El impacto de las empresas transnacionales en la reestructuración industrial de México. El caso de las industrias de partes para vehículos y de televisores, Jorge Carrillo, Michael Mortimore y Jorge Alonso Estrada, en Serie CEPAL, Serie Desarrollo Productivo No. 50, Septiembre de 1998.
Jorge Carrillo, Michael Mortimore y Jorge Alonso Estrada, en Serie CEPAL, Serie Desarrollo Productivo No. 50, Septiembre de 1998.
Resumen
Este trabajo describe lacompetitividad de las empresas de autopartes y televisores en el norte de... more
Resumen
Este trabajo describe lacompetitividad de las empresas de autopartes y televisores en el norte de México en años recientes. La pregunta central es si estos sectores exportadores han alcanzado mejorar la competitividad internacional con la apertura económica y si el proceso de reestructuración industrial ha estado aparejado a ello.
Tanto la industria del televisor como de las autopartes en México han experimentado intensos cambios desde el inicio de los años ochenta. Sobresalen la creación de nuevas plantas exportadoras, la reestructuración de las ya existentes, la especialización territorial, la modernización tecnológica y la adaptación de nuevas formas de organización en el trabajo. Todo ello ha contribuido a un aumento considerable de la competitividad de ambos sectores, y en particular de la productividad laboral y de la calidad de los productos.
El proceso de reorganización industrial ha estado dirigido, principalmente, por las corporaciones transnacionales y, en menor medida, por las políticas gubernamentales de apertura comercial, promoción de inversiones extranjeras directas y desregulación sectorial, entre otras. Tanto las estrategias corporativas, como las políticas de ajuste macro y las políticas sectoriales y territoriales, han propiciado un fuerte crecimiento de las exportaciones hacia el mercado internacional, principalmente el norteamericano. Por ejemplo, 7 de cada 10 televisores vendidos en Estados Unidos fueron producidos en las plantas maquiladoras de televisores de México y más del 90% de los arneses automotrices fueron ensamblados en las maquiladoras fronterizas.
La globalización de la producción ha elevado considerablemente las presiones para mejorar la competitividad de las empresas y reducir los costos de producción, tanto en firmas nacionales como en corporaciones transnacionales. Sobresalen como estrategias de las compañías la especialización productiva de las plantas y la mayor complejidad de los productos que elaboran, por un lado, y la calificación de los recursos humanos vía capacitación, por otro lado. No obstante lo anterior, existen algunos obstáculos para elevar el valor agregado por planta y la mano de obra, como son la escasa movilidad ocupacional, los bajos salarios relativos y las limitadas decisiones de las empresas filiales en relación con las casas matrices.
El documento concluye que una sana combinación de apertura económica y desregulación sectorial, aunada principalmente a estrategias corporativas de racionalización del trabajo, inversión en nuevas tecnologías duras y blandas, y capacitación de los recursos humanos, tienen como resultado un mejoramiento considerable de la competitividad internacional. Finalmente, el trabajo expone una agenda de recomendaciones para otros países.
Clinging To Capitalism
by Dion Peoples
An undergraduate paper written in 2001, while I was still in the USAF - for Industrial Sociology.
Sunuş: Gerçek Olağanüstü Hal: Çalışırken Ölüyoruz, Yaralanıyoruz, Hasta Oluyoruz!
by Asli Odman
This is the review and presentation of the turkish translation of the book "Travailer peux nuir gravement a votre santé" by Annie Thébaud-Mony, published in 2007 by La Decouverte, and in 2012 by Ayrıntı Yayınevi.
Tuzla’yı, Davutpaşa’yı, Karadon faciasını, saatli bomba asbestin etkilerini anlamak için kılavuz bir kitap. Usta... more Tuzla’yı, Davutpaşa’yı, Karadon faciasını, saatli bomba asbestin etkilerini anlamak için kılavuz bir kitap. Usta sosyolog Thébaud-Mony hepimizin bir politika olarak uygulanan güvencesizleştirme ile nasıl sağlık ve canımızı kaybettiğimizi, Fransa, İtalya, Hindistan, Brezilya, Güney Afrika, Kanada’dan somut örneklerle anlatıyor. Sırf iş güvenliği uzmanları için değil, güvenceli güvencesiz, evde, işyerinde, kadın, erkek, Türkiyeli, göçmen çalışma hayatının içindeki herkes için bir ‘YANGIN ALARMI’ veriyor bu kitap.
The contrary forces of innovation: A conceptual model for studying networked innovation processes
Published in Industrial Marketing Management (2012), co-authored with Per Ingvar Olsen, Dept Innovation and Economic Organization, BI Norwegian Business School
In this paper, we argue that industrial innovation processes can productively be analysed as consisting of two... more In this paper, we argue that industrial innovation processes can productively be analysed as consisting of two sub-processes that over time create and mobilise contrary forces within both internal and external interactions of the innovation project. One of these forces emerges from the process of mobilising resources, activities, and actors in ensuring commitments to the project over time. The other is the process of explorative learning, which continues to create revised or even new propositions about the realities of the project and its opportunities. We argue that this analytical distinction permits us to expand our understanding of how friction forces develop over time in business networks (Håkansson & Waluszewski, 2001a,b), the patterns of divergence and convergence in innovation processes as identified by Van de Ven et al. (1999) and the processes of “path creation through mindful deviation” as argued by Garud and Karnøe (2001).
