Development Economics (Development Studies)

Andriotis, K. and Vaughan, D.R. (2009). The Pattern-matching Approach and its Application in Tourism Development. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(4): 315-336.

by Konstantinos Andriotis

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13683500802346185

Tourism development cannot be fully understood and validated from a positivist perspective without the testing of... more Tourism development cannot be fully understood and validated from a positivist perspective without the testing of theory against empirical evidence. Thus the pattern-matching approach studies phenomena on the basis of facts and observations relevant to the testing of theories and models. This paper compares two selected tourism development theories, diffusion and dependency, against empirical evidence from Crete. In doing this it has three main objectives: to set out the nature of the pattern matching approach; to illustrate the application of the pattern matching approach, in an exploratory way; and to evaluate the approach based on the evidence of the exploratory application.

Keywords: Pattern-matching approach, development theory, case study, tourism, Crete.

การเปลี่ยนแปลงด้านการพัฒนาในเชียงของ

by Samak Kosem

Co-authored with Assoc.Prof. Jamaree Chiangthong

ผู้วิจัย :
จามะรี เชียงทอง
สมัคร์ กอเซ็ม

เสนอรับทุนจากภาควิชาสังคมวิทยาและมานุษยวิทยา ประจำปี... more ผู้วิจัย :
จามะรี เชียงทอง
สมัคร์ กอเซ็ม

เสนอรับทุนจากภาควิชาสังคมวิทยาและมานุษยวิทยา ประจำปี 2551
(ตามโครงการพัฒนาการวิจัยอาจารย์-นักศึกษา)


ความสำคัญของปัญหา

ปัจจุบันในปี 2551 ถนนหมายเลข 3 ซึ่งตัดข้ามลาวจากห้วยทรายในแขวงบ่อแก้วถึงบ่อเต็นในแขวงหลวงน้ำทา ในสาธารณรัฐประชาชนลาว ภายใต้การสนับสนุนงบประมาณจากการพัฒนาเอเชีย (ADB) ได้ดำเนินการแล้วเสร็จ และรัฐบาลไทยและลาวมีนโยบายจะสร้างสะพานข้ามแม่น้ำโขง ณ ห้วยทรายในประเทศลาว มายังเชียงของในประเทศไทย ซึ่งทำให้การขนส่งคนและสินค้าสามารถดำเนินการได้รวดเร็วขึ้น เชียงของจึงกลายเป็นเมืองท่าที่สำคัญแห่งหนึ่งบนฝั่งชายแดนไทย-ลาว แม้จะไม่เป็นที่รู้จักดีเท่าเชียงแสน

งานที่ตีพิมพ์เผยแพร่แล้วและได้รับการอ้างอิงมากที่สุดเมื่อพูดถึงเชียงของคือ งานของ Andrew Walker (1999) เรื่อง The Legend of the Golden Boat ซึ่ง Walker ศึกษาการค้าชายแดนในปี 2537-2538 อันเป็นช่วงปีซึ่งยังไม่ได้เริ่มทำการก่อสร้างถนนห้วยทราย-หลวงน้ำทาในฝั่งลาวอย่างจริงจัง ถนนลูกรังที่มีอยู่ไม่สามารถใช้งานได้เต็มที่ในหน้าฝน การค้าทางถนนบนเส้นทางนี้จึงยังมีไม่มากนัก การค้าจากจีนไปลาวทางถนนมักนิยมใช้เส้นทางผ่านไปทางอุดมไชย-หลวงพระบาง มากกว่าจะผ่านหลวงน้ำทาเข้ามาที่ห้วยทราย ส่วนการค้าจากจีนมาไทยก็จะใช้ทางเรือมากกว่า คือ ขนส่งสินค้าจากท่าเรือที่ก่วนเหลยล่องมาตามลำแม่น้ำโขงมาขึ้นฝั่งที่เชียงแสน

