History of Social Policy and the Welfare State

As Políticas Sociais em Portugal (1910-1926)

by David Pereira

Resumo
Abstract
Trabalho de Projecto
Project Work Title
As Políticas Sociais em Portugal... more Resumo
Abstract
Trabalho de Projecto
Project Work Title
As Políticas Sociais em Portugal (1910-1926)
David Oliveira Ricardo Pereira

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Portugal, I República, políticas sociais.
KEYWORDS: Portugal, First Republic, social politics.

Tendo em conta o âmbito do trabalho que nos propomos realizar, procuraremos contribuir para uma visão global acerca das políticas desenvolvidas pelos poderes públicos em matéria social no período considerado: o trabalho; os seguros sociais obrigatórios; a assistência; a saúde; a habitação. Assim, perspectivamos poder determinar vários aspectos caracterizadores dessas mesmas políticas, desde a sua concepção e modelo teórico, passando pelas influências exógenas que essa mesma política possa ter incorporado, para além da sua construção legislativa e da sua aplicação final, não esquecendo o seu alcance e sucesso. É nosso propósito contribuir para um olhar reflexivo sobre os anos da I República Portuguesa (1910-1926) conhecendo as suas políticas sociais, o que no limite pode igualmente garantir uma melhor compreensão deste regime também em termos da sua avaliação global. Por outro lado, centrando igualmente a sua situação cronológica e estrutural em termos económicos e sociais, cremos ser possível aquilatar até que ponto se diferenciaram os propósitos prévios à realização das políticas, a sua aplicação e a apreciação final acerca do seu sucesso ou malogro. Só colocando em análise todos estes factores sobre uma perspectiva ampla poderemos obter as explicações adequadas ao questionamento desse período em Portugal na matéria em questão.

This research aims to study the State social policies during the period. The fields under study include, for that period, the public politics concerning: the labour laws; the first legislation about the obligatory social insurance; the public assistance; the health; the housing. Our aim is to know the different phases of that politics with its conception in theory, the foreign influences which came to the country in that field, the legislative framework, the general approval and its results and evaluation. On the other hand, our research is also framed by the economical and social structural period in which the Portuguese First Republic (1910-1926) is inserted. Through the particular study of the social politics promoted by the State, we want to obtain a general appraisal considering the Portuguese First Republic regime as a whole. By having also in mind the economical and social structure and chronology, we think that it is possible to evaluate the potential differences between the intentions before the approval of those politics, its application and its final judgement according its success or failure. Only by putting in to analysis all these factors on a wide perspective we can obtain the adequate explanations to questioning this period in Portugal in this issue.

O Instituto de Seguros Sociais Obrigatórios e de Previdência Geral (1919-1928)

by David Pereira

Resumo
O Instituto de Seguros Sociais Obrigatórios e de Previdência Geral (ISSOPG), criado pelo Decreto com... more Resumo
O Instituto de Seguros Sociais Obrigatórios e de Previdência Geral (ISSOPG), criado pelo Decreto com força de lei n.º 5640, de 10 de Maio de 1919, tinha a seu cargo a superintendência, administração, execução e fiscalização de todas as leis, decretos, regulamentos e instruções para o exercício dos seguros obrigatórios e industriais e de todos os ramos de previdência, assistência e beneficência, nos termos da legislação vigente. Vários anos mais tarde, pelo Decreto n.º 11 267, de 25 de Novembro de 1925, era extinto o Ministério do Trabalho, passando o ISSOPG a integrar o Ministério das Finanças. Este Instituto haveria de alterar a sua denominação para Instituto de Nacional de Seguros e Previdência (INSP) em 1928, mantendo-se até 1933, altura em que foi definitivamente extinto. Acompanhando a sua evolução institucional e a execução da vastidão de áreas que lhe foram confiadas, podemos compreender muitos dos bloqueios e insuficiências dos sucessivos planos gizados pelos responsáveis políticos na área social durante o período, sobretudo aquilatando as diferenças entre os planos teórico e prático associados à sua intervenção.

