Destination Management

managing archeological sites as tourist destination title page+abstract

by Jordan Kocevski

Spatial planning and sustainable tourism as basis for developing competitive tourist destinations

by Jordan Kocevski

Michael Risteskia      risteski_m@yahoo.com
Jordan Kocevski        jokoc@yahoo.com
Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality – Ohrid, University “St. Kliment Ohridski” – Bitola, Kej Marshal Tito 95, Ohrid 6000, Republic of Macedonia

It becomes evident that the increase and expansion of tourism markets, also the creation of larger and more numerous... more It becomes evident that the increase and expansion of tourism markets, also the creation of larger and more numerous tourist destinations, or the growth of the overall tourism industry which is expected to advance in the coming decades as never before, will cause enormous effects on the economy, cultural identity, as well as on the physical environment. It is required on a global level, to adequately distribute the development of tourism resorts and destinations, as well as to deal with the dangers that can arise and are related to overcrowding which can cause unsustainable development of the most visited and most attractive tourism places. The aim of the paper is to present the importance of the contemporary changes in tourism which requires adaptation of all participants in the creation of the tourism offer in given destinations. The destinations start to be considered as complex wholes with an aim to ensure competitiveness on the tourism market. Sustainable tourism has become a separate category of selective tourism offer. Destinations become to be a set of joint tourism products and services, which implies the active participation of all stakeholders. New concepts for achieving competitiveness have been developed such as: development of sustainable destinations, destination management planning and implementation of integrated quality management.

Marketing the competitive destination of the future

by Professor Dimitrios Buhalis

Buhalis, D., 2000, Marketing the competitive destination of the future, Tourism Management, Vol.21(1), pp.97-116. [ Buhalis, D., 2000, Marketing the competitive destination of the future, Tourism Management, Vol.21(1), pp.97-116. [

A sports portfolio for the development and image of a tourism destination

by Frederic Dimanche

Co-authored with M. Sodja
published in Illes Balears Forum 2006 Academic Seminar (pp. 119-129). Palma de Majorca, Illes Balears Forum Publishing.

Managing destination competitiveness through Interaction Spatial Models: A tourist spatial behavior approach

by Frederic Dimanche

Co-authored with L. Andrades and presented at the Consumer Behavior in Tourism Symposium 2011 in Brunico, Italy

The purpose of this paper is to suggest how the “Interaction Spatial Models” (Nakanishi & Cooper, 1974) can be... more The purpose of this paper is to suggest how the “Interaction Spatial Models” (Nakanishi & Cooper, 1974) can be applied to evaluate tourists´ spatial behaviour (TSB) and as a result, to measure tourism destination competitiveness (TDC) by adopting an integrative and complete approach.

La segmentación por actividades como base para el desarrollo de productos turísticos

by Lisandra Torres Hechavarría

Published in "TuryDes" journal of research on Tourism and Local Development

The French market has declined in number of arrivals to Cuba and Havana, and this has been the subject of analysis of... more The French market has declined in number of arrivals to Cuba and Havana, and this has been the subject of analysis of many scholars. The objective of this research was to identify the mix of activities carried out by the French in their long-distance travels, to determine those products that can be created on the destination and provide the basis for the development of the destination according to the needs of this market. In order to achieve this, we applied a principal component analysis (PCA) to the results of a survey made to operators of AFAT on the activities the French do in their long-distance travel, to identify and characterize segments. The results were compared with the potential of the destination and the most consumed products of the market in Havana. It was determined that the destination has resources that would enable it to form a more varied tourist products supply and more adjusted to the profiles of French tourists who travel long distance.

