burdens scholars, also translation scholars, with the responsibility of keeping up to date with ever increasingly scattered relevant literature. On the other hand, legal translation professionals need to select and find specialised documentation and reference material, which the market addresses not to translators or interpreters but to law specialists. E-lectra is an electronic bibliographic database whose purpose is to help legal translation scholars and practitioners select and find relevant literature and documentation resources, and further help researchers to present their work by providing a powerful pool of formats and styles incorporated in an easy-to-use system for citing references in their works and adapting them to the conventions of different journals from the field of translation studies.

Terminologia i frazeologia reprezentacji spółki (pełnomocnik, prokurent i przedstawiciel) oraz ich angielskie ekwiwalenty

by Lucja Biel

Pre-print version: Lingua Legis 2010

The article discusses fundamental terminology and phraseology connected with company representation in Polish law and... more The article discusses fundamental terminology and phraseology connected with company representation in Polish law and has two objectives. The first objective is to conduct a detailed analysis of the most salient terms, prokurent, pełnomocnik zgromadzenia, kurator spółki, pełnomocnik do głosowania and przedstawiciel, with a view to determining their conceptual fields and obtaining a basis for cross-linguistic comparison. The second objective is to identify and assess their English equivalents in translation practice, demonstrating various techniques applied by legal translators to deal with incongruity and non-equivalence. The third section presents an overview of Polish phraseology related to representation to aid translators in achieving naturalness in translation.

Η εκλαΐκευση των κοινοτικών κειμένων (EU documents in clear language)

by Michel Politis / Μιχάλης Πολίτης

Πολίτης Μιχάλης,  (2010) : «Η εκλαΐκευση των κοινοτικών κειμένων », Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα του ΤΞΓΜΔ του Ιονίου Πανεπιστημίου Dictio 2008-2009, τ. 3

Abstract
The popularization of the european texts is a practice dating from the 60s and aims to inform the public... more Abstract
The popularization of the european texts is a practice dating from the 60s and aims to inform the public about the european reality. Despite the accomplished efforts, the re-sults of this practice are not yet satisfactory. This is due in our opinion to the wrong approach of the communication policy of the European Union. For decades, it was taking into consideration only the linguistic differences of its audiences. However, theses audiences have also different skills, different interests and different overall atti-tude issues relating to european integration. There is a desire to change this approach. Important steps have been realized in the right direction, but the cost of implementing the new communication policy does not permit to achieve the optimum result.

Η θέση του ατόμου στη διεθνή έννομη τάξη σύμφωνα με τον Νικόλαο Πολίτη. Μετάφραση και σχολιασμός αποσπάσματος από το έργο του Νικολάου Πολίτη Les nouvelles tendances du droit international

by Michel Politis / Μιχάλης Πολίτης

Πολίτης Μιχάλης,  (2009) : «Η θέση του ατόμου στη διεθνή έννομη τάξη σύμφωνα με τον Νικόλαο Πολίτη. Μετάφραση και σχολιασμός αποσπάσματος από το έργο του Νικολάου Πολίτη Les nouvelles tendances du droit international », Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα του ΤΞΓΜΔ του Ιονίου Πανεπιστημίου Dictio 2007-2008, τ. 2.

Abstract

The present constitutes a commented translation of an extract of work of the Greek professor of... more Abstract

The present constitutes a commented translation of an extract of work of the Greek professor of international law of the first half of the 20th century Nicolas Politis. According to the writer, the person is the subject and not the object of the international law, as the state is an abstract notion, creation of the human spirit, behind which the person exists. As the internal society is composed by persons that belong to a social institution, the international society is mainly composed by persons that belong to a wider social institution.

Diccionario de términos jurídicos árabe-español

by Manuel Feria García

First Law Dictionary Arabic-Spanish First Law Dictionary Arabic-Spanish

Traducir para la justicia

by Manuel Feria García

Corpus-Based Studies of Legal Language for Translation Purposes

by Lucja Biel

The paper discusses potential applications of corpus-based methodologies to legal language studies, the focus being... more The paper discusses potential applications of corpus-based methodologies to legal language studies, the focus being placed on their implications for translation research and translator training. Corpus-based studies have been applied to translation since the 90ties; prior research tended to exclude translations as a nonrepresentative language. However, relatively few current projects concentrate on legal translation
specifically. Corpus-based methodologies analyse authentic data and language in use. They help to eliminate the speculative element and to verify research hypotheses on a larger scale. Their major contribution seems to be the possibility to improve the naturalness of translation. They may be applied to analyse the translationese against the non-translated language and, in consequence, to identify interferences from the source language. A substantial deal of research is devoted to the so-called translation universals, that is ‘universal features of translation’ (Baker 1993: 243) independent of specific language pairs, i.e. explicitation; simplification, disambiguation; normalisation or conservatism; leveling-out; and over- and underrepresentation of SL or TL elements, including untypical distribution of collocations. It will be argued that some of these hypotheses require further analysis in the context of legal translation. For example, how does the tendency to disambiguate relate to strategic ambiguities and purposeful flexibility of legal language (vagueness)? Is the tendency of explicitation and sanitation not in conflict with the high accuracy requirement in legal translation? And more generally, how does the untypical distribution of TL elements impact the naturalness of translation? It seems that corpus-based studies is a promising
methodology that may open up new perspectives on legal language and translation.

