European Immigration and Asylum Law

Thesis (in italian) about States obligations in the fight against illegal immigration on the high seas

by Emanuela Parisciani

What Intra-Community Mobility for Third-Country Workers?

by Anna Kocharov

European Law Review, Issue 6, December 2008, pp. 913 - 926

Mobility of people in the internal market is arguably the most obvious measure of success of European integration. It... more Mobility of people in the internal market is arguably the most obvious measure of success of European integration. It brings concrete economic gains and strengthens the rights of the individual. However, the new Community competence contained in Title IV EC has been used to fragment the internal market and the people living within it. High bureaucratic barriers to secondary admission and failure to safeguard the rights of movers may prove increasingly more detrimental for smaller EU Member States, whose isolated labour markets remain unattractive for foreign professionals.

Regulation that Defies Gravity: Policy, Economics and Law of Legal Immigration in Europe

by Anna Kocharov

European Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 4 Issue 2, Autumn 2011

This article offers an assessment of EU directives in the field of legal immigration in the light of the Union’s own... more This article offers an assessment of EU directives in the field of legal immigration in the light of the Union’s own claims of economic rationale behind its immigration policy. While stopping short of economic analysis of law, the work pinpoints the areas of EU immigration law of relevance to economists in future immigration research in the European context, and to policy makers when enacting immigration laws. It is argued that, contrary to the political discourse, EU immigration law is inconsistent with the objectives of EU immigration policy and fails to take into account economic rationales for migration.

RESSENYA A Criminalización racista de los migrantes en Europa.(2010) Palidda, S. i JA Brandariz

by Cristina Fernández-Bessa

Movilidad bajo sospecha. El conveniente vínculo entre inmigración y criminalidad en las políticas migratorias de la Unión Europea

by Cristina Fernández-Bessa

El Estado español como punta de lanza del control y exclusión de la migración en Europa

by Cristina Fernández-Bessa

Writing as a problem: African grassroots writing, economies of literacy, and globalization

by Jan Blommaert

The Contemporary International Law Status of the Right to Receive Asylum

by William Worster

Clearly a state has a right to expel aliens generally, and a state has a right to grant asylum to aliens, but the... more Clearly a state has a right to expel aliens generally, and a state has a right to grant asylum to aliens, but the question is whether an individual has a right to asylum opposable to the state’s right to expel. In the literature, it is commonly understood that no such right exists. Treaty obligations discussing a “right to asylum” are understood in various ways, generally not to provide for a right to receive asylum but apply for it. However, the past few decades have shown a growth in conventions addressing asylum, especially, but not limited to, the European context. With refugee flows being an inherently international concern with a need for durable solutions, increasingly refugees are being assimilated to refugee-seekers. States are reacting or anticipating these issues by adopting domestic rights to asylum, at least for individuals qualifying as refugees. These trends suggest an evolving international consensus on opinio juris and state practice that refugees must receive asylum. Thus, it appears that the right to asylum for refugees exists under
customary international law.

The paper will proceed broadly in two sections viewing the issue from different perspectives. In the first section, the paper will begin by examining the “right to asylum” from the perspective of
the states, the authors of the Refugee Convention and similar agreements. The paper will conclude that the “right to asylum” in those agreements is directed at states, not individuals. In essence, states have a right vis-à-vis other states to grant asylum to aliens and not have that act be viewed as hostile.

However, this right of the state does not necessarily exclude a right of individuals to receive asylum if convention or customary international law also demand it. Accordingly, the second section examines the right of the individual to receive asylum. In the first sub-section, the author looks at conventional law and in the following sub-sections he looks at customary international
law, specifically state practice and opinio juris. In the conclusion, the author argues that, although there is a state right to grant asylum, there is also an individual right to receive it in certain circumstances. This conclusion is based on widespread and consistent practice granting asylum as an obligatory consequence of refuge.

[EU relations towards Ecuador (security and migration)] Relaciones de la Unión Europea con Ecuador (política de seguridad y migración)

by Maria Luisa Sanchez Barrueco

Policy paper issued on demand of the 'Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales' (Quito, Ecuador), to be published as part of a collective book CISNEROS ALVARRASIN, Paul (Ed.), 'Dimensiones estratégicas de la integración en América del Sur. Apuntes para las políticas públicas del Ecuador', IAEN, Quito, 2012