Immigration and the Organization of the Onshore Oil Industry: Southern Louisiana in the Late 1990s
co-authored with Katharine M. Donato and Dawn T. Robinson
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Seen by:(2006) Ceci n'est pas un pipe-line
published in POURCEL Frank (ed.), La petite mer des oubliés. Etang de Berre, paradoxe méditerranéen, Manosque : Le Bec en l'air & L'oeil anthropologique, 2006, pp. 28-31.
Photos available following the link on colgate.free.fr
Étang de Berre… on dirait un tableau de Magritte. Quelle que soit la façon dont on le regarde, on finit toujours par... more Étang de Berre… on dirait un tableau de Magritte. Quelle que soit la façon dont on le regarde, on finit toujours par tomber sur une contradiction. Son portrait le plus commun, attendu, est un dégradé de noir : un des centres industriels les plus imposants de France, une des plus fortes concentrations de sites Seveso de France, le quatrième site d’Europe le plus pollué à l’ozone, la décharge mythique d’Entressen qui passe, elle aussi, pour être la plus grande d’Europe en son genre... L’étang de Berre se décrit au superlatif. L’image d’une terre damnée lui colle à la peau depuis la construction ex nihilo de la zone industrielle de Fos-sur-Mer à la fin des années 60. Comme le résumait un élu marseillais, « ce n’est pas Pierre-et-Vacances qui va s’installer là-bas », et pourtant…
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Seen by:The Contrary Forces of Innovation: An Ethnography of Innovation in the Food Industry
Research monography, August 2011, Palgrave Macmillan.
Why do innovations tend to 'explode' into multiple versions when inventors seek to realize them? Why do most... more
Why do innovations tend to 'explode' into multiple versions when inventors seek to realize them? Why do most innovators seem to promise too much certainty about the future? And why is it so hard for innovations to succeed in finding use and establish a market?
A real-time study of the messy realm of industrial innovation. The complexity and the tensions of industrial innovation processes are fleshed out through the analysis of an intriguing case study from the food industry. By drawing together insights from innovation studies, science and technology studies, and studies of industrial networks, the controversies of innovation are investigated. Particular attention is given to the interaction between the mobilising of actors-networks and the exploration of knowledge, as well as to the interaction among the networks of interconnected processes called 'industry'.
Through an ethnographic case study of innovation between the biomarine and agricultural industries, I have followed innovation processes from idea to commercialization. The study adds to our understanding of innovation dynamics, particularly related to path creation, network friction, and the relationships between divergence and convergence in industrial innovation processes.
Studying innovation processes in real-time: The promises and challenges of ethnography
Co-authored with Professor Luis Araujo, Lancaster University
This paper discusses the promises and challenges of innovation ethnographies. We depart from the notion that... more This paper discusses the promises and challenges of innovation ethnographies. We depart from the notion that innovation processes are highly contingent, messy and non-linear and examine ways in which these processes have been studied. Our focus is on the challenges posed by the use of ethnographic methods to study innovation in-the-making. Our discussion is illustrated by an example culled from a longitudinal, real-time study of an innovation process in the food industry, inspired by actor-network theory (ANT) and its injunctions to focus on controversies and follow the actors. We conclude that although innovation ethnographies pose plenty of theoretical, methodological and practical challenges, they remain a promising and powerful method to map out the complex and tortuous paths of these processes.
Neal, M., & Morgan, J. 2000. The professionalization of everyone? A study of the development of the professions in Britain and Germany. European Sociological Review, 16(1): 79-101.
by Mark Neal
The concept of 'professionalization' is commonly used to describe how occupations become recognized as 'professions',... more
The concept of 'professionalization' is commonly used to describe how occupations become recognized as 'professions', and how they go about consolidating this status and improving their services. Contemporary debate often glosses over the historical development of the professions. Indeed, professionalism is often discussed and debated in a way that treats professionalization as a recent and uniform phenomenon. Taking a comparative historical perspective this paper identifies the stages through which occupations in the UK and Germany developed into the recognized professions of today. In doing so, it demonstrates that the process of professionalization has been radically different in the two countries, in particular with regard to the role of the state in initiating and administering professional bodies. Overall the study demonstrates that the process of professionalization in the UK has been 'bottom up', in that professional bodies have resulted from spontaneous activities at the occupational level to secure professional status. By contrast, professionalization in Germany has been 'top down' in that the state has played an active interventionist role in the initiation and administration of the professions. In detailing these different patterns this paper aims to provide an empirical resource for researchers in the field, and to contribute to the understanding of the differences in the organization and administration of professional services in the UK and in Germany. Finally, the emerging role of the EU in the administration, training, and licensing of professionals is discussed. The point is made that while particular EU directives have changed the relationship between the professions and the state in both countries, large-scale intervention by the EU has resulted in a new form of Euro-professionalization, typified by the establishment of the new profession of 'eco-auditors'.