Abstract
The Institute for Compulsory Social Insurances and General Social Provisions (ISSOPG), created by the Decree with force of law number 5640, 10th May 1919, was in charge of the oversight, administration, execution and supervision of all laws, decrees, regulations and instructions for the exercise of compulsory and industrial insurances and all branches of social provisions, public and private aid, under the law. Several years later, by the Decree number 11 267, 25th November 1925, it was extinguished the Ministry of Labour, passing the ISSOPG to be part of the Ministry of Finance. This Institute would change its nomination to National Institute for Insurances and Social Provisions (INSP) in 1928, continuing to exist until 1933, when it was definitely extinguished. Following its institutional evolution and the execution of the wide areas that were entrusted to its supervision, we can understand many of the blockades and shortcomings of the successive plans drawn by the policymakers in the social area during this period, especially assessing the differences between the theoretical and practical associated to its intervention.

Palavras-Chave
Portugal; instituições; previdência social; assistência.

Keywords
Portugal; institutions; social provision; aid.

The Civil Hospitals of Lisbon: the launch of the first urban health coordinating body in Portugal (1913-1927)

by David Pereira

Abstract Proposal for Paper at

40 Years Society for the Social History of Medicine – Annual Conference... more Abstract Proposal for Paper at

40 Years Society for the Social History of Medicine – Annual Conference 2010

Knowledge, Ethics and Representations of Medicine and Health: Historical
Perspectives

8-11 July 2010, Durham and Newcastle, UK

Organised by the Northern Centre for the History of Medicine

Sponsored by the Wellcome Trust, London, and the Society for the Social History of
Medicine


The Civil Hospitals of Lisbon: the launch of the first urban health coordinating body in Portugal (1913-1927)

To define the origins of the social politics concerning the health in Portugal, the Civil Hospitals of Lisbon (Hospitais Civis de Lisboa) acquired a real importance in the first reforms taken among the health in the country. Starting to implement several measures after the political change which came with the declaration of the Republic in 1910, the governments interfered with the regulation and organization of the health units of the country’s capital. With this, the State defined for the first time a coordinating body which, as a matter of fact, continued some of the structure that pre-existed in the Monarchy with the direction of the São José Royal Hospital and Outbuildings (Hospital Real de São José e Anexos) assured by the hospital matron (enfermeiro-mor) with a informal connexion with the directors of its several units. The structure maintained this scheme for almost three years – with the loss of the title Royal for obvious reasons – when the government decided to create an autonomous management for the medical assistance, administration and accountancy in the new Civil Hospitals of Lisbon, giving the responsibility of the direction in terms of medical, hygiene and pharmacy procedures to a Medical Commission (September 9, 1913), soon changed into a Directive Commission (November 27, 1914) with the directors of the health units. Its major competences were the definition of the internal regulations conserving its autonomy, the transfer of the amounts of the State budget and the vote of the annual budgets and the approval of annual amounts for the Hospitals` management. It was the first major health directive body in Portugal which was a privileged spot of the definitions of the health politics in that period.

