Expertise

Discrediting in a Message Board Forum: The Effects of Social Support and Attacks on Expertise and Trustworthiness

by Jennifer Griffith

Hughes, M. G., Griffith, J. A., Zeni, T. A., Arsenault, M. L., Cooper, O. D., Johnson, G., Hardy, J. H., Connelly, S., & Mumford, M. (In Press)). Discrediting in a message board forum: The effects of social support and attacks on expertise and trustworthiness. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication.

Given the prevalence of online media today, it is important to recognize that not all sources of information are... more Given the prevalence of online media today, it is important to recognize that not all sources of information are credible. However, while credibility continues to be a popular subject of empirical research, published studies examining the effects of specific discrediting strategies are rare. This issue is significant given the popularity of online media and the ease of such sources to spread misinformation. Therefore, the present study examined the roles of three factors thought to be influential in shaping perceptions of source credibility as the basis for discrediting. Specifically, the effects of attacking the expertise and trustworthiness of a proponent of a major social issue are examined in the context of an online message board forum. In addition, the effect of poster support for the one making the attacks is investigated. Results showed that support as well specific combinations of discrediting attack strategies significantly reduced message board readers’ perceptions of the proponent’s credibility. In addition, attacks on either the proponent’s expertise or trustworthiness resulted in a reduced likelihood of readers taking action with respect to the issue.

The elements of expertise

by Steven TAN

Moving from Knowledge Management to Expertise Management

by David Boyd

Co-authored with Professor of Philosophy Mark Addis.
A working paper that discusses how the concept of knowledge management is not useful for practice. What is required is an appreciation of what people do-in-context not what they think.

This paper presents results from a project funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council which has supported a... more This paper presents results from a project funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council which has supported a philosopher in residence in three construction companies.
The research addressed the philosophy of practice particularly focusing on expertise and extended other work in the construction industry about knowledge management with the
objective of improving practice. Critical dialogue was used as a therapeutic tool to seek clarity in explanations of practice and thereby assign value to the actions of practitioners in both individual and team contexts. This dialogue was conducted with practitioners including trades-people, professionals and managers. Knowledge management which focuses upon
the collection, storage and dissemination of knowledge in order to enhance company performance is critically analysed. Exploration of the philosophical roots of this approach to knowledge management indicates that it treats knowledge in a de-contextualised way and conceptualises it in terms of propositional knowledge. The project results demonstrated that
expertise does not utilise this kind of knowledge and a new perspective was developed which was termed ‘expertise management’. The growth of expertise from novice to
experienced practitioner and the implications of this for moving from knowledge management to expertise management are considered. The development of people and organisations requires an improved ability to respond effectively to contexts, therebyproducing better performance.

Emerging Global Epistementalities in Professional Work and Learning: On the Dynamics of Professional Expertise, Changing Societies, and Globalised …

by torill strand

Action anticipation beyond the action observation network: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in expert basketball players

by Ana Maria Abreu

Published in ‘European Journal of Neuroscience’ (featured in the cover)

The ability to predict the actions of others is quintessential for effective social interactions, particularly in... more The ability to predict the actions of others is quintessential for effective social interactions, particularly in competitive contexts (e.g. in sport) when knowledge about upcoming movements allows anticipating rather than reacting to opponents. Studies suggest that we predict what others are doing by using our own motor system as an internal forward model and that the fronto-parietal action observation network (AON) is fundamental for this ability. However, multiple-duty cells dealing with action perception and execution have been found in a variety of cortical regions. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore, in expert basketball athletes and novices, whether the ability to make early predictions about the fate of sport-specific actions (i.e. free throws) is underpinned by neural regions beyond the classical AON. We found that, although involved in action prediction, the fronto-parietal AON was similarly activated in novices and experts. Importantly, athletes exhibited relatively greater activity in the extrastriate body
area during the prediction task, probably due to their expert reading of the observed action kinematics. Moreover, experts exhibited higher activation in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and in the right anterior insular cortex when producing errors, suggesting that they might become aware of their own errors. Correct action prediction induced higher posterior insular cortex activity in experts and higher orbito-frontal activity in novices, suggesting that body awareness is important for performance monitoring in experts, whereas novices rely more on higher-order decision-making strategies. This functional reorganization highlights the tight relationship between action anticipation, error awareness and motor expertise leading to body-related processing and differences in decision-making processes.

