Indo-Eurasian Research
Work notes on the Perugia Cippus
This is a PDF file of work notes relating to the longest extant Etruscan text, the Perugia Cippus. This text includes a history of queens and kings. It is unfortunate that Livy and other Roman historians did not record more names of Etruscan regents, since we now have a rather long list, particularly of Etruscan queens, and it would be helpful if we can reconcile a few of the names and events to other histories. Nevertheless, the many names of queens listed cause one to take another look at the role of women in Etruscan society. We know the Etruscans treated their women with respect, possibly equals, as can be seen on tomb paintings, etc., but this long list of queens, with only a few kings listed, is curious. These Work Notes relate to other Work Notes, such as the Zagreb Mummy and Tavola Cortonensis. These can be helpful in auditing the translations of the other 160 texts (and growing) on the Etruscan Phrases website.
We have converted appropriate documents into PDF files in order to facilitate review of the work. The documents work together with the Etruscan Phrases.a.html which should be opened as an index to the other pages that are covered in the discussion of the these Work Notes.
This work focuses on refining declension and conjugation patterns used throughout the Etruscan Phrases texts. Although most of the words decline following Latin patterns, there are some words that are not Latin but rather like French / Italian. Conjugation patterns tend to follow Latin cases, except for 1st person singular, where the tense tends to be like French and Romanian verbs.
The Etruscans separated words and phrases by means of single or double dots ; i.e., a period and a colon. We respected those punctuation marks from the beginning, as we compiled the words that make up the Etruscan vocabulary. The definition and case / tense of a word has to be consistent wherever it is used in all of the texts, and while words may have several meanings, as in Latin or any other language, we have attempted to be conservative, applying the same meaning across the texts where a word is used.
It is hoped that this work, Etruscan Phrases, will take the discussion on the Etruscan civilization from the darkness of mystery to a measurable landscape, of the Etruscan people describing their own times, hopes, dreams, regents and history. We trust that other scientists will agree and embrace the prospect of rewriting history using factual data based upon a true understanding of the Etruscan writings, to free us from the obtuse speculations of the past. There is a great opportunity, as it was when Jean-François Champollion gave us the ability to read the writings of the Egyptian monuments, their histories and their Book of the Dead.
In a manner of speaking the Zagreb Mummy is of the same nature, as it is what could be called the Etruscan Book of the Dead. It seems to be liturgical in nature but often refers to places in Etruria. The Tavola Cortonensis appears to be a message among army generals and the Perugia Cippus is a history, the first written history extant written by the Etruscans. While stele were used as boundary markers, this stone appears to be a commemorative stone placed, perhaps, at the dedication of a school (Etr. SKVL).
This document includes like phrases and words from other major texts, such as the Tavola Cortonensis, Tavola Eugubine, Zaagreb Mummy, Tavola Novilara, the Pyrgi Gold tablets, Lemnos Stele and miscellaneous short inscriptions on pottery.
![](http://photos.academia.edu/292043/95871/109113/tiny_dilyana.boteva.jpg?1324219798 "<strong>Dilyana Boteva</strong><br/>Sofia University "St.Kliment Ohridsky""){kind=small}
Download (.pdf) Indo-European Table 1, Part 11, "uk" to "vre"
Comparison of Etruscan words "uk" through "vre" with other Indo-European words, such as Sanskrit, Avestan, Persian, Polish, Belarus / Slavic languages, Greek, Armenian, Romanian, Latin, Celtic, French, Italian et.al. Table 1 demonstrates how about 2,300 Etruscan words are similar to Latin, French, Italian and Romanian. Declension patterns follow those in Latin. The 2,300 words = the repeated words in 6,000 words of the major extant texts. The texts have been frozen in time, covering ~700-400 B.C., representing a lens to understanding the early formation of Indo-European languages, particularly the early Italic-Latin-Celtic languages, such as Italian, French & Romanian / Dacian. (By 45 BC. the language was a dead language - no one understood or could write Etruscan)
Table 1 refutes theories by the Pallottino school of thought that the Etruscan language is not Indo-European and an isolate, unlike any other language. It is very close to Latin and, curiously, Romanian, Italian and French. The Latin suffix, "us" shifts to "o" as in Italian (Titus vs Tito); first person conjugation patterns are similar to French and Romanian. The Etruscans surfaced in Italy about 1,000 B.C., reputed to have arrived from Lydia / Phrygia. The Phrygians originated near Macedonia in Thrace, according to Herodotus. One may therefore inquire whether the ancient Thracians (Dacians, Gettae, modern Romanians), spoke a language common to the Phrygians, at the time of the Trojan War and after (~1180 B.C.). The Thracians , Phrygians and Lydians (also dead languages) were allies of the Trojans, according to the Iliad. Etruscan Phrases finds a common vocabulary between Latin, Italian, French, Romanian, Etruscan and Phrygian. While French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian are considered Romance languages, showing a similar Latin heritage, Etruscan is not, of course, a Romance language, as it preceded Latin, at least in the written form (giving Rome its alphabet).
