History of International Relations

Article 19, in Le Pacte de la Société des Nations: Commentaire article par article. Kolb, R. (ed.), Pedone (à paraitre)

by Luigi Crema

The League of Nations: A Retreat from International Law?

by Stephen Wertheim

forthcoming in Journal of Global History Vol. 7 No. 2 (2012)

During the First World War, civil society groups across the North Atlantic put forward an array of plans for recasting... more During the First World War, civil society groups across the North Atlantic put forward an array of plans for recasting international society. The most prominent ones sought to build on the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 by developing international legal codes and, in a drastic innovation, obligating and militarily enforcing the judicial settlement of disputes. Their ideal was a world governed by law, which they opposed to politics. This idea was championed by the largest groups in the United States and France in favor of international organization, and they had likeminded counterparts in Britain. The Anglo-American architects of the League of Nations, however, defined their vision against legalism. Their declaratory design sought to ensure that artificial machinery never stifled the growth of common consciousness. Paradoxically, the bold new experiment in international organization was forged from an anti-formalistic ethos — one that slowed the momentum of international law and portended the rise of global governance.

Türkiye Uluslararası İlişkiler Yazınında Tarihsel Olguculuk ile Disiplinlerarasıcılığın Analitik Yaklaşıma Etkisi ve Türkiye Uygulaması

by Uluslararası İlişkiler

Erol Kurubaş, " Türkiye Uluslararası İlişkiler Yazınında Tarihsel Olguculuk ile Disiplinlerarasıcılığın Analitik Yaklaşıma Etkisi ve Türkiye Uygulaması ", Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 5, Sayı 17 (Bahar), 2008

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Uluslararası İlişkileri kendi kuramsal perspektifi olan özerk bir disiplin haline getirme... more Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Uluslararası İlişkileri kendi kuramsal perspektifi olan özerk bir disiplin haline getirme çabalarını etkilediği düşünülen iki konuyu sorgulamaktadır: Tarihsel olguculuk ve disiplinlerarasıcılık. Uluslararası İlişkiler çalışmalarında son derece önemli ve vazgeçilmez olan bu iki konuya değinirken hedeflenen, iki unsurun yerlerinin ve sınırlarının iyi belirlenmediği takdirde Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininin bilimselliğini ve kendine özgü kavram ve kuram geliştirme çabalarını olumsuz etkileyebileceğine dikkat çekmektir. Ayrıca, tarih ile kuramın epistemolojik ve metodolojik farklılıklarına değinilerek, bunların iki ayrı bilgi üretme biçimi olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bununla beraber, gerek tarihin, gerekse disiplinlerarası çalışmaların Uluslararası İlişkilere nasıl katkı sağlayabileceği de tartışılmaktadır.

Beyond the published discipline: Towards a critical pedagogy of international studies

by Jonas Hagmann

Forthcoming in: European Journal of International Relations (w/ Thomas Biersteker)

The growing sociology of IR literature systematically investigates the discipline’s organization and inner... more The growing sociology of IR literature systematically investigates the discipline’s organization and inner structuring. Making the academic field cognizant of its own institutional and intellectual configurations, the literature today empowers scholars to engage critically with the analytical, geocultural, and political lenses through which IR explains world politics. This contribution notwithstanding, there is a continuing focus in the literature on leading (flagship) publications as indicators of intellectual proclivities, and on IR scholars as their only relevant audiences. This article challenges this focus and expands the sociology of IR literature’s scope of analysis. Making the case for an inquiry into classroom socialization practices, it maps the paradigmatic, geocultural, gendered, and historical perspectives taught to students in the case of 23 American and European IR graduate programs. Pointing to differences between the instructed and the published discipline, the article shows how the instructed discipline is governed and constrained by different kinds of intellectual parochialisms. Problematizing the educative functions of these, it advocates a more self-reflexive understanding of IR teaching (a domain in which scholars have greater agency), and the enactment of a critical pedagogy of international studies.