Tacit Knowledge Management

by Rodrigo Ribeiro

The final publication is available at www.springerlink.co

How can we identify and estimate workers’ tacit knowledge? How can we design a personnel mix aimed at improving and... more How can we identify and estimate workers’ tacit knowledge? How can we design a personnel mix aimed at improving and speeding up its transfer and development? How is it possible to implement tacit knowledge sustainable projects in remote areas? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to distinguish between types of tacit knowledge, to establish what they allow for and to consider their sources. It is also essential to find a way of managing the tacit knowledge ‘stock’ and distribution within the workforce. In short, a conceptual framework is needed to manage tacit knowledge. Based on previous works and 2 years of action research, this paper introduces such a framework and describes its partial application to support the pre-operational training and hiring in a large industrial plant in Brazil. Two contributions emerge from the research. First, the concept of ‘levels of similarity’ is
introduced as a means to qualify the experience of workers and estimate the associated tacit knowledge. Second, the capability of carrying out three types of judgement properly and speedily is put forward as being a core ability of those who possess what has been called ‘collective tacit knowledge’ (Collins in Organ Stud 28(2):257–262, 2007). In practical terms, the results indicate the opportunity for companies to capitalize on the experience and tacit knowledge of their workers in a systematic way and with due recognition. Ultimately, positive impacts are expected in their absorptive capacity as well as in their management and human resources systems, accident prevention, productivity and the development of sustainable projects in remote areas.

Levels of Immersion, Tacit Knowledge and Expertise

by Rodrigo Ribeiro

This paper elaborates on the link between different types and degrees of experience that can be gone through within a... more This paper elaborates on the link between different types and degrees of experience that can be gone through within a form of life or collectivity—the so-called levels of immersion—and the development of distinct types of tacit knowledge and expertise. The framework is then probed empirically and theoretically. In the first case, its ‘predictions’ are compared with the accounts of novices who have gone through different ‘learning opportunities’ during a pre-operational training programme for running a huge nickel industrial plant in Brazil. These are also analysed vis-à-vis the experience of an expert who has designed and experienced the outcomes of two pre-operational training sessions in the nickel industry before developing and managing the one discussed here. Theoretically, the framework is used to pinpoint exactly what interactional experts who have developed their expertise through linguistic socialisation alone are able to do as well as to analyse the case of technical connoisseurs. The results indicate that the proposed framework is useful. It supports the design and improvement of training programmes for the development of tacit knowledge while at the same time bringing about a refined analysis of claims concerning the abilities of types of experts and expertise.

Expert en visages? Pourquoi sommes-nous tous... des experts en reconnaissance des visages

by Guy Tiberghien

Citoyenneté et fait minoritaire dans la ville médiévale. Étude comparée des juifs de Marseille, de Catalogne et de Majorque au bas Moyen Âge

by Claude Denjean

Der parallaktische Blick: Der militarische Ursprung der Holographie

by Sean Johnston

Chapter in Das holographische Wissen, edited by Stefan Rieger and Jens Schroter

The title of this chapter is meant to evoke at least three sources. The first – and perhaps the only obvious one –... more The title of this chapter is meant to evoke at least three sources. The first – and perhaps the only obvious one – concerns the ability of holograms to display parallax, a shifting of visual viewpoint that allows a three-dimensional image to reveal background objects behind those in the foreground. This parallax view is a unique feature of holograms as visual media. A second allusion is to the American film The Parallax View (1974, director A. J. Pakula), a rather paranoid thriller focusing on conspiracy theories concerning government and corporations. To a casual observer, the bare details of the military origins of holography suggest just such cynical and centrally-directed development, although I hope to dispel such simplistic ideas here. And a third passing reference is to the book The Parallax View (2006) by Slavoj Zizek, a wide-ranging and deep exploration of duality in political views, ontological interpretations and scientific methods, among other topics.
Zizek’s theme, as well as Pakula’s, is relevant to my approach, which focuses on a parallax of both practice and intent. During the first successful decade of holography, conflicting viewpoints developed between distinct communities: the militarily-guided engineers who invented practical holography, and the later imaging scientists and artisans who stressed three-dimensionality and other attributes instead of the original goal of optical image processing. I argue that distinct groups of users had different perceptions of what holography is and what it is for.