เมื่อถนนได้รับการสร้างแล้วเสร็จ มีการคาดการณ์กันว่า ปริมาณการค้าจากจีนมาไทยจะเพิ่มมากโดยจีนจะสามารถขนส่งสินค้ามาตามถนนที่สร้างใหม่ มาขึ้นท่าเรือที่เชียงของ นอกจากนั้น ถนนจะทำให้เกษตรกรลาวมีช่องทางเข้าสู่ระบบตลาด และหันมาทำการเกษตรเชิงพาณิชย์ ผลิตสินค้าป้อนเข้าสู่ระบบตลาดได้ง่ายขึ้นและมากขึ้น งานวิจัยของ Lyttleton และคณะที่ทำการศึกษาการปลูกแตงโมที่เมืองสิงห์ชี้ให้เห็นว่าการตัดถนนหมายเลข 17 จากเมืองสิงห์ในลาวไปยังเมืองมางในจีน ทำให้เกษตรกรลาวที่เมืองสิงห์หันมาปลูกแตงโมเพื่อส่งไปขายตลาดจีนเพิ่มมากขึ้น และทั้งนี้ผลิตผลแตงโมที่เพิ่มขึ้นนั้นอยู่ภายใต้การเกษตรระบบพันธะสัญญาซึ่งพ่อค้าชาวจีนเข้ามาดำเนินการควบคุมการผลิตโดยนำเมล็ดพันธุ์ ปุ๋ย ยาฆ่าแมลง เข้ามานำเสนอต่อเกษตรกรลาวภายใต้สัญญาว่าจะรับซื้อผลผลิตที่ได้มาตรฐาน น้ำหนัก ตามที่กำหนดกันไว้ล่วงหน้า

ดังนั้น หากพิจารณาว่าการตัดถนนก่อให้เกิดการเพิ่มขึ้นของเกษตรเชิงพาณิชย์มาแล้วในกรณีเกษตรกรที่เมืองสิงห์ คำถามสืบเนื่องที่งานวิจัยชิ้นนี้ต้องการพิจารณาก็คือว่า ถนนหมายเลข 3 โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งช่วงของถนนที่ตัดผ่านห้วยทรายในลาว เพื่อเตรียมจ่อเข้ามาในไทยที่เชียงของจะส่งผลให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงในบริเวณพื้นที่นี้อย่างไรบ้าง

Evoluţii economice în Georgia versus Moldova

by viorel girbu

Influenta institutiilor asupra dezvoltarii economice

by viorel girbu

A way to diagnose the economic structure of a nation is to look at its institutions. Following Douglass North, a Nobel... more A way to diagnose the economic structure of a nation is to look at its institutions. Following Douglass North, a Nobel laureate in economics, “institutions determine the performance of economies” (North, 1990, p.137). Although Moldova has struggled
to achieve similar economic performance to the European continent for about twenty years, the results are still mediocre. The level of the country’s economic development, expressed as GDP per capita, is less than it was in 1990, at the beginning of the process. The goal of this paper is to conduct an exploration of the main causes that hinder economic growth in Moldova and of the possibilities to gain a fair level of economic development in Moldova in the near future.

The nonillusory effects of neoliberalisation: linking geographies of poverty, inequality, and violence

by Simon Springer

Springer, S. 2008. The nonillusory effects of neoliberalisation: linking geographies of poverty, inequality, and violence. Geoforum. 39 (4), 1520-1525.

This paper steps into recent debates concerning the (f)utility of neoliberalism as an ‘actually existing’ concept by... more This paper steps into recent debates concerning the (f)utility of neoliberalism as an ‘actually existing’ concept by reminding the reader that without a Marxian political economy approach, one that specifically includes neoliberalisation as part of its theoretical edifice, we run the risk of obfuscating the reality of capitalism’s festering poverty, rising inequality, and ongoing geographies of violence as something unknowable and ‘out there’. By failing to acknowledge such nonillusory effects of neoliberalisation and refusing the explanatory power neoliberalism holds in relating similar constellations of experiences across space as a potential basis for emancipation, we precipitously ensure the prospect of a violent future.

FOREIGN ASSISTANCE AND MOLDOVAS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

by Valentin Lozovanu

Viorel Girbu

During the last 17 years, Moldova has been a recipient country of numerous kinds of Official Development Assistance... more During the last 17 years, Moldova has been a recipient country of numerous kinds of Official Development Assistance (ODA). Yet the country has gone from having the highest per-capita income when it was part of the Soviet Union to being one of the poorest countries in Europe. The authors consider whether — and how — ODA can influence economic development in Moldova.