Libertà religiosa e dottrina di Monroe. La Santa Sede e il Messico alla VI Conferenza panamericana (Avana, 1928)

by Paolo Valvo

published in "Quaderni del Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore", 2-2011, pp. 169-205

The Church-State conflict in revolutionary Mexico was one of the most relevant issues in Pius XI' pontificate. The... more The Church-State conflict in revolutionary Mexico was one of the most relevant issues in Pius XI' pontificate. The paper focused on some aspects of Vatican diplomacy in regard to this, particularly on the intervention on behalf of Mexican Catholics at the Sixth Panamerican Conference (Havana, 1928).

Il conflitto tra Stato e Chiesa nel Messico rivoluzionario rientra a pieno titolo nei temi caratterizzanti del pontificato di Pio XI. Il presente contributo evidenzia alcuni aspetti dell'azione diplomatica della Santa Sede a favore della Chiesa cattolica messicana, concentrandosi in particolare sull'intervento vaticano in occasione della VI Conferenza panamericana dell'Avana (gennaio-febbraio 1928).

East Asian International Society in its Historic & Sinocentric Context

by Nolan Bensen

This research overview attempts to summarize the English School of International Relations' ideas as they come to bear... more This research overview attempts to summarize the English School of International Relations' ideas as they come to bear on East Asia, and to situate that "world system's" end within its former existence and the integration with the European international system it underwent - some would say against its will.

It is a small paper, of course, compared to this vast body of work it is drawing upon, and so it really only synthesizes some of the choicer sources.

“Por proll e serviço do reino”? O desempenho dos negociantes portugueses do Tratado de Windsor e suas consequências nas relações com Inglaterra

by Tiago Viúla de Faria

published in M.H.C. Coelho, S.A. Gomes, and A.M.R. Rebelo (eds.), 'VI Jornadas Luso-Espanholas de Estudos Medievais: A Guerra e a Sociedade na Idade Média', vol.2, Batalha (SPEM/SEEM), 2009, pp.209-27

Please get in touch if you would like a copy!

ABSTRACT
Lourenço Eanes Fogaça, head of chancery of Dom João, regent of Portugal, and Fernando Afonso de... more ABSTRACT
Lourenço Eanes Fogaça, head of chancery of Dom João, regent of Portugal, and Fernando Afonso de Albuquerque, a highly placed magnate and master of the military order of St. James, were the envoys João sent to Richard II of England, in March 1384. The regent and his supporters, threatened by the looming invasion of the realm by Juan I of Castile, were anxious to secure a foreign alliance which could provide the political and military backbone for both resistance and the confirmation of João as regent and a plausible successor to the Portuguese crown. As a result of their stay in England, Fogaça and Albuquerque were able to negotiate successfully the convention which became known as the Treaty of Windsor, returning to Portugal more than two years after they had left it originally.

This paper will draw attention to other, little known, consequences of the sojourn of these envoys in London and the South of England between 1384 and 1386. Debts incurred in at that time by Albuquerque and Fogaça left both Portuguese and English creditors unpaid for over two decades, and were to stain relations between king João I and his English counterparts, as well as proving a significant setback for Anglo-Portuguese diplomatic and economic relations until the end of Henry IV's reign.

Um diplomata na Revolta da Armada: as impressões políticas e a atuação do Conde de Paço d'Arcos.

by João Júlio Gomes dos Santos Júnior

The first diplomat that represented Portugal in the Brazilian Republic was Carlos Eugênio Corrêa da Silva, the Count... more The first diplomat that represented Portugal in the Brazilian Republic was Carlos Eugênio Corrêa da Silva, the Count of Paço D’Arcos. His Diplomatic Mission took place from 2 June 1891 to 20 November 1893. In his reports about the Brazilian political situation, arguments on social order defense and military hierarchy are recurrent, especially during the Armed Forces Insurrection. This article proposes to study diplomatic forces in order to understand the impressions and actions of this diplomat during this conflict.
Keywords: Count of Paço D’Arcos, diplomacy, Brazil and Portugal, politics, regional insurrections.