A assistência pública e a Separação: novos modelos, práticas antigas

by David Pereira

A I República ocupou-se, desde o início, com a reforma dos serviços de assistência pública. Já a Constituição de 1911... more A I República ocupou-se, desde o início, com a reforma dos serviços de assistência pública. Já a Constituição de 1911 reconhecia o direito à assistência pública que, aliás, provinha já da Carta Constitucional vigente na Monarquia Constitucional, embora redigida de forma um tanto mais vaga. A expulsão das ordens religiosas pôs, desde logo, problemas de premente resolução, sobretudo no que respeitava a asilos, recolhimentos, hospitais e cozinhas económicas dependentes de pessoal religioso no passado. Mas, na verdade, o aspecto deficitário que o sector apresentava nesse período em termos orçamentais não foi marcado por um claro quadro de ruptura para com a situação herdada dos últimos anos da Monarquia Constitucional. Assim, na ausência do reconhecimento de direitos políticos e sociais à maioria da população, o regime da I República não se afastou do perfil de um Estado liberal, com previdência social diminuta baseada na verificação de meios e direccionada às classes trabalhadoras de rendimentos mais reduzidos a que se reconhecia um estigma social assumido e preciso, tal como no plano da assistência pública se mantiveram os pressupostos de atendimento apenas aos pobres, que atestavam a sua condição pela inexistência de meios para se sustentarem. Por outro lado, a política do Estado manteve-se particularmente repressiva relativa ao problema da mendicidade, sobretudo nos meios urbanos. Os passos dados durante o período da I República, num contexto de estrangulamento financeiro da maioria das instituições, agravado pelo aumento do custo de vida e a inflação galopante dos preços após a I Guerra Mundial, direccionaram-se sobretudo para a tentativa de criação de maior número de lugares nas instituições tuteladas pelo Estado e para uma nova forma de dirigir essas instituições, através de uma maior centralização na direcção dos serviços. Há, portanto, uma continuidade em muitas das práticas anteriores à Separação do Estado das Igrejas no plano da assistência pública.

The Political Child: Children, Education and the State

by David Pereira

Education and Work: State policies for children in Portugal and the tension between protection and punishment in the... more Education and Work: State policies for children in Portugal and the tension between protection and punishment in the first half of the 20th century

The Political Child: Children, Education and the State
15 and 16 May 2009, University of Helsinki
Finland

Abstract
This communication constitutes the wide portrait about the origin and functioning of the children law in Portugal and its relationship with the protection of the children in the country, having as general frame the first half of the 20th century. This time scope is supported by an ample sphere with origins in the deepening process of getting specificity by children in the law and in the society from the second half of the 19th century and in the definition of a protection of children model drawn in the post Second World War period in all Europe, and where Portugal also got in.
As essential propose of our study we want to understand, considering the evolution of the public system childhood assistance and the internment of young offenders, if the State policies concerning children in Portugal could get an improvement in the living conditions of its beneficiaries: the children.
This subject also connects with the study of the social politics in Portugal which leads our general research.
The study’s purpose related with the subject of this work was developed in the Research Project, running between January and December of 2006 under scientific coordination of Professor Maria Fernanda Rollo, about the History and Patrimony of the National Federation of the Protection of Children Institutions (FNIPI).

In Darkest London: Investigating Destitution in the 1920s

by Kirsten Jarrett

A discussion on charity provision for the homeless and ‘destitute’, as recorded within Ada Chesterton’s In Darkest... more A discussion on charity provision for the homeless and ‘destitute’, as recorded within Ada Chesterton’s In Darkest London. This book, written in 1926, describes the author’s investigation of the London ‘underworld’, which she made in February 1925.

Paying for health: Lansley woes and pre-NHS healthcare

by George Campbell Gosling

History & Policy opinion piece (February 2012)

The Coalition has found few, if any, of its policies to be as controversial as the NHS reforms contained in the Health... more The Coalition has found few, if any, of its policies to be as controversial as the NHS reforms contained in the Health and Social Care Bill. The pressure has increased in recent weeks, with both British Medical Journal and public polls showing overwhelming opposition, another Lords defeat, reported cabinet concerns and speculation over the future of Health Secretary Andrew Lansley. It was rumoured that former Labour Health Secretary Alan Milburn could be ennobled to take over the role, which would fit an analysis of the government's problems as essentially political, rather policy-based. If Julian Le Grand is right that the Coalition's reforms are a 'sensible evolution of previous strategies', then who better to see them through than Milburn, who introduced foundation trusts in 2003?