LA SEGMENTACIÓN POR ACTIVIDADES COMO BASE PARA EL DESARROLLO DE PRODUCTOS TURÍSTICOS

by Lisandra Torres Hechavarría

eTourism: Critical Information and Communication Technologies for Tourism Destinations

by Professor Dimitrios Buhalis

Buhalis, D., Leung, D., and Law, R., 2011, eTourism: Critical Information and Communication Technologies for Tourism Destinations, in Wang, R., and Pizam, A., (eds), Destination Marketing and Management, CAB International, ISBN 9781845937621, p.205-224

The information and communication technologies (ICTs) diffusion to the tourism industry has recently increased at an... more The information and communication technologies (ICTs) diffusion to the tourism industry has recently increased at an unprecedented rate. This chapter overviews the recent developments of ICTs on eTourism in recent years and demonstrates developments for destinations. Drawing on a wide variety of sources, it discusses and analyzes key trends in the context of Internet applications to tourism and hospitality. Grouping the findings into the categories of consumers, technologies, and industries, it projects future developments in eTourism and demonstrates critical changes that will influence the tourism industry structure. The chapter also demonstrates how Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) use ICTs to facilitate the tourist experience as well as for coordinating all partners involved in the production and delivery of tourism.

Keywords: Internet, Information and communication technologies, eTourism, tourism management and marketing

Destinations’ guide to Industrial Tourism

by Niels C. Nielsen

A review of  INDUSTRIAL TOURISM, Opportunities for City and Enterprise. Alexander H.J. Otgaar, Leo van den Berg, Christian Berger and Rachel Xiang Feng (Eds.) Ashgate, Farnham, 2010. ISBN: 978-1-4094-0220-6.
Manuscript accepted by Tourism Geographies

Industrial tourism, or travel to a certain location or destination with the specific purpose of visiting active or... more Industrial tourism, or travel to a certain location or destination with the specific purpose of visiting active or historical production facilities has a place within urban tourism, incorporating elements of cultural and learning tourism as well as business and conference travel and MICE activities. Alternatively it can be viewed as a subset of both. In this book, the focus is clearly on company tours.  If visits to factory outlets are included in industrial tourism, there is clearly a big overlap with shopping tourism.
The book is the result of an international study, comparing six cases: Wolfsburg (Germany), Cologne (Germany), Pays de la Loire (France), Turin (Italy), Shanghai (China) and Rotterdam (Netherlands). The study was carried out by the European Institute for Comparative Urban Research, with assistance from local experts, except for the case of Cologne, but in all cases involving local discussion partners (informants).

Pike, S., Murdy, S., & Lings, I. (2011). Visitor relationship orientation of destination marketing organisations. Journal of Travel Research. 50(4): 443-453.

by Steven Pike

The proposition underpinning this study is engaging in meaningful dialogue with previous visitors represents an... more The proposition underpinning this study is engaging in meaningful dialogue with previous visitors represents an efficient and effective use of resources for a destination marketing organization (DMO), compared to above the line advertising in broadcast media. However there has been a lack of attention in the tourism literature relating to destination switching, loyalty and customer relationship management (CRM) to test such a proposition. This paper reports an investigation of visitor relationship marketing (VRM) orientation among DMOs. A model of CRM orientation, which was developed from the wider marketing literature and a prior qualitative study, was used to develop a scale to operationalise DMO  visitor relationship orientation. Due to a small sample, the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method of structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data. Although the sample limits the ability to generalise, the results indicated the DMOs’ visitor orientation is generally responsive and reactive rather than proactive.

Bianchi, C., & Pike, S. (2011). Antecedents of attitudinal destination loyalty in a long haul market: Australia's brand equity among Chilean visitors. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 28(7): 736-750

by Steven Pike

Few, if any, previous studies have examined Latin American consumers’ perceptions of holiday destinations. This paper... more Few, if any, previous studies have examined Latin American consumers’ perceptions of holiday destinations. This paper reports an attempt to measure destination brand equity for Australia as a long haul destination in the emerging Chile market. The research adapted a model of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) from the marketing literature, and selected attitudinal destination loyalty as the dependent variable. Antecedents of destination brand loyalty were tested using data from a sample of Chilean travelers, comprising a mix of previous visitors and non-visitors to Australia. The findings suggest that brand salience, brand image, and brand value are positively related to brand loyalty for Australia as a long-haul holiday destination. This demonstrates that while brand salience for Australia is strong, as a long haul destination the country faces significant challenges in converting awareness into intent to visit. Australia is a more compelling destination brand for previous visitors than non-visitors. This implies that a word of mouth recommendation from previous visitors, a key component of attitudinal loyalty, is a positive indicator of future growth opportunities for Australia’s destination marketers to capitalize on.