"Nuevas garantías de los solicitantes de visado tras la entrada en vigor completa del Código Europeo de Visados" [New procedural guarantees for visa applicants after the full entry into force of the EU Visa Code]

by Maria Luisa Sanchez Barrueco

Revista General de Derecho Europeo, Iustel, Enero 2012

The majority of provisions of the European Visa Code entered into force on 5 April 2010. These new rules succeed in... more The majority of provisions of the European Visa Code entered into force on 5 April 2010. These new rules succeed in stricking a balance between common needs and respect for State sovereignty in the troublesome area of short stay visas. Furthermore, its adoption following codecision procedure between the European Parliament and the Council shapes the European Visa Code as an innovative tool in-between increased effectiveness of the illegal immigration prevention mechanism and enhanced rights acknowledged to third-country nationals applying for a Schengen visa. The fundamental right to good administration, now enshrined in article 41 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights is assessed as the overall framework in which this step forward takes place.

Los límites del control.

by Cristina Fernández-Bessa

in VVAA (2008) Frontera Sur. Nuevas políticas de gestión y externalización del control de la inmigración en Europa, Barcelona: Virus editorial

Yet another mala figura: Italy breached non-refoulement obligations by intercepting migrants’ boats at sea, says ECtHR

by Francesco Messineo

Ejil:TALK! - 24 February 2012 - http://www.ejiltalk.org/yet-another-mala-figura-italy-breached-non-refoulement-obligations-by-intercepting-migrants-boats-at-sea-says-ecthr/

Comment on Hirsi Jamaa and others v. Italy, 23 February 2012, European Court of Human Rights Comment on Hirsi Jamaa and others v. Italy, 23 February 2012, European Court of Human Rights

Asylum Seekers / Patron Seekers: Interpreting Iraqi Kurdish Migration

by Diane E. King

King, Diane E. 2005 Asylum Seekers / Patron Seekers: Interpreting Iraqi Kurdish Migration. Human Organization  64(4):316-326.

This article examines the phenomenon of Iraqi Kurdish out-migration to the West between 1991 and 2003. It argues that... more This article examines the phenomenon of Iraqi Kurdish out-migration to the West between 1991 and 2003. It argues that migrants looked to the West and Westerners as potential patrons and were incited to migrate by their conceptualizations of patronage and clientage roles. Iraqi Kurdish migrants to the West constituted one of the largest flows of asylum-seeking clandestine migrants in the world by the late 1990s. European governments first accepted their asylum claims as “legitimate,” but later accused the migrants of being a “problem” and ceased granting asylum to most applicants. This article demonstrates how participants in the Iraqi Kurdish body politic posture themselves as clients and formulate the ideal roles of patrons in the migration process based on prior experience as clients of the state, tribal leaders, and other figures. Patronage and clientage roles provide both an interpretive frame and a motivator for the act of migrating.

The Legal Adaptation of British Settlers in Turkey

by Derya Bayir

This article is based on a fieldwork project conducted by the authors in the Muğla region of western Turkey. The... more This article is based on a fieldwork project conducted by the authors in the Muğla region of western Turkey. The region is the locale for a significant level of settlement by British people, within the wider context of settlement by groups of other EU nationals in western Turkey. Based on a series of interviews with British settlers and Turkish locals, it examines the factors which affect the process of legal adaptation of the former group. It identifies and discusses the place of British settlers within the larger Turkish legal order, their integration into Turkish life, and the extent to which different socio-legal disabilities and advantages affect this process. The article also casts some light on the extent to which, given the level of British immigration into the area, Turkish officialdom is prepared for their presence.

I flussi migratori Rifugio e asilo nei paesi euro-mediterranei

by Bruno Venditto

Co-authored with Caruso I, published in Rapporto sulle economie del Mediterraneo, il Mulino Bologna 2010

