Law Enforcement

Fighting Terror Through Justice: Implementing the IGAD Framework for Legal Cooperation Against Terrorism

by Matthew Schwartz

Co-authored with the Task Force on Legal Cooperation against Terrorism in the IGAD Subregion.

East Africa and the Horn face a number of transnational security threats, including terrorism, transnational crime,... more East Africa and the Horn face a number of transnational security threats, including terrorism, transnational crime, and piracy. In recent years, particularly following the July 2010 attacks in Kampala, al-Shabaab has been increasingly viewed as a threat not only to Somalia, but to the greater subregion. Tourism has declined and shipping costs have risen due to the threat of piracy from Somalia. Lawless pockets where government reach is weak, together with rampant corruption, have turned the region into a major transit point for black market financial flows and various forms of illicit trafficking.

Terrorism and transnational crime increasingly threaten security in the subregion of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development [IGAD]. Because of their transnational nature, no individual IGAD member state will single-handedly be able to deal effectively with these threats. As the IGAD Security Strategy adopted in December 2010 makes clear, effective cooperation will be crucial to winning the struggle against terrorism and to ensuring that other forms of transnational crime do not similarly jeopardize the IGAD subregion’s growth, prosperity, and stability.

To Protect and Serve: The Effects of Occupational Stress Hazards on Law Enforcement Officers

by Alan Steinberg

Co-authored with Newton Howard (MIT). Published in Law Enforcement Executive Forum, March 2007

Law enforcement officials are well aware of the effects of stress; both on themselves and others that they deal with... more Law enforcement officials are well aware of the effects of stress; both on themselves and others that they deal with during the course of their working day. However, few individuals are trained to recognize the warning signs and the impact that personal stress has on their day to day activities. Untreated simple stressors can build up to form post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While there are programs designed to help the law enforcement community, they are few and far between. More attention needs to be paid to this problem in order to ensure a healthy protective layer for our community.

‘Modernising’ employment standards? Administrative efficiency and the production of the illegitimate claimant in Ontario, Canada

by J. Adam Perry

Co-authored with Mary Gellatly, John Grundy, Kiran Mirchandani, Mark P. Thomas and Leah F. Vosko. Published in The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 2011.

In October 2010, the provincial government of Ontario, Canada enacted the Open for Business Act (OBA). A central... more In October 2010, the provincial government of Ontario, Canada enacted the Open for Business Act (OBA). A central component of the OBA is its provisions aiming to streamline the enforcement of Ontario’s Employment Standards Act (ESA). The OBA’s changes to the ESA are an attempt to manage a crisis of employment
standards (ES) enforcement, arising from decades of ineffective regulation, by entrenching an individualised enforcement model. The Act aims to streamline enforcement by screening people assumed to be lacking definitive proof of violations out of the complaints process. The OBA therefore produces a new category
of ‘illegitimate claimants’ and attributes administrative backlogs to these people. Instead of improving the protection of workers, the OBA embeds new racialised and gendered modes of exclusion in the ES enforcement process.

Wolf, Sonja. “Policing Crime in El Salvador.”

by Sonja Wolf

NACLA Report on the Americas 45.1 (Spring 2012): 43-54.

Integrating police academy training with higher education

by Heather Wyatt-Nichol

(2000).Virginia Police Chief 13 (1), 14-18. (Cover Story).

Ethics Training in Law Enforcement Agencies

by Heather Wyatt-Nichol

Co-author: George Franks

(2009). Public Integrity, 12(1), 39-50.

Enforcing Firearms Laws at the Local Level: A Case Study of the Virginia Beach Police Department's Gun Trace Unit

by William Patterson

The Police Journal

Gun violence remains a serious threat to public safety through- out the United States. Numerous federal and local... more Gun violence remains a serious threat to public safety through- out the United States. Numerous federal and local agencies have taken a variety of steps in an attempt to deal with this perennial problem. One of the most common tactics has been the development of task forces between local agencies and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF). This is the approach that the Virginia Beach Police Department took until recently. In April 2008, however, the department disbanded its task force and developed its own internal unit tasked with the investigation of firearms-related crimes called the Gun Trace Unit. This article details the new unit’s mission, how it functions, and what advantages it has over the pre- viously instituted task force approach. The Gun Trace Unit has been a successful innovation in Virginia Beach and may serve as a useful model for other jurisdictions.