The Monroe Doctrine: Repealing European control in the Americas

by Ken Oziah

The Monroe Doctrine was actually a unilateral policy by the United States and Great Britain, which was enforced by the... more The Monroe Doctrine was actually a unilateral policy by the United States and Great Britain, which was enforced by the British Navy. This paper covers the origin of the policy as well as giving some examples of how it did and did not work.

The rise and fall of "public opinion" as the linchpin of international order: toward a genealogy of the concept, 1870-1940

by Stephen Wertheim

Presented in "Towards a New History of the League of Nations," Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, August 25-26, 2011

Foundational for international lawyers and politicians from 1870 to 1940 was the assumption that "international... more Foundational for international lawyers and politicians from 1870 to 1940 was the assumption that "international public opinion" underpinned international law and international order. By World War II, this faith had died. The realist school of international relations repudiated the old nostrums. But the realists misunderstood what they were rejecting. They assumed "public opinion" had been meant literally, as the momentarily expressed preferences of an aggregated public. In fact, "public opinion" was defined against the literal meaning. It meant the calm, rational judgment of elites — in effect, the intuitions of those who invoked it. This paper proposes a genealogy of the concept of international public opinion as employed by Anglo-American explicators and architects of international society. It divides this history into three phases. The first, from 1870 to 1914, was a legalistic era in which liberal internationalists claimed public opinion both enforced and legitimated international law. The opinion they cherished was not mass preferences but rather accumulated custom, as they interpreted it. Then, during World War I, the principal drafters of the League of Nations Covenant redeployed the language of public opinion in support of international organization. Like the lawyers, they meant "public opinion" more paternalistically than literally. But now the main interpreters of public opinion would be politicians in League councils, not legal scholars or judges. By claiming the mantle of public opinion, the League's creators occluded competing schemes for international organization advanced by legalists and radicals — schemes that were either more serious about the armed enforcement of collective security or more literal in their appeal to public opinion. Finally, in the interwar period, the political conception of public opinion was operationalized through the League, but confidence in opinion was soon shattered by the failure of collective security, the rise of credible fascist and communist alternatives to parliamentary democracy, and, perhaps, the rise of scientific opinion polling. The next generation preferred to base international order on force more than law or opinion.

H-Diplo Forum on Michael Sutton. France and the Construction of Europe, 1944-2007: The Geopolitical Imperative.

by Tim Sayle

A review of Michael Sutton's excellent and thought-provoking book on French policy towards the construction of... more A review of Michael Sutton's excellent and thought-provoking book on French policy towards the construction of Europe.

H-Diplo Review Essay Forum on Michael Sutton. France and the Construction of Europe, 1944-2007: The Geopolitical Imperative. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2007 (cloth), 2011 (paper). xiv + 366pp. Notes, bibliography, index. ISBN 978-1-84545-393-0 (cloth, $85.00); 978-0857452900 (paper, $34.95).

Recapitulation Theory and the Two Developments

by Saffo Papantonopoulou

Currently in revision.

Developmental psychology and development studies— what I call the “two developments”— have a shared history. I locate... more Developmental psychology and development studies— what I call the “two developments”— have a shared history. I locate this shared history in the United States in the early 20th century aftermath of the Spanish-American war. Both developments emerged as the US emerged as a new imperial power. I locate the historical nexus of the two developments in the work of G. Stanley Hall. This paper is an attempt to locate G. Stanley Hall's relationship with colonial discourses of development— of the child, the race, and the state. I argue that Hall’s ideas were part of a larger discourse that built up US empire through an optimistic, developmental critique of colonialism that relied heavily on biological and psychological theories of child development. One of the key loci in this connection was recapitulation theory— a biological theory that the development of the embryo reenacted the evolution of the species. Focusing mostly on Hall’s recommendations for US educational policy in the colonial occupation of the Philippines, I contend that paternalistic comparisons between children and people of color were foundational to both popular understandings of childhood and the new international role of the United States in the first decades of the 20th century.
Keywords: developmental psychology, development studies, neocolonialism, G. Stanley Hall, recapitulation theory.