La crisi globale che stiamo attraversando non manca e non
mancherà in futuro di avere ripercussioni anche sulla... more La crisi globale che stiamo attraversando non manca e non
mancherà in futuro di avere ripercussioni anche sulla vita dei migranti e, più in generale, sui flussi migratori. È evidente, infatti,
che l’esigenza di riscrittura delle regole, ribadita dai diversi governi, non riguarderà soltanto i mercati finanziari ma avrà un impatto anche sui regimi di controllo delle migrazioni. In passato, le crisi hanno sempre avuto un impatto violentemente negativo sui migranti.
Dopo la crisi del ’29, parallelamente all’avvio del New Deal, circa mezzo milione di messicani furono deportati dagli Stati Uniti insieme a molti dei loro figli nati in territorio statunitense.
La crisi dei primi anni Settanta fu affrontata dal governo tedescofederale, presto seguito da altri governi europei, con il cosiddetto Anwerbestopp: il blocco del reclutamento di forza lavoro migrante e la predisposizione di programmi per il rimpatrio di quei lavoratori stranieri che, dopo aver svolto un ruolo essenziale negli anni della grande crescita post-bellica, risultavano improvvisamente in esubero. Analoghi segnali sono oggi numerosi in molti paesi europei.
Nel processo generale di revisione delle normativa in materia
di migrazione avviato da vari stati ci sono, infatti, moltissime norme che disciplinano le questioni riguardanti i diritti dei migranti
in senso restrittivo rispetto al passato. D’altro canto, i flussi migratori non si arrestano, così come non si sono arrestati neppure nei due casi richiamati in precedenza. Il funzionamento del sistema economico è oggi,, però, molto diverso rispetto a quello degli Stati Uniti del New Deal o del fordismo del secondo dopo-guerra: è ragionevole pensare che, sia pure in condizioni di più intensa instabilità, continui a esserci una domanda significativa di lavoro migrante in diverse attività economiche. A guidare, pertanto, le politiche sull’immigrazione dei diversi paesi sono le esigenze legate innanzitutto allo sviluppo economico e del mercato del lavoro e quelle connesse alla lotta all’immigrazione clandestina. Non è, tuttavia, da sottovalutare il rischio che i programmi e le attività di contrasto dell’immigrazione clandestina, previsti nell’ambito di tali politiche, possano influire negativamente su quella parte non trascurabile dei migranti che appartiene alla categoria dei richiedenti asilo e rifugiati. Questi ultimi, infatti, spesso vengono assimilati agli immigrati clandestini e, in quanto tali, privati delle protezioni sancite dal diritto internazionale. Sulla base delle precedenti considerazioni, nel presente capitolo si analizzerà l’evoluzione della presenza dei richiedenti asilo e rifugiati nei diversi paesi euromediterranei,
nonché dello status di rifugiato nell’Unione Europea (Ue), al fine di definire meglio, nell’attuale congiuntura, la dimensione
di questa componente dei flussi migratori, spesso sottovalutata
o trascurata dagli analisti del fenomeno.

The Evolving Definition of the Refugee in Contemporary International Law

by William Worster

Many scholars of international refugee law assert that there is no definition of refugee under international law... more Many scholars of international refugee law assert that there is no definition of refugee under international law except that given in the Refugee Convention. This assertion, however, overlooks the dynamic way that the Refugee Convention is interpreted and is usually made without a detailed analysis of customary international law. This article attempts to address this shortcoming in the literature by examining conventional and customary international law contributing to the contemporary definition of refugee. Furthermore, it will attempt to do this is an even-handed manner, concluding that the definition has expanded in favor of claimants in some aspects, but, actually, contracted against the favor of claimants in others.

First, the article will examine the definition of refugee under the Refugee Convention, especially the evolving technique for interpreting the Convention, to determine whether the definition has outgrown its conventional shell.

Second, the article will undertake a comprehensive analysis of state practice and opinio juris on this question, examining the most up-to-date sources. In particular, it will reflect on the role of specially interested or specially affected states in the formation of customary international law and the growth of “subsidiary” protection. Also the article will consider the contribution of the practice and opinio juris of international organizations in the frame of the contemporary international law’s understanding of the contribution international organizations can make.

Lastly, the article will look at the opposite side of the coin: the ways in which customary international law may have narrowed the definition beyond the terms of the Refugee Convention.
It will conclude by proposing the new definition of a refugee under conventional and customary international law based on the findings.

Die Entdeckung der Heimat der Unionsbürger Anmerkung zum Urteil des EuGH vom 8. März 2011, Rs. C-34/09 Zambrano

by Nikolaus Vitzthum

Consequences of Schengen Visa Liberalisation for the Citizens of Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova

by Sergo Mananashvili

Co-authored with Agnieszka Weinar, Oleg Korneev and Shushanik Makaryan. MPC Research Report 2012/01.

"Inseguridad jurídica en la aplicación de la política europea de visados por España con relación a las visas de corta estancia" [Legal uncertainty in the Spanish implementation of the EU visa policy with a special focus on short-stay visas]

by Maria Luisa Sanchez Barrueco

book chapter in VV.AA. (2012) La política de visados de la Unión Europea a examen. Más allá de la cola del visado. Barcelona: CIDOB-Bellaterra, forthcoming

Placing Shibboleths at the Institutional Gate: LADO tests and the construction of asylum seekers' identities

by Joachim Detailleur

Co-author Dr. Massimiliano Spotti (University of Tilburg/University of Jyvaskyla)
Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies - Working Paper 8
Tilburg University, The Netherlands
16 November 2011