In this analysis, Lozovanu and Girbu examine how ODA was spent in Moldova in 2008-09. They offer critiques of how the funds were allocated. They also recommend a fundamental reconsideration of the role of ODA monies in any effort to spur economic growth. The authors urge their goverment not to rely on ODA and to instead develop a development strategy independent of such funding.

LA CRISI ECONOMICA ATTUALE E LA PROSPETTIVA DELL'ECONOMIA ETERODOSSA

by Arturo Hermann

Questo articolo costituisce una versione sintetica in italiano di lavori presentati, in differenti versioni, alla AHE 2011 Conference, AFIT 2011 Conference e ICAPE 2011 Conference.
Una versione sintetica è stata pubblicata sulla
Rivista "Marxismo Oggi", nn.1-2, 2011.

Nella realtà economica attuale, il liberismo ― sostenuto da istituzioni sovranazionali, da agenzie di rating, da... more Nella realtà economica attuale, il liberismo ― sostenuto da istituzioni sovranazionali, da agenzie di rating, da potenti gruppi economico-finanziari e dai principali mezzi di informazione ― è ancora imperante e un paradigma alternativo di politica economica stenta a delinearsi sia nella teoria sia, e soprattutto, nell’azione concreta. Nonostante queste difficoltà, un significativo filone di economia alternativa sta sviluppandosi e viene portato avanti da importanti Associazioni di economisti (ad esempio, AHE, AFIT, EAEPE, ICAPE, SASE, WEA, il Green Economics Institute). Sui loro siti e nelle loro Conferenze possono trovarsi contributi appartenenti al filone istituzionalista, Marxista, Keynesiano, della sociologia economica, della green economics (cf. anche la Heterodox Economics Newsletter per informazioni ad ampio spettro sulle attività dell’economia eterodossa). Consideriamo ora alcuni elementi di questa prospettiva, con particolare attenzione ai problemi dell'attuale crisi economica.

The neoliberalization of security and violence in Cambodia’s transition

by Simon Springer

Springer, S. 2009. The neoliberalization of security and violence in Cambodia's transition. Human Security in East Asia: Challenges for Collaborative Action. Ed. Sorpong Peou. New York: Routledge, pp. 125-141.

This chapter seeks to deconstruct the implications of shifting security’s frame of reference from the state to the... more This chapter seeks to deconstruct the implications of shifting security’s frame of reference from the state to the individual, and the potential for this scalar adjustment to be colonized by the purely economic goal of market preservation. These concerns are placed in the empirical context of Cambodia’s UN sponsored transition in the early 1990s, which effectively served as the pilot programme of the emerging human security agenda. The UN’s orchestration of the Cambodian ‘peace process’ is argued to have allowed the organization to formalize the newly minted human security doctrine during a self-congratulatory fervor that followed in the wake of what was presumed to be a successful transition to peace. However, the violence that swelled both during and after the transition reveals the human security discourse as deceptive, having very little to do with the prevention of violence other than in a rhetorical sense. Rather, the (in)actions of the international community in response to extrajudicial murders, threats of secession, electoral fraud, and coup d'état suggest that human security can be read as a pretext that effectively translates into the acceptance and promotion of the political status quo, as secured hegemony for the reigning political party means a secured marketplace open to foreign interests.

‘If God wills…next year I will send her back to school’: the effects of child and parental illness on school participation in rural Ethiopia

by Kate Orkin

Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity Research Pathways to Access Monographs, 2011, Working Paper 60, pp. 1-50.

Available at http://www.create-rpc.org/

Rural Ethiopian children, and members of their households, often suffer from common and preventable but debilitating... more Rural Ethiopian children, and members of their households, often suffer from common and preventable but debilitating illnesses, such as malaria, parasite infection and worms. Enrolment rates in Ethiopia are high, but school attendance is patchy, children often drop out of school (although they sometimes return), and grade repetition is common. This paper argues that the two phenomena are related: serious illness of children or in children’s households constitutes a major, under-analysed and preventable barrier to children's schooling participation. This was demonstrated both in quantitative research, which analysed a 633-child longitudinal sample across 13 rural sites in Ethiopia, and qualitative research, a village case study, including interviews with 24 children and ten caregivers.

