5 views
DRAFT: ¿Modificando el mayoritarismo? Los orígenes del umbral electoral del 40 por ciento
by Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cordero
DRAFT: ¿Modificando el mayoritarismo? Los orígenes del umbral electoral del 40 por ciento. Co-authored with Fabrice Edouard Lehoucq. Published in "Revista Parlamentaria", Vol. 12, N° 2, agosto de 2004, pp. 239-262 (Asamblea Legislativa, C. R.).
RESUMEN: Este artículo explora los alcances políticos detrás del establecimiento del umbral del cuarenta por ciento... more
RESUMEN: Este artículo explora los alcances políticos detrás del establecimiento del umbral del cuarenta por ciento para elegir a los presidentes en Costa Rica. Desde 1936, el candidato victorioso debe obtener una mayoría simple de votos y al menos el cuarenta por ciento de los votos válidos para ser elegido presidente. En contraste con los otros sistemas de mayoría simple, este sistema de mayoría calificada fomenta la elección de presidentes con apoyo del votante mediano. Con la excepción de las elecciones del 2002, el umbral del cuarenta por ciento también ha prevenido de que candidatos de terceros partidos hayan obligado a una segunda vuelta ronda. Este artículo sostiene que cada uno de los componentes principales del sistema, segunda ronda (1926) y umbral del cuarenta por ciento (1936), no involucró mucha transacción política. De manera bastante extraña, los partidos políticos —que típicamente apoyaron reformas si éstas promovían sus intereses de reelección— apoyaron dos reformas para ganar en estabilidad republicana. De hecho, el establecimiento de un sistema de mayoría calificada del cuarenta por ciento con segunda ronda en 1936, fue parte de un esfuerzo mucho más amplio por establecer reglas de sucesión política aceptables para llegar a un fluido e intensamente competitivo sistema de partidos, que gradualmente eliminó el papel intermediario de cuerpos representativos en la escogencia presidencial. Este hallazgo sugiere que las instituciones duraderas tomen tiempo para ser construidas y que éstas no siempre son producto de la previsión o de astutos cálculos.
ABSTRACT: This article explores the politics behind the establishment of the 40 percent threshold for electing presidents in Costa Rica. Since 1936, the victorious candidate must obtain a plurality of votes and at least 40 percent of the valid votes to be elected president. In contrast to other firstpast-the post systems, this qualified majority system foments the election of presidents supported by the median voter. With the exception of the 2002 election, the 40 percent threshold also prevents third-party “spoiler” candidates from forcing the holding of a runoff election. This article argues that each of its principal components, that of a majority runoff system (1926) and the 40 percent threshold (1936) did not involve much of any political bargaining. Oddly enough, parties that typically supported reforms if they promoted their reelection interests backed two reforms to advance the stability of the republic. Indeed, the establishment of a 40 percent qualified plurality system with second round runoff by 1936 was part of a much broader struggle to establish rules of political succession acceptable to a fluid and intensely competitive party system, one that gradually eliminated the role of intermediate, representative bodies in presidential selection. This finding suggests that durable institutions