Indo-European Table 1, Part 10, "ta" to "tuto"
Comparison of Etruscan words "ta" through "tuto" with other Indo-European words, such as Sanskrit, Avestan, Persian, Polish, Belarus / Slavic languages, Greek, Armenian, Romanian, Latin, Celtic, French, Italian et.al. Table 1 demonstrates how about 2,300 Etruscan words are similar to Latin, French, Italian and Romanian. Declension patterns follow those in Latin. The 2,300 words = the repeated words in 6,000 words of the major extant texts. The texts have been frozen in time, covering ~700-400 B.C., representing a lens to understanding the early formation of Indo-European languages, particularly the early Italic-Latin-Celtic languages, such as Italian, French & Romanian / Dacian. (By 45 BC. the language was a dead language - no one understood or could write Etruscan)
Table 1 refutes theories by the Pallottino school of thought that the Etruscan language is not Indo-European and an isolate, unlike any other language. It is very close to Latin and, curiously, Romanian, Italian and French. The Latin suffix, "us" shifts to "o" as in Italian (Titus vs Tito); first person conjugation patterns are similar to French and Romanian. The Etruscans surfaced in Italy about 1,000 B.C., reputed to have arrived from Lydia / Phrygia. The Phrygians originated near Macedonia in Thrace, according to Herodotus. One may therefore inquire whether the ancient Thracians (Dacians, Gettae, modern Romanians), spoke a language common to the Phrygians, at the time of the Trojan War and after (~1180 B.C.). The Thracians , Phrygians and Lydians (also dead languages) were allies of the Trojans, according to the Iliad. Etruscan Phrases finds a common vocabulary between Latin, Italian, French, Romanian, Etruscan and Phrygian. While French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian are considered Romance languages, showing a similar Latin heritage, Etruscan is not, of course, a Romance language, as it preceded Latin, at least in the written form (giving Rome its alphabet).
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Indo-European Table 1, Part 9, "senata" to "Severa"
Comparison of Etruscan words "senata" through "Severa" with other Indo-European words, such as Sanskrit, Avestan, Persian, Polish, Belarus / Slavic languages, Greek, Armenian, Romanian, Latin, Celtic, French, Italian et.al. Table 1 demonstrates how about 2,300 Etruscan words are similar to Latin, French, Italian and Romanian. Declension patterns follow those in Latin. The 2,300 words = the repeated words in 6,000 words of the major extant texts. The texts have been frozen in time, covering ~700-400 B.C., representing a lens to understanding the early formation of Indo-European languages, particularly the early Italic-Latin-Celtic languages, such as Italian, French & Romanian / Dacian. (By 45 BC. the language was a dead language - no one understood or could write Etruscan)
Table 1 refutes theories by the Pallottino school of thought that the Etruscan language is not Indo-European and an isolate, unlike any other language. It is very close to Latin and, curiously, Romanian, Italian and French. The Latin suffix, "us" shifts to "o" as in Italian (Titus vs Tito); first person conjugation patterns are similar to French and Romanian. The Etruscans surfaced in Italy about 1,000 B.C., reputed to have arrived from Lydia / Phrygia. The Phrygians originated near Macedonia in Thrace, according to Herodotus. One may therefore inquire whether the ancient Thracians (Dacians, Gettae, modern Romanians), spoke a language common to the Phrygians, at the time of the Trojan War and after (~1180 B.C.). The Thracians , Phrygians and Lydians (also dead languages) were allies of the Trojans, according to the Iliad. Etruscan Phrases finds a common vocabulary between Latin, Italian, French, Romanian, Etruscan and Phrygian. While French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian are considered Romance languages, showing a similar Latin heritage, Etruscan is not, of course, a Romance language, as it preceded Latin, at least in the written form (giving Rome its alphabet).
Indo-European Table 1, Part 7, "plak" to "rev, revio"
Comparison of Etruscan words "plak" (L. placeo-ere-ui, to please) through "rev, revio" (RE8IV) - (L. revereor vereri-veritus, to revere) with other Indo-European words, such as Sanskrit, Avestan, Persian, Polish, Belarus / Slavic languages, Greek, Armenian, Romanian, Latin, Celtic, French, Italian et.al. Table 1 demonstrates how about 2,300 Etruscan words are similar to Latin, French, Italian and Romanian. Declension patterns follow those in Latin. The 2,300 words = the repeated words in 6,000 words of the major extant texts. The texts have been frozen in time, covering ~700-400 B.C., representing a lens to understanding the early formation of Indo-European languages, particularly the early Italic-Latin-Celtic languages, such as Italian, French & Romanian / Dacian. Table 1 refutes theories by the Pallottino school of thought that the Etruscan language is not Indo-European and an isolate, unlike any other language. It is very close to Latin and, curiously, Romanian, Italian and French. The Latin suffix, "us" shifts to "o" as in Italian (Titus vs Tito); first person conjugation patterns are similar to French.
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