Development Theories And Policies

American Middle Eastern Policy; A Needed New Direction

by Mark Bound

Andriotis, K. (2000). Local community perceptions of tourism as a development tool. PhD thesis. Bournemouth: Bournemouth University.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

For an online version see: http://www.angelfire.com/ks/andriotis/PhDthesis.html

In recent decades tourism development has expanded on most Mediterranean islands. Focusing on the island of Crete,... more In recent decades tourism development has expanded on most Mediterranean islands. Focusing on the island of Crete, this study recognises tourism as a highly visible and controversial component of change. The existence of the necessary infrastructure, the natural beauty, the climate, the culture and the history have contributed to tourism expansion, with Crete now attracting approximately 25 percent of foreign tourist arrivals and 55 percent of the total foreign exchange earnings of Greece. The perceptions of the local community in tourism were studied using personal interviews with three community groups: local authority officials, residents and tourism business owners and managers. The aim was to examine their views on tourism development, in an attempt to establish overall desired directions for tourism development and to suggest effective tourism strategies and policies to reinforce positive outcomes and alleviate problems resulting from previous unplanned tourism development. The research findings identify much agreement among the three community groups suggesting that it is feasible to further develop tourism with the support of the community. Although the areas used in the sample were in the maturity stage of Butler's (1980) life cycle model and therefore it might be expected that the community would be at the antagonism stage of Doxey's (1975) model, this was not suggested by the findings. Tourism is viewed positively as a development option, and further tourism development, with conditions attached, is supported. The expansion of tourism has brought economic gains, employment creation, increased population, enhanced community infrastructure and cultural and environmental preservation. However, there is limited co-ordination of tourism activities and insufficient collaboration between the public and private sector. In addition, the island is dependent on foreign tour operators, and the tourism industry is uneven geographically and seasonally. Tourism has modified traditions and has affected the environment and society. Since community perceptions match reality (what is on the ground from development), problems are real and it is necessary to find solutions for their amelioration. As a result, policy implications emerging from the results presented in this thesis are discussed and future strategies are suggested.

Keywords: Community attitudes and perceptions, development, planning, Crete

Andriotis, K. (2002). Scale of Hospitality Firms and Local Economic Development. The Case of Crete. Tourism Management, 23(4): 333-341.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517701000942

The hospitality industry generates benefits for many host communities including employment generation and foreign... more The hospitality industry generates benefits for many host communities including employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. However, the hospitality industry often leads to external dependency contributing to a loss of local control over resources, migrant workforce and leakages outside the local economy, seriously reducing industry’s potential for generating net financial advantages and growth for the local economy. Despite the variation of size of hospitality firms, there is still limited research on how well different size hospitality firms contribute to local economic development, something which this paper addresses, taking as a case the island of Crete. The findings suggest that the smaller the size of hospitality firm the larger the benefits to the local economy.

Keywords: hospitality firms; Scale; Economic development; Crete

Andriotis, K. (2003). Tourism in Crete. A Form of Modernisation. Current Issues In Tourism, 6(1): 23-53.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13683500308667943

Tourism in Crete is an irreversible phenomenon that has resulted in a process of change under the form of... more Tourism in Crete is an irreversible phenomenon that has resulted in a process of change under the form of modernisation.This modernisation has both positive and negative consequences. Specifically, tourism has been transformed into a primary source of income and employment generation for the island and has improved the quality of life for the locals. However, tourism development was directed to the increase of demand through the increase of the numbers of beds, as well as the concentration of tourist arrivals in space and time, rather than the balanced development of the tourism industry. In effect, various social and environmental strains have resulted, such as environmental degradation, cultural pollution, commercialisation of human relations and negative demonstration effects. It is the aim of this paper to review past studies, having examined various aspects of tourism in Crete in order to investigate the costs and benefits associated with the modernisation of the island through tourism expansion and to provide recommendations for future development.

Keywords: Tourism, modernisation, costs and benefits, development, demand and supply, Crete.

Ro isla it Buruanga

by Historically Digitized

History of Families of Boracay

Development theories, economic policies and institutions: a dialectical evolution

by Pasquale De Muro

Ver- und Entstaatlichung in der deutschen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit

by Basanta Thapa

term paper

Analysis of denationalization and nationalization processes in the German governmental development cooperation sector. Analysis of denationalization and nationalization processes in the German governmental development cooperation sector.

¿Una nueva visión del desarrollo? El Banco Mundial en la etapa Wolfensohn (1995-2001)

by José Antonio Sanahuja

Tiempo de Paz, nº 62, otoño-invierno 2001, ISSN 0212-8926, pp. 19-32

Consenso, disenso, confusión: el ‘debate Stiglitz’ en perspectiva

by José Antonio Sanahuja

Papeles  de cuestiones internacionales, nº 82,verano 2003, ISSN 0214-8072, pp. 71-80

Khanayara Stone Quarries: A Case of Reversing the Community’s Rights over Local Resources, Himachal Pradesh, India

by Nesar Ahmad

A Case Study of now closed community/panchayat owned/managed Khaniyara coal mines. 