To Protect and Serve: Civilian Policing and the United Nations Mission in Kosovo

by William Patterson

Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement

Since the end of the Cold War the process of nation building has become a priority in the attempt to maintain world... more Since the end of the Cold War the process of nation building has become a priority in the attempt to maintain world order and security in the wake of the instability and devastation wrought by failed and war-torn states. The proliferation of nation-building missions has led to their diversification and the need to marshal a vast array of resources in order to attain substantial levels of success. This article deals with a new and important component of peacekeeping and nation-building missions, that of civilian policing. The article outlines the goals of using civilian police officers in nation-building missions and discusses a variety of problems (pragmatic, legal, and cultural) that policing may introduce to such missions. This discussion is focused around the civilian policing component of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo. It delineates the successes and hardships so far experienced during the mission in Kosovo and explores the insights that the mission may provide for similar projects in the future.

An Ideal Use of Force Model For Law Enforcement: An Assessment of the Austin Police Department

by Texas State PA Applied Research Projects

Delgado, Rolando A., "An Ideal Use of Force Model For Law Enforcement: An Assessment of the Austin Police Department" (2011). Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Paper 359.

Purpose: Generally speaking, a law enforcement agency's objective consists of protecting life and property, at the... more Purpose: Generally speaking, a law enforcement agency's objective consists of protecting life and property, at the same time providing excellent public service to its community. Among other things, police administrators must provide its officers with the best use-of-force policies and practices to achieve an agency's objective. The first purpose is to establish a practical ideal type model to assess use-of-force policies and practices in law enforcement. Second, using a case study method, current use-of-force policies and practices at the Austin Police Department will be examined. Finally, the project will provide recommendations for improving use-of-force policies and practices at the Austin Police Department. A review of the literature identified three key elements of effective guidelines, extensive training in all force options, and a thorough review of use-of-force incidents.

Methodology: The elements of effective use-of-force policies and practices identified in the literature are used to construct the conceptual framework. This framework is used to create a practical ideal type model assessment tool for use-of-force policies and practices.The assessment tool is used to evaluate the Austin Police Department's use-of-force policies and practices. A case study method comprising structured interviews, direct observation, and document analysis is used to carry out the assessment.

Findings: Overall, the Austin Police Department's use-of-force policies and practices are consistent with the practical ideal type model developed through the literature, meeting best practices standards. Use-of-force policies and practices could be improved, however, by incorporating training practices to decrease officer and subject injuries, further research the use-of-force training model in place to evaluate its effectiveness, implement a system of use-of-force reporting that is more comprehensive, and strengthen its early warning system.

A Descriptive Analysis of Wellness Programs within State Police Agencies and a Comparative Analysis of Other State Police Wellness Programs and the Texas Department of Public Safety

by Texas State PA Applied Research Projects

Church, Rosanna L., "A Descriptive Analysis of Wellness Programs within State Police Agencies and a Comparative Analysis of Other State Police Wellness Programs and the Texas Department of Public Safety" (1993). Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Paper 192.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/192

Perceptions of the Hays County Sheriff's Office Pertaining to the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officers Standards and Education's Stress Management Curriculum

by Texas State PA Applied Research Projects

Revel, Tyler, "Perceptions of the Hays County Sheriff's Office Pertaining to the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officers Standards and Education's Stress Management Curriculum" (2006). Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Paper 202.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/202

The purpose of this research is to describe the perceptions and attitudes of the Hays County Sheriff's Office... more The purpose of this research is to describe the perceptions and attitudes of the Hays County Sheriff's Office employees who have taken the (TCLEOSE) Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Standards and Education's stress management training. TCLEOSE mandates the training curriculum used in this study be given to all law enforcement officers throughout the State of Texas. The Hays County Sheriff's Officer participants indicate that while the training is effective in identifying sources of stress, more work is needed in the instruction of coping methods.