Analiza porównawcza nazw spółek w prawie polskim, angielskim i amerykańskim w wybranych słownikach

by Lucja Biel

pre-print version of the paper published in Lingua Legis 15 (2007)

The article analyses the names of business entities formed under Polish, English and US law. Polish organizations are... more The article analyses the names of business entities formed under Polish, English and US law. Polish organizations are formed under commercial or civil law and are grouped in one semantic field spółka. English and US law makes a sharp distinction between partnerships and companies/corporations and does not have a single superordinate term corresponding to spółka. The three English translations of the Polish Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies use the same English equivalents of the Polish entities, creating the SL-oriented authoritative terminology. It is rather unproblematic to find equivalents of English and US partnerships in Polish due to a relatively high degree of congruity between the concepts. On the other hand, companies/corporations pose more translation problems due to the finer categorization of these entities in English and US law, based on different criteria. Furthermore, it is shown that the Polish dictionaries covered by the analysis contain some errors and do not list some standard partnerships and companies/corporations (in particular US entities seem to be underrepresented).

Incongruity of Company Law Terms Categorization of Polish Business Entities and their English Equivalents

by Lucja Biel

published in Translation Journal in 2006

Memorandum of Association: Terminologia związana z zawiązaniem i rejestracją spółki company limited by shares

by Lucja Biel

published in Lingua Legis 2008

The article discusses the basic terminology connected with formation and incorporation of companies limited by shares... more The article discusses the basic terminology connected with formation and incorporation of companies limited by shares in the United Kingdom. The main focus is placed on the Memorandum of Association and changes in its prescribed content and status under the new Companies Act 2006, i.e. the so-called new-style Memorandum. The semantic field of the Memorandum is described with reference to the complementary document, Articles of Association, as well as two parallel Polish documents umowa sp. z o.o. and statut S.A. The remaining part of the article examines registration terminology and major terms of the old-style Memorandum, including company name, objects, registered office, subscriber, and promoter.

Terminologia polskiego, angielskiego i amerykańskiego prawa spółek: organy spółki

by Lucja Biel

published in Lingua Legis 2009

The paper discusses major terminology connected with governing bodies in Polish, UK and US companies. The analysis is... more The paper discusses major terminology connected with governing bodies in Polish, UK and US companies. The analysis is based on the Polish Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies, the UK’s Companies Act 2006, and the US Revised Model Business Corporation Act and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. First, types of members of the company/corporation and general meetings are discussed. The real difficulty lies in the Polish terminological distinction between the general meetings in private and in public companies (zgromadzenie wspólników v walne zgromadzenie), which leads to the question whether it should be maintained when translating such terms into English. It is argued that it should not, as in the case of other related pairs udziały/akcje and wspólnik/akcjonariusz. Next corporate governance systems are examined: the US and UK company law applies the one-tier system with the unitary board (board of directors) while the Polish company law applies the two-tier system with the dual board (zarząd and rada nadzorcza). These conceptual distinctions underlie the incongruity of terms connected with the governing bodies.

Theorie und Praxis des Übersetzens Juristischer Texte

by Stefanos Vlachopoulos

Translating Law into a Dictionary: A Terminographic Model

by Weronika Szemińska

Research in Language, 2011, Vol. 9 No. 1, 177-186

The purpose of this paper is to present a model dictionary which could serve as a tool for professional translators of... more The purpose of this paper is to present a model dictionary which could serve as a tool for professional translators of legal texts.
Firstly, the methodological approach which was adopted in order to create the model is delineated. It is based on the combined specialist knowledge of three disciplines, namely terminography, translation studies and law. Subsequently, the notion of the translation dictionary as a separate type of terminological dictionary is presented, with particular emphasis on the unit of translation and translation equivalence. The following part of the paper characterises translation of legal texts and its implications concerning the needs of the translator as well as the role of the dictionary in the translation process. Finally, the paper proposes a model dictionary, constructed according to the methodological rules determined at the beginning and in the light of the conclusions drawn from the preceding analysis. The description of the model is illustrated by sample entries, exemplifying particular solutions.