Pike, S. (2012). Destination positioning opportunities using personal values elicited through the Repertory Test and Laddering Analysis. Tourism Management. 33(1): 100-107

by Steven Pike

While in many travel situations there is an almost limitless range of available destinations, travellers will usually... more While in many travel situations there is an almost limitless range of available destinations, travellers will usually only actively consider two to six in their decision set. One of the greatest challenges facing destination marketers is positioning their destination, against the myriad of competing places that offer similar features, into consumer decision sets. Since positioning requires a narrow focus, marketing communications must present a succinct and meaningful proposition, the selection of which is often problematic for destination marketing organisations (DMO), which deal with a diverse and often eclectic range of attributes in addition to self-interested and demanding stakeholders who have interests in different market segments. This paper reports the application of two qualitative techniques used to explore the range of cognitive attributes, consequences and personal values that represent potential positioning opportunities in the context of short break holidays. The Repertory Test is an effective technique for understanding the salient attributes used by a traveller to differentiate destinations, and Laddering analysis enables the researcher to explore the smaller set of consequences and personal values guiding such decision making. A key finding of the research was that while individuals might vary in their repertoire of salient attributes, there was a commonality of shared consequences and values. This has important implications for DMOs, since a brand positioning theme that is based on a value will subsume multiple and diverse attributes. It is posited that such a theme will appeal to a broader range of travellers, as well as appease a greater number of destination stakeholders, than would an attribute-based theme.

Pike, S. (2002). Destination image analysis: A review of 142 papers from 1973-2000. Tourism Management. 23(5): 541-549.

by Steven Pike

The analysis of destination image is relatively recent. However, in almost three decades since the first studies... more The analysis of destination image is relatively recent. However, in almost three decades since the first studies emerged, the topic has become one of the most popular in the tourism research literature. A review of 142 destination image papers, published in the literature during the period 1973 -2000, was undertaken to provide destination image researchers with a reference guide to the context, method and focus of previous studies.

Pike, S. (2002). The use of importance-performance analysis to identify determinant short break destination attributes in New Zealand. Pacific Tourism Review. 6(2): 23-33.

by Steven Pike

The paper presents results from the first formal investigation of domestic short break holidays in New Zealand.... more The paper presents results from the first formal investigation of domestic short break holidays in New Zealand. Importance-performance analysis (IPA) was used to identify the perceived strengths and weaknesses of five leading destinations. The results identified eleven attributes deemed determinant in the travel context. The graphical nature of the IPA also proved readily communicable to regional tourism organisations. However, while the technique proved useful at an individual destination analysis level, IPA proved cumbersome as a competitive positioning analysis tool.

Ryan, C., & Pike, S. (2003). Maori based tourism in Rotorua - Perceptions of place by domestic visitors. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 11(4): 307-321.

by Steven Pike

This paper reports findings from a survey of 763 Auckland residents. The research examined attitudes toward Rotorua as... more This paper reports findings from a survey of 763 Auckland residents. The research examined attitudes toward Rotorua as a short break destination with specific reference to the role that Maori culture plays in the formation of perceptions of Rotorua. The Te Arawa Maori people have been closely associated with tourism for over 140 years and this is recognized by the domestic market. However, the Maori component of Rotorua is found not to be an attraction. Rather tourists are drawn to other facets of the product. While this is evidence for the fact that Rotorua is a multi-use product in tourism, given the role that travel is supposed to play in bridging gaps between cultures, tourism seems to be failing in this respect. It is suggested that an emphasis upon ‘traditional authenticities’ aimed at certain overseas segments misses the contemporary vibrant nature of Maori music and dance performance that might in fact have a wider appeal, including the domestic tourism market.