Perceptions of Texas Parks & Wildlife Game Wardens about Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Programs

by Texas State PA Applied Research Projects

Kessler, Bryce R., "Perceptions of Texas Parks & Wildlife Game Wardens about Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Programs" (2005). Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Paper 5.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/5

Conserving wildlife and wildlife habitat for future generations has been very important in America. The decline, if... more Conserving wildlife and wildlife habitat for future generations has been very important in America. The decline, if not extinction, of native wildlife have become major issues in the conservation field. Youth are vulnerable to following the practices of a society and youth are the future in protecting and conserving natural resources. Illegal hunting and fishing have caused the extinction or demise of many wildlife species. Law enforcement at both federal and state levels has been addressing wildlife crimes for well over a hundred years. Natural resource law enforcement programs are used every day in order to protect this nations’ wildlife for future generations. In Texas, the Texas Parks and Wildlife game wardens have been tasked with protecting Texas’ natural resources. This study was created in order to find out the perceptions of Texas Parks and Wildlife game wardens about effectiveness of law enforcement programs within the department. A survey was sent to game wardens throughout the state of Texas to find out the effectiveness of the following law enforcement programs: fish patrol, game patrol, Operation Game Thief, and educational programs. The effectiveness of the above programs was based on six categories of effectiveness. The six categories of effectiveness used were specific deterrence, general deterrence, detection, cost effectiveness, public support, and Operation Game Thief. Game wardens ranked each program on how well they perceived the program in being effective. An additional survey was added to this research paper as exploratory research in order to explore possible concerns about recruitment and retention within the Texas Parks and Wildlife Division of Law Enforcement.

The four law enforcement programs studied received above average support from game wardens throughout the state. Fish and game patrol were considered the most effective in the perception of effectiveness categories. Even though Operation Game Thief and educational programs were considered to be less effective, the programs were still supported by a majority of game wardens. The recruitment and retention survey illustrated that a large number of game wardens were concerned about recruitment and retention within the Texas Parks & Wildlife Law Enforcement Division.

A Content Analysis of Peacekeeping Issues for the Journal Armed Forces & Society

by Texas State PA Applied Research Projects

Brady, Christopher W., "A Content Analysis of Peacekeeping Issues for the Journal Armed Forces & Society" (2010). Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Paper 334.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/334

Purpose
This study describes peacekeeping issues found in the journal of Armed Forces & Society. Peacekeeping... more Purpose
This study describes peacekeeping issues found in the journal of Armed Forces & Society. Peacekeeping is an important aspect of civil-military relations because it attempts to normalize the relationship between society and the armed forces of a nation. As the premier journal on civil-military relations Armed Forces & Society should cover topics dealing with peacekeeping. Peacekeeping operations are undertaken to repair the negative relationship between a society and its armed forces. The journal has proven to be the benchmark in discussing civil-military relations and therefore should incorporate content on peacekeeping.

The peacekeeping issues are organized using a taxonomy found in Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. This study breaks down peacekeeping operations into four categories and describes the level of discussion Armed Forces & Society gives to each category. This study illustrates how the journal Armed Forces & Society, contributes to the scholarly literature of peacekeeping.

Methodology
Peacekeeping is reduced to four major categories. Categories used in the content analysis include: internal characteristics, operational characteristics, authorization characteristics and the political and military context of a peacekeeping operation. The categories of peacekeeping operations are modeled on a framework derived from the United Nations' Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations produced in 2000. A content analysis of articles found in the journal Armed Forces & Society from the first issue in 1974 to the October 2009 issue is used to describe the peacekeeping content.

Results
This study measures and describes the frequency of discussion by Armed Forces & Society concerning peacekeeping operations. Peacekeeping categories and sub-categories are ranked to show the level of contribution made to the peacekeeping literature. Peacekeeping issues such as personnel, personnel behavior and training are discussed at length and contribute greatly to the peacekeeping discussion. Some areas of peacekeeping, such as the behavior of 3rd party actors, Security Council Mandates and the command and control of an operation are partially represented. After presenting the findings of this study recommendations are made to assist future scholars and journal leadership in contributing to the peacekeeping literature.

Afterward: Law Enforcement Response Strategies for Criminal-states and Criminal-soldiers

by John P. Sullivan

Co-authored with Keith Weston in "Global Crime", Vol. 7, No. 3-4 (August-November 2006).

Criminal-states and Criminal-soldiers are two interrelated threats that challenge order and stability at local,... more Criminal-states and Criminal-soldiers are two interrelated threats that challenge order and stability at local, national, and potentially global levels. Policing and law enforcement are essential to securing the conditions necessary for stable governance and preserving the rule of law. Law enforcement and police services play key roles in ensuring community stability. They also control and contain criminal threats, protect individual liberties, and enable other political and diplomatic processes to function. This afterward examines the role of police and enforcement agencies in countering the threats posed by criminal-soldiers in order to prevent the establishment or spread of criminal-states.