Un système d'innovation régional en gestation. Le cas du Guangdong

by Rigas Arvanitis

Violence, democracy, and the neoliberal ''order'': the contestation of public space in posttransitional Cambodia

by Simon Springer

Springer, S. 2009. Violence, democracy, and the neoliberal "order": the contestation of public space in posttransitional Cambodia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 99 (1), 138-162.

Neoliberal policies explain why authoritarianism and violence remain the principal modes of governance among many... more Neoliberal policies explain why authoritarianism and violence remain the principal modes of governance among many ruling elites in posttransitional settings. Using Cambodia as an empirical case to illustrate the neoliberalizing process, the promotion of intense marketization is revealed as a foremost causal factor in a country's inability to consolidate democracy following political transition. Neoliberalization effectively acts to suffocate an indigenous burgeoning of democratic politics. Such asphyxiation is brought to bear under the neoliberal rhetoric of order and stability, which can be read through the (re)production of public space. The preoccupation with order and stability serves the interests of capital at the global level and political elites at the level of the nation-state. Citizens themselves may fiercely contest these particular interests in a quest for a more radical democracy, as evidenced by the burgeoning geographies of protest that have emerged in Cambodian public spaces in the posttransition era.

Globalization, culture, and management styles: An examination of management style differences between U.S. and Argentine managers.

by Monica Hagan

Fay, P., Hagan, M. J., & Hagan, A. J. (2009, December). Paper presented at the 6th International Meeting of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Consensus, dissensus, confusion: the ˝Stiglitz debate˝ in perspective

by José Antonio Sanahuja

Development in practice vol. 14, nº 3, (Oxfam, Oxford, Reino Unido), abril 2004, ISSN 0961-4524, pp.413-423

An Empirical Analysis of Gender Bias in Education Spending in Paraguay

by Thomas Masterson

Gender affects household spending in two areas that have been widely studied in the literature. One strand documents... more Gender affects household spending in two areas that have been widely studied in the literature. One strand documents that greater female bargaining power within households results in a variety of shifts in household production and consumption. An important source of intrahousehold bargaining power is ownership of assets, especially land. Another strand examines gender bias in spending on children. This paper addresses both strands simultaneously. In it, differences in spending on education are examined empirically, at both the household and the individual level. Results are mixed, though the balance of evidence weighs toward pro-male bias in spending on education at the household level. Results also indicate that the relationship between asset ownership and female bargaining power within the household is contingent on the type of asset.

Female Land Rights, Crop Specialization, and Productivity in Paraguayan Agriculture

by Thomas Masterson

Previous work has shown a pattern of lower household incomes for those Paraguayan farms with female landowners in the... more Previous work has shown a pattern of lower household incomes for those Paraguayan farms with female landowners in the household. The study of agricultural production reveals that Paraguayan women specialize in livestock and dairy production, while men specialize in crop production. An analysis of crop specialization and crop yields finds no significant differences in yields among households along gender lines, although women appear to specialize in food crops. Finally, households with female land rights have markedly lower rates of return on agricultural production.

Land Rental and Sales Markets in Paraguay

by Thomas Masterson

This paper examines the claim that the land rental market can be an effective means of redistributing access to, if... more This paper examines the claim that the land rental market can be an effective means of redistributing access to, if not ownership of, land to the rural poor, using Paraguay as our model. The land sales market is also examined. The land rental market in Paraguay's rural areas is found to be very thin, due at least in part to a lack of available credit for inputs. Renting-in substantial amounts of land is found to contribute significantly to household per-capita income.

Productivity, Technical Efficiency, and Farm Size in Paraguayan Agriculture

by Thomas Masterson

This essay assesses the relationship between farm size and productivity. Both parametric and nonparametric methods are... more This essay assesses the relationship between farm size and productivity. Both parametric and nonparametric methods are used to derive efficiency measures. Smaller farms are found to have higher net farm income per hectare, and to be more technically efficient, than larger farms.