Experts, Semantic and Epistemic

by Sanford Goldberg

Everyday expertise: Learning within and across formal and informal settings.

by Heather Toomey Zimmerman

Zimmerman, H. T. & Bell, P. (2012). Everyday expertise: Learning within and across formal and informal settings. In S. Land & D. Jonassen (Eds.), Theoretical foundations of learning environments (2nd ed., pp. 224-241). New York: Routledge. ISBN: 978-0-415-89422-7.

The everyday expertise framework is a perspective on learning and design work that takes into account how people... more The everyday expertise framework is a perspective on learning and design work that takes into account how people accomplish thinking and doing in their every day lives with the people and things around them. In this way, the everyday experience theoretical framework allows for learning to have multiple dimensions—individual, social, and cultural aspects—which results in a broad consideration how people learn within and across social settings. Because the everyday expertise perspective incorporates the values, emotions, knowledge, social practices, and other competencies involved in learning, these competencies are leveraged when designing new educational interventions.

Competence on display: crafting stories during newsroom editorial conferences

by Tom Van Hout

Van Hout, Tom, & Van Praet, Ellen. (2011). Competence on display: crafting stories during newsroom editorial conferences. In Katja Pelsmaekers, Craig Rollo, Tom Van Hout & Priscilla Heynderickx (Eds.), Displaying Competence in Organizations: Discourse Perspectives (pp. 111-130). Houndmills: Palgrave.

A draft of Rissanen O, Palonen, T, Pitkänen, P, Kuhn, G, & Hakkarainen K (submitted) The personal social network and the cultivation of experrtise in magic - Interview study

by Kai Hakkarainen

Rissanen, O, Palonen, T., Pitkänen, P., Kuhn, G., & Hakkarainen, k. (submitted). The personal social network and the cultivation of expertise in magic: An interview study. A manuscript submitted for publication.

The purpose of the present study was to examine expertise in magic by interviewing 16 prominent Finnish magicians... more The purpose of the present study was to examine expertise in magic by interviewing 16 prominent Finnish magicians identified earlier through social network analysis. A theme interview was performed that addressed participants’ histories and orientations to magic; the nature of their expertise, the networked development of expertise, and their engagement and motivation of cultivating magical expertise. The results indicated that expertise in magic is cultivated, to a great extent, by informal networks of expertise without formal training. The participants had become excited about magical activity as children and started to pursue expertise in the field from a relatively early age, from 4 to 14 years. In accordance with other domains of expertise, it had taken ten years of cultivating skills and competencies before becoming professional in the field, with a few exceptions. Ego-centric network analyses revealed that there were three or four old masters who had significantly shaped the Finnish field of magical activity and affected most participants’ development and career. Although most participants were clustered around a centralized network structure, those magicians working abroad and collaborating with international magicians were located at the periphery of the network or formed isolated network clusters.

Enactments of expertise

by Summerson Carr

A Local World Heritage: Relocating Expertise in World Heritage Management

by Dominic Walker

In Prep. 2013. In J. Schofield (ed.), Who Needs Experts? Counter-Mapping Cultural Heritage. Ashgate.

Notation analysis of skill expertise differences in netball

by Lyndell Bruce

But I can't pass that far! The influence of motor skill on decision making

by Lyndell Bruce

How specific is domain specificity: Does it extend across playing position?

by Lyndell Bruce

« Société des savoirs et production sociologique : l’exemple de la jeunesse »

by vincenzo cicchelli

This article starts with the largely shared assumption that the circulation of knowledge between different kinds of... more This article starts with the largely shared assumption that the circulation of knowledge between different kinds of spheres of discourses (mediatic, scientific, policy and administrative discourses) is a major phenomenon. The paper intends to address both adolescence and youth as an object of knowledge as well as an object of policy intervention. After providing the history of the ways in which political discourses converge with scientific researches and construct age categories, I suggest an analysis of the numerous semantic coincidences that one can find when the question of youth autonomy is assessed. Finally, this article attempts to give some clues in order to answer the following question: how sociologist could practice his craft in a context of huge diffusion of his knowledge and his frequent access to the figure of expert?