Keywords criminal-states; criminal-soldiers; law enforcement response; constabulary operations; networks

Postmodern Anomic Disorder* (PAD): Understanding Gang Behavior and the London Riots

by Daniel Keeran MSW

by Daniel Keeran, MSW

The College of Mental Health Counseling presents an understanding of youth gangs, the London riots, Islamic terrorism, aboriginal suicide and other similar phenomena as possible effects of Postmodern Anomic Disorder* identified here for the first time.

If the paper does not yet appear below, you can download it here http://www.ctihalifax.com/images/Anomic_Disorder4.pdf

If you have any questions, comments, or upload difficulty, please contact collegemhc@gmail.com

The College of Mental Health Counseling presents an understanding of youth gangs, the London riots, Islamic terrorism,... more The College of Mental Health Counseling presents an understanding of youth gangs, the London riots, Islamic terrorism, aboriginal suicide and other similar phenomena as possible effects of Postmodern Anomic Disorder* identified here for the first time.

If you have any questions or comments please contact collegemhc@gmail.com

ICITAP, une initiative de sécurité maritime originale pour l’Asie du Sud-est

by Alban Sciascia

Defense et Securite Internationale, Hors Serie Euronaval, Octobre 2010

Piraterie, terrorisme maritime, trafics illicites, mais aussi protection des ressources et des frontières, les... more Piraterie, terrorisme maritime, trafics illicites, mais aussi protection des ressources et des frontières, les questions se rapportant à la sécurité maritime en Asie du Sud-est sont extrêmement diverses. Confrontés à cet ensemble de risques et de menaces, les États du sud-est asiatique ont entrepris, chacun de leurs côtés, d’assurer la sûreté et la sécurité du domaine maritime. Toutefois, de nombreux écueils se sont dressés et se dressent encore face aux différentes initiatives misent en œuvre. Les acteurs extérieurs de la région – et notamment les Etats-Unis – ont toujours considéré l’Asie du Sud-est comme une zone stratégique de premier ordre. Ainsi, dès le début des années 2000, le Department of Justice (Ministère de la Justice) américain déploya en Indonésie une équipe du programme ICITAP (International Crime Investigative Training Assistance Program).

Criminalidad, Miedo y Control en Costa Rica. Estadísticas de Criminalidad y Seguridad Pública

by Sebastian Huhn

published in 'Cuadernos de Sociología', No. 10/ 2010, pp. 21-43.

Full text at:
http://www.sociologia.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/images/Sociologia/documentos/Cuadernos_Sociologia/No10/texto_completo.pdf

El discurso público costarricense sobre la violencia y la criminalidad se basa fundamentalmente en
la premisa que... more El discurso público costarricense sobre la violencia y la criminalidad se basa fundamentalmente en
la premisa que las tasas de criminalidad en los útlimos años han incrementado enormemente y que han
alcanzado hasta hoy un nivel alarmante. Si bien las estadísticas de criminalidad son un fundamento lógico
para la hipótesis correspondiente, en este artículo discuto las estadísticas de criminalidad costarricenses, su
desarrollo y su uso en el discurso sobre la violencia y la criminalidad basándome en la teoría criminológica.
La hipótesis de este texto es que el valor informativo de las estadísticas sobre la realidad costarricense es
mucho menor de lo que implica su uso habitual, y que éstas no fundamentan la proclamada ola delincuencial
a pesar de que sean usadas como argumento.

Crisis Intervention and De-escalation: A Critical Skill Emergency Managers Need

by Brian Crisan

Published in the International Association of Emergency Managers Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 3, March 2011

Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) are groups of law enforcement officers with specialized training in dealing with... more Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) are groups of law enforcement officers with specialized training in dealing with people who have severe mental illnesses.

Risk and Social Engineering: A Non-Technical Approach to Breaching Security

by Brian Crisan

Published in the International Association of Emergency Managers Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 5, May 2011

Social engineering is a non-technical approach to gaining unauthorized access to restricted information.  Former... more Social engineering is a non-technical approach to gaining unauthorized access to restricted information.  Former hacker-turned-computer security consultant Kevin Mitnick is profiled as a leading expert on social engineering attacks.