What Has Globalization Done to Developing Countries’ Public Libraries?

by Gabe Ignatow

forthcoming in International Sociology

The goal of this paper is to illuminate major trends in the establishment of public libraries in developing countries... more The goal of this paper is to illuminate major trends in the establishment of public libraries in developing countries under conditions of globalization. Based on a review of research from library history and the sociology of culture, I develop hypotheses about the conditions under which public libraries are likely to be established in relatively large numbers in developing countries. Analysis of historical trends in library establishments, and crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of UNESCO data on public libraries in six developing nations, reveal that globalization is associated with decreasing or flat numbers of public libraries on a per capita basis. The only observed exceptions are Malaysia and Chile, where public libraries have been established in large numbers partly for purposes of national integration as a counter to sectarian and ethnic heterogeneity. Implications of these findings for research in the information society paradigm, and for development theory, are discussed.

The Dark Exploration into the Reality behind the Third World Labor Market: A document on Child Labor

by Giacomo Jack Maggiore

Child labor has come to grasp the awareness of the world, UNICEF (2010) estimates that 158 million children engage in... more Child labor has come to grasp the awareness of the world, UNICEF (2010) estimates that 158 million children engage in labor, about 17% of all children. The relationship between child labor and childhood development is critical to fully understand their status within the third world labor market. This essay will provide insight into the third world labor market by analyzing child labor and its negative impact on children. The prevalence of extreme poverty and hunger, paired with inadequate government policies cause a society to resort to child labor in order to sustain family survival, which in effect stains human capital and negatively impacts the physical development of children. Humanity inhabits one world, with both good and evil. By fighting child labor people can realize a better world. Therefore, in exploring child labor individuals come to understand its negative implications upon children, such as poor physical and cognitive development. Moreover, by analyzing child labor, the Western globe acquires the necessary solutions in order to reduce and prevent it from spreading further. By the means of economics, political science, history, and psychology the following paragraphs will elaborate on the causes of child labor, some solutions, and most importantly its detrimental effects on childhood development.

The New Territorial Paradigm of Rural Development: Theoretical Foundations From Systems and Institutional Theories

by Mateo Ambrosio

Co-authored with Johan Bastiaensen. Discussion Paper 2010/02, IOB Antwerp University, Belgium.

In recent decades, a new paradigm for public policies in rural areas has made headway. This new approach aims to... more In recent decades, a new paradigm for public policies in rural areas has made headway. This new approach aims to support economic and institutional transformation processes designed and implemented by local rural actors themselves. It argues for the building of local partnerships as a tool for the governance of rural change.

This paper reflects about the governance of development and change in rural areas. It builds a conceptual framework from two complementary theoretical sources: (a) complexity theory views on the governance of resilience and (b) institutional theories. Given the impossibility to predict and plan social change in a top-down fashion, it stresses that change requires that actors of a social system construct a sufficiently shared vision of a desired future state and manage to act together in order to ‘navigate’ the pathway towards that aim. Capacity for territorial governance is also critical in rural governance of resilience. System resilience refers to the capacity of actors to adjust the desired pathway whenever external shocks threaten its viability, or in certain cases, impose the need for a more fundamental change in the prevailing system and the desired pathways of change.

We argue that these theoretical inspirations provide a useful substantiated underpinning for the territorial paradigm of rural development and allow us to show why and how the local partnership has the potential to improve the governance and the resilience of rural territories. We also develop a number of further reflections about the challenges of such partnerships, in particular the difficulties emerging from heterogeneous interest and power of local actors.

O Impacto dos Grandes Projectos Estruturantes no Concelho de Palmela ao nível do Ordenamento e do Desenvolvimento Territorial

by Bruno M. Pereira Marques

Co-authored with Ana Filipa Coelho and Carla Piteira (Palmela Town Hall)

MARQUES, B.P., COELHO, A.F. and PITEIRA, C. (2009) “O Impacto dos Grandes Projectos Estruturantes no Concelho de Palmela ao Nível do Ordenamento e do Desenvolvimento Territorial”, in Actas do IV Congresso Internacional sobre Ordenamento do Território: Infra-Estruturas e Desenvolvimento Regional, Lisboa, pp. 169-197, ISBN 978-84-693-0061-9.