Pike, S. (2007). Repertory grid analysis in group setting to elicit salient destination brand attributes. Current Issues in Tourism. 10(4): 378-392.

by Steven Pike

Pikie, S. (2007). Destination image questionnaires - avoiding uninformed responses. Journal of Travel & Tourism Research. 2(Fall): 151-160.

by Steven Pike

Since the first destination image studies were published in the early 1970s, the field has become one of the most... more Since the first destination image studies were published in the early 1970s, the field has become one of the most popular in the tourism literature. While reviews of the destination image literature show no commonly agreed conceptualisation of the construct, researchers have predominantly used structured questionnaires for measurement. There has been criticism that the way some of these scales have been selected means a greater likelihood of attributes being irrelevant to participants. This opens up the risk of stimulating uninformed responses. The issue of uninformed response was first raised as a source of error 60 years ago. However, there has been little, if any, discussion in relation to destination image measurement, studies of which often require participants to provide opinion-driven rather than fact-based responses. This paper reports the trial of a ‘don’t know’ (DK) non-response option for participants in two destination image questionnaires. It is suggested the use of a DK option provides participants with an alternative to i) skipping the question, ii) using the scale midpoint to denote neutrality, or iii) providing an uninformed response. High levels of DK usage by participants can then alert the marketer of the need to improve awareness of destination performance for potential salient attributes.

Pike, S. (2008). Five limitations of destination brand image measurement. Tourism Recreation Research. 33(3): 361-363.

by Steven Pike

One of the most popular topics in the tourism literature in the past 30 years has been destination image measurement.... more One of the most popular topics in the tourism literature in the past 30 years has been destination image measurement. The purpose of this paper is to enhance understanding of potential limitations inherent in the development of tourism destination brand image questionnaires. A review of 262 studies published between 1973 and 2007 was undertaken to identify key characteristics of the measurement approaches used, for which structured questionnaires were by far the most common method. One of the outcomes of the review was the identification of five key limitations of the structured questionnaires. Rationale for consideration of these by marketing researchers is offered. The paper will be of interest to tourism practitioners and marketing researchers with a vested interest in the marketing of a destination, as well as research students and supervising academics interested in destination branding and marketing.

Pike, S., & Scott, N. (2009). Destination brand equity among the host community - a potential source of competitive advantage for DMOs: the case of Brisbane, Australia. Acta Turistica. 21(2): 160-183.

by Steven Pike

Since the emergence of the destination branding literature in 1998, there have been few studies related to performance... more Since the emergence of the destination branding literature in 1998, there have been few studies related to performance measurement of destination brand campaigns. There has also been little interest to date in researching the extent to which a destination brand represents the host community’s sense of place. Given that local residents represent a key stakeholder group for the destination marketing organisation (DMO), research is required to examine the extent to which marketing communications have been effective in enhancing engagement with the brand, and inducing a brand image that is congruent with the brand identity. Motivated by conceptual and practical aims, this paper reports the trial of a hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) for a destination, from the perspective of residents as active participants of local tourism. It is proposed that a strong level of CBBE among the host community represents a source of comparative advantage for a destination which the DMO could proactively develop into a competitive advantage.

Pike, S., Bianchi, C., Kerr, G., & Patti, C. (2010). Consumer-based brand equity for Australia as a long haul destination in an emerging market. International Marketing Review. 27(4): 434-449.

by Steven Pike

Although the branding literature emerged during the 1940s, research relating to tourism destination branding has only... more Although the branding literature emerged during the 1940s, research relating to tourism destination branding has only gained momentum since the late 1990s. There remains a lack of theory in particular that addresses the measurement of the effectiveness of destination branding over time. The purpose of the research was to test the effectiveness of a model of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) for a country destination.
A model of consumer-based brand equity was adapted from the marketing literature and applied to a nation context. The model was tested by using structural equation modelling with data from a large Chilean sample (n=845), comprising a mix of previous visitors and non-visitors. The model fits the data well. Findings: This paper reports the results of an investigation into brand equity for Australia as a long haul destination in an emerging market. The research took place just before the launch of the nation’s fourth new brand campaign in six years. The results indicate Australia is a well known but not compelling destination brand for tourists in Chile, which reflects the lower priority the South American market has been given by the national tourism office (NTO). It is suggested that CBBE measures could be analysed at various points in time to track any strengthening or weakening of market perceptions in relation to brand objectives. A standard CBBE instrument could provide long-term effectiveness performance measures regardless of changes in destination marketing organisation (DMO) staff, advertising agency, other stakeholders, and budget.