Η διακειμενικότητα ως «εργαλείο» για τη μετάφραση κειμένων που έχουν παραχθεί με βάση το παράγωγο κοινοτικό δίκαιο

by Michel Politis / Μιχάλης Πολίτης

Titre en français:
L'intertextualité comme "outil de traduction" de textes rédigés en se basant sur le droit communautaire dérivé

Aνακοίνωση που παρουσιάστηκε σε Ημερίδα που διοργάνωσε το Τμήμα Εφαρμοσμένων Γλωσσών στη Διοίκηση και στο Εμπόριο του ΤΕΙ Ηπείρου στην Ηγουμενίτσα στις 7 & 8 Ιουνίου 2007, Edition Capre Diem, 2009

La transposition du droit communautaire aux droits nationaux crée des liens particuliers (intertexte, intertextualité)... more La transposition du droit communautaire aux droits nationaux crée des liens particuliers (intertexte, intertextualité) entre les textes communautaires et les textes nationaux (lois, actes règlementaires, textes d'application, etc). Le fait que les textes communautaires existent dans toutes les langues officielles de l'Union européennes, permet au traducteur qui traduit un texte "national" qui est fondé sur le droit communautaire de le consulter en double visualisation sur le site de Eur-lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/).

Περίληψη:
Η μεταφορά του κοινοτικού δικαίου στο εθνικό δίκαιο διαμορφώνει ιδιαίτερους δεσμούς (διακείμενο, διακειμενικότητα) μεταξύ των κοινοτικών και των εθνικών κειμένων (νόμοι, κανονιστικές πράξεις, κείμενα εφαρμογής, κά). Η ύπαρξη κοινοτικών κειμένων σε όλες τις επίσημες γλώσσες της Ευρωπαϊκής ¨Ενωσης επιτρέπει στον μεταφραστή που μεταφράζει "εθνικό" κείμενο, που βασίζεται στο κοινοτικό δίκαιο, να το συμβουλεύεται σε διπλή απεικόνιση τη βάση Eur-lex (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/)

Texte juridique et multilinguisme

by Michel Politis / Μιχάλης Πολίτης

Publié au no 49/2007 des Cahiers de la MRSH, Université de Caen

Le traducteur grec face au texte révisé de la Constitution française

by Michel Politis / Μιχάλης Πολίτης

Ανακοίνωση στο Διεθνές Συνέδριο: Μεταφράζοντας στον 21ο αιώνα: τάσεις και προοπτικές που διοργάνωσε το Τµήµα Γαλλικής Γλώσσας και Φιλολογίας του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστηµίου Θεσσαλονίκης στις 27 έως τις 29 Σεπτεµβρίου

La traduction d’'un texte constitutionnel représente un défi pour un traducteur en raison non seulement des... more La traduction d’'un texte constitutionnel représente un défi pour un traducteur en raison non seulement des difficultés particulières de la traduction juridique, mais aussi en raison de son caractère primaire dans l’ordre juridique d’un État. On doit, cependant, noter que la difficulté principale de la traduction juridique en général ne consiste pas à son approche méthodologique particulière, car en principe le traducteur applique dans tous les types de traduction la même méthodologie. Ce qui constitue pour l’essentiel la difficulté de la traduction juridique est :
- son champ de référence spécialisé, avec lequel les non-juristes ne sont pas familiarisés,
- le fait que le traducteur soit appelé à franchir l’abîme qui sépare en principe les systèmes juridiques en question, et
- le fait que les textes juridiques, selon leur nature, présentent des caractéristiques particuliers.
Les difficultés essentielles de la traduction juridique font partie principalement de la sphère de la pragmatique, de la sémantique et de la stylistique, et secondairement de la sphère de la morphosyntaxe, bien que les choix stylistiques du rédacteur puissent influencer la sphère de la morphosyntaxe et constituer ainsi une source de difficultés surtout pour les traducteurs non expérimentés.
Le degré de difficulté des textes juridiques à traduire et le degré d’effort que le traducteur doit accomplir pour atteindre son objectif dépend:
- du degré de spécialisation du champ de référence,
- du degré de différentiation des systèmes juridiques impliqués, et
- des particularités du langage juridique employé.
Dans la pratique nous constatons que la traduction juridique suppose un degré élevé d’'analyse et d’interprétation, et plus généralement une maîtrise de la méthodologie de la traduction.
Le traducteur professionnel n'’est pas, comme certains le croient encore, un simple bilingue (ou multilingue), ni un spécialiste qui connaît des langues étrangères. Il s’'agit d'’un
être spécifiquement qualifié, en principe multilingue, qui sait comment repérer et évaluer les ressources nécessaires et comment les exploiter adéquatement pour réaliser sa tâche. La méthodologie de la traduction pour sa part n’est pas une simple « recette » facilement applicable, mais une méthode d’approche scientifique du texte à traduire.