Palmela is one of Lisbon’s Metropolitan Area (LMA) eighteen municipalities and the biggest in extension with 462,8 km2... more Palmela is one of Lisbon’s Metropolitan Area (LMA) eighteen municipalities and the biggest in extension with 462,8 km2 (15,7% of LMA). Located on Tagus left-bank, in Setúbal Peninsula sub-region (NUT III), Palmela have been for centuries a rural municipality and more recently, since the 1960’s, a periurban and suburban area. Agriculture has been for years the most significant economic activity and even actually Moscatel wine and sheep's milk cheese are important traditional products. Nevertheless, industry became the main economic activity, both in terms of product and employment, specially since the working of AutoEuropa car factory in the 1990’s, which represents around 2% of Portugal’s GDP and 10% of the exports. In the next years Palmela will be in the center of the most important public projects and infrastructures to be built in Portugal. Indeed, the Poceirão Logistic Platform and the High-Speed Train will have direct repercussions in terms of land use and occupation. But these two projects and other infrastructures located in neighbouring municipalities, namely Lisbon’s New Airport and Tagus’ Third Bridge, will have great effects on accessibility and on demographic and urban dynamics and growth. Considering the present revision of Palmela’s Municipal Master Plan this presentation will focus on some of the expected impacts in terms of territory planning and development for the next decade.

Local Development Iniciatives: the case of São Paulo and ABCD Municipalities

by Bruno M. Pereira Marques

MARQUES, B.P. (2008) “Local Development Iniciatives: the case of São Paulo and ABCD Municipalities”, in Actas do 14.º Congresso da APDR, Tomar, pp. 253-279, ISBN 978-972-98803-9-1.

It was only in 1930’s and, especially, in the 50’s, that São Paulo (and its Metropolitan Region) became the main... more It was only in 1930’s and, especially, in the 50’s, that São Paulo (and its Metropolitan Region) became the main industrial hub of Brazil. It was the “Plano de Metas” of President Juscelino Kubitschek that led to the introduction of mass manufacturing industries, with emphasis on the automobile industry, located in the southeast industrial periphery of São Paulo known as ABCD and corresponding to the municipalities of Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra.
São Paulo is the biggest city in Latin America and a “Global City”, nevertheless, it is also the “Metrópole das Desigualdades”, with a chaotic process of urbanization, a largely dilapidated housing and with high levels of poverty and social exclusion.
With the oil crises, which occurred in the 70’s, the ABCD starts a process of productive restructuring that has led to some industries leaving the area. However, we believe that the conditions are met for the promotion of territorial development strategies based on local and endogenous factors, throughout measures where the local/regional political power interacts and establishes partnerships with other territorial actors: government, companies, financial institutions, business associations, cooperatives, non-governmental organizations and civic movements.

Amazónia: do “Inferno Verde” ao “Deserto Vermelho”

by Bruno M. Pereira Marques

Co-authored with Ricardo Correia Fernandes

MARQUES, B.P. and FERNANDES, R.C. (2004) “Amazónia: do “Inferno Verde” ao “Deserto Vermelho”, in GeoINova – Revista do Departamento de Geografia e Planeamento Regional nº 9 – 2004, pp. 81-100, ISSN 0874-6540.

Amazon is considered the biggest tropical forest in the planet and the main source of biodiversity worldwide, although... more Amazon is considered the biggest tropical forest in the planet and the main source of biodiversity worldwide, although is presents an apparent paradox.
If on one side, it represents an extremely important resource worldwide, who do not recall the logan: “Amazon: the lung of Planet Earth”? On the other side, that same potential represents a huge opportunity for the region’s social and economic growth and Brazil’s itself.
Amazon is usually referred as the “perfect metaphor” in favour of environmental preservation. Although, the deforestation caused by wood cutting, agriculture and cattle rising is disrupting the sustainability in the world’s biggest tropical forest.
Without wanting to transform it in a “giant” natural reserve that may jeopardise the legitimate local population’s desires for development, the true is that it’s urgent to take preventive and conservationist measures that may allow to reach a real “Sustainable Development”.

Estrategias Locales de Desarrollo para el Combate a la Pobreza y Exclusión Social en la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo-Brasil

by Bruno M. Pereira Marques

MARQUES, B.P. (2008) “Estrategias Locales de Desarrollo para el Combate a la Pobreza y Exclusión Social en la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo - Brasil”, in Actas do XI Colóquio Ibérico de Geografia, Alcalá de Henares, pp. 1-15, ISBN 978-84-8138-792-6.