Nearly a decade earlier, Milburn had to assure Parliament of his own reforms: 'This is not privatisation, it is democratisation.' The proposed GP consortia look rather different from the membership communities of foundation hospitals, which Milburn and colleagues were keen to justify by harking back to a largely mythical pre-NHS culture of mutualism and working-class governance. An 'evolution' is evident, however, in the increase of the private income cap to as much as 49 per cent for NHS trusts, an extension of the financial freedoms awarded by Milburn. Shadow Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, claims this would be a return to 'the bad old days in the NHS when people were told to wait longer or go private'. However, the fear of private practice in hospitals 'squeezing out' those with the greatest need has a longer history than the NHS itself...

Father of the welfare state? Beveridge and the emergence of the welfar state

by David Benassi

Published in Sociologica, n. 3/2010

William Beveridge is usually considered the “father of the welfare state”, thanks to the 1942 Report on Social... more William Beveridge is usually considered the “father of the welfare state”, thanks to the 1942 Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services he authored for the British Government. In this extraordinarily detailed and argued document, Beveridge draws the architecture of a complete welfare state based on a revolutionary approach: universalism. Every citizens receive coverage for a set of social risks, as a right based on contributions paid by everyone. Universal social insurance, universal health care and public commitment to full employment are the three pillars of the new welfare state proposed by Beveridge. In the first part, the paper discusses the intellectual environment and the historical contingencies that favoured the elaboration of the Report, and outlines the architecture of the new public approach to welfare. In the second part of the paper the impact of the Beveridge Report on post-war British welfare legislation is analysed. Finally some reflections on its value for current welfare reform are proposed.

Privatized Citizenship: Transformation of Health Care Policies in Turkey

by Filiz Kartal

Published in TODAİE’s Review of Public Administration, Volume 3 No 2 June 2009, p.  25-49.

Social rights are crucial for the exercise of civil and political rights, thus for the realization of political... more Social rights are crucial for the exercise of civil and political rights, thus for the realization of political membership and of social solidarity. However, the new structural conditions of economic liberalization are transforming the social citizenship and the institutional framework that it relies on. As one of the main pillars of social citizenship, health care services have started to be marketized in almost every country. In this article, through analyzing the changes in Turkish health care policies, it is argued that public policies and the responsibilities of the state have been transforming with respect to social citi-zenship conceptualization of different periods characterized with specific de-velopment models. Privatization and marketization attempts in the health care system have in one way or another been included in all reform proposals since 1980s and gradually implemented. Within this process, while the role and the responsibilities of the state are re-defined, the content of social citizenship started to be re-shaped. As a consequence, a new model of privatized and indi-vidualized citizenship is under construction.

Religious Roots of European Welfare Models

by Martti Muukkonen

Presentation to the Stream of Sociology of Religion at the 8th Conference of European Sociological Association, Glasgow, September 2-6th, 2007

Esping-Andersen's division of European welfare regimes to social-democratic Nordic, liberal Anglo-Saxon and... more Esping-Andersen's division of European welfare regimes to social-democratic Nordic, liberal Anglo-Saxon and conservative Central European could be named as Lutheran, Anglican-Calvinistic and Catholic, as well.
This paper examines, first, how the European welfare institutions emerged in Byzantion from where they diffused to the West. Second, the paper gives general view how the tension between the Oriental co-operative thinking and Hellene competitive thinking can be seen through the history of European poverty. Third, the paper gives an overview how the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican-Calvinistic social ethics were formulated and how they influenced their respective societies. finally, the paper discusses how the European integration and globalisation might lead to reformulation of the social ethics of these churches.

Book Review: F. Sejersted: The Age of Social Democracy

by Timo Luks

German Welfare Capitalism: Crisis and Transition.

by Roland Czada

Paper presented at the conference "German Vulnerabilities in a Globalizing World", Washington DC on 10-11 March 2008.
This essay appeared in the August 8, 2008, AICGS Advisor. http://www.aicgs.org