¿Un mundo Asia-céntrico? El debate sobre el centro de gravitación de la política internacional en el siglo XXI

by Tomás Insua

Paper presentado en las Segundas Jornadas de Relaciones Internacionales de FLACSO/Argentina, “Poderes emergentes: ¿hacia nuevas formas de concertación internacional?”, Buenos Aires, Argentina | 21 de septiembre de 2010

El trabajo revisa el debate contemporáneo sobre el futuro centro de gravitación de la política internacional. El... more El trabajo revisa el debate contemporáneo sobre el futuro centro de gravitación de la política internacional. El objetivo es hacer más inteligible el debate estructurando la literatura existente según tres posturas: Westfalia –que sostiene que el centro seguirá siendo Estados Unidos–; Eastfalia –que asevera que Asia será el nuevo centro de gravitación del poder global–; y Nofalia –que constituye un punto medio entre los dos anteriores, postulando que el poder estará diluido sin un centro geográfico–. Al analizar las fortalezas y debilidades de cada uno de los argumentos se termina por concluir que un probable Asia-centrismo económico no se corresponderá con un Asia-centrismo político –Eastfalia–, quebrando la lógica de las eras Euro-céntrica y Norteamérica-céntrica previas

Sicurezza collettiva e tutela dei diritti umani nella politica estera di Aldo Moro

by Miriam Rossi

Co-authored with Luciano Tosi.

Published in Luisa Proietti (edited by), Il mestiere dello storico tra ricerca e impegno civile. Studi in memoria di Maria Cristina Giuntella, Roma, Aracne, 2009, pp. 143-161.

Amintore Fanfani e la tutela societaria dei diritti umani

by Miriam Rossi

Published in Agostino Giovagnoli, Luciano Tosi (a cura di), Amintore Fanfani e la politica estera italiana. Atti del convegno di studi tenuto a Roma il 3 e 4 febbraio 2009, Venezia, Marsilio, 2010, pp. 441-475.

"L’adesione dell’Ungheria al Patto Atlantico"

by Miriam Rossi

Published in “Nuova Storia Contemporanea”, XI, 2007, 4, pp. 77-104

La Gran Bretagna del governo Heath e la special relationship anglo-americana

by Giulia Bentivoglio

Paper presented at the first SSIEC (Seminario di Storia Internazionale dell'Età Contemporanea) - University of Padua, 27-28 February 2009

Britain, the EEC and the Special Relationship during the Heath Government

by Giulia Bentivoglio

in M. Affinito - G. Migani - C. Wenkel (eds.), “The two Europes”, Peter Lang, 2009

On the International Anti-Globalization Movement: An East European Perspective

by Leszek Gluchowski

Paper of a talk presented to the Hamilton (Ontario) Branch of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs two days after 9/11.

The Poverty of Paradigms: Subcultures, Trading Zones and the case of Liberal-Socialism in Interwar International Relations

by Lucian Ashworth

This is an earlier version of the following paper:
Lucian M. Ashworth, “The Poverty of Paradigms: Subcultures, Trading Zones and the Case of Liberal Socialism in Interwar International Relations”, International Relations, March 2012, vol. 26 no. 1, 35-59.
The full up to date paper can be found via this link:
http://ire.sagepub.com/content/26/1/35.abstract

In a recent article in International Affairs Duncan Bell argued that the work of Peter Galison in the history of... more In a recent article in International Affairs Duncan Bell argued that the work of Peter Galison in the history of science could be usefully applied to the study of the history of International Relations (IR). In this article I take up Bell’s challenge, claiming that Galison’s post-Kuhnian history of science approach can be used both to understand the history of IR and to replace the ultimately confusing notion of ‘paradigm’ in the study of IR theory. Galison’s method of using ‘microhistories’ to explore the workings of ‘subcultures’ in science is applied to the case study of liberal socialism in inter-war IR. Through this case I argue that microhistories can help us understand why certain subcultures in IR theory thrive, and others decline. This understanding, in turn could help us comprehend the state of currently active subcultures in IR, and give us an alternative to the intellectually unhelpful concept of ‘paradigm’.