São Paulo es la mayor ciudad de América Latina y una “Ciudad Global”, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta su moderna... more São Paulo es la mayor ciudad de América Latina y una “Ciudad Global”, sobre todo teniendo en cuenta su moderna infraestructura, la prestación de servicios de nivel mundial y la
concentración de funciones de coordinación y comando asociadas a las empresas transnacionales. Sin embargo, también es la “Metrópole das Desigualdades”, con un caótico
proceso de urbanización, un parque de habitaciones mayoritariamente degradado y con altos niveles de pobreza y exclusión social.
Las últimas teorías y políticas de Desarrollo Regional y Local procuran privilegiar las medidas en que el poder político local/regional interactúa y establece parcerias com otros
actores protagonistas en el territorio: Gobierno, empresas, instituciones financieras, asociaciones empresariales, cooperativas, organizaciones no-gubernamentales y movimientos cívicos.
Por lo tanto, esta ponencia presenta una serie de iniciativas locales de desarrollo, con capacidad de contribuir a la resolución de los problemas detectados, en referencia al área en estudio - la Région Metropolitana de São Paulo e con mayor detalle la periferia industrial de la ciudad de São Paulo conocida como ABCD (o Grande ABC).

Geopolítica do Petróleo: de Estrabão à(s) Guerra(s) do Iraque

by Bruno M. Pereira Marques

Co-authored with Regina Salvador (Professor of Development Theories and Policies, PhD in Geography, New University of Lisbon and PhD in Economics, London School of Economics)

SALVADOR, R. and MARQUES, B.P. (2005) “Geopolítica do Petróleo: de Estrabão à(s) Guerra(s) do Iraque”, in Revista da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas nº 18 – 2005, pp. 191-200, ISSN 0871-2778.

As actuais necessidades energéticas da economia mundial são satisfeitas maioritariamente pelo uso de energias não... more As actuais necessidades energéticas da economia mundial são satisfeitas maioritariamente pelo uso de energias não renováveis. Mais precisamente, 90% da energia consumida a nível mundial vem do consumo de combustíveis fósseis. Os três principais combustíveis fósseis são o petróleo, o carvão e o gás natural. Estes combustíveis são as principais fontes de energia, tanto nos países industrializados, como nos países em vias de industrialização, nomeadamente no sector
dos transportes rodoviários.
Embora os países desenvolvidos do Norte tenham apenas 20% da população mundial, consomem a esmagadora maioria da energia a nível global. Apesar deste maior consumo, os países do Norte têm cada vez maior consciência da necessidade de conservar os recursos energéticos, em especial desde os “choques petrolíferos” de 1973 e 1979. Os países em industrialização do Sul (nomeadamente “gigantes” como a China ou Índia) tendem a ser utilizadores menos eficazes a nível energético.

Local Development Initiatives in Metropolitan Areas' Suburban Municipalities: a comparative case-study between Amadora (Lisbon-PT) and Diadema (São Paulo-BR)

by Bruno M. Pereira Marques

Co-authored with Rui Carvalho (MIGRARE-CEG-IGOT-UL)

MARQUES, B.P. and CARVALHO, R. (2010) "Local Development Initiatives in Metropolitan Areas' Suburban Municipalities: a comparative case-study between Amadora (Lisbon-PT) and Diadema (São Paulo-BR)", in Actas do 16.º Congresso da APDR, Funchal, pp. 1053-1083, ISBN 978-989-96353-1-9.

Amadora and Diadema are two small-sized but densely populated suburban municipalities, territorially contiguous to the... more Amadora and Diadema are two small-sized but densely populated suburban municipalities, territorially contiguous to the metropolises of Lisbon (PT) and São Paulo (BR). In spite of their geographic and socio-economic specificities they both present common and important social exclusion (e.g. housing, unemployment) problems. This paper critically compares the local development initiatives put into practice in these two
contexts, evaluating how multiple territorial actors (e.g. political institutions, financial and business associations, NGO’s, civic movements) interact and establish partnerships
directed to minimize some of the previously identified issues thus promoting these municipalities’ populations socio-economic development.

Policies to improve the lives of Slum Dwellers – from international agreements to local contexts. The Brazilian case-study

by Bruno M. Pereira Marques

Co-authored with Rui Carvalho (MIGRARE-CEG-IGOT-UL)

MARQUES, B.P. and CARVALHO, R. (2010) "Policies to improve the lives of Slum Dwellers – from international agreements to local contexts. The Brazilian case-study", in Actas do 16.º Congresso da APDR, Funchal, pp. 554-580, ISBN 978-989-96353-1-9.

Last decades economic development induced massive international and regional migration flows directed to the urban... more Last decades economic development induced massive international and regional migration flows directed to the urban spaces. The magnitude and swiftness of these processes determined that several cities’ authorities would fail to respond to the increasing demands of many social services. The right to an “adequate housing” emerged as a political concern, leading governments and institutions to develop housing programmes directed to improve the lives of slum dwellers. This paper presents a diachronic evolution of these specific housing policies in the paradigmatic case-study of
Brazil, critically analysing the evolving roles played by the multiple levels of decision (from international institutions to local communities) in the development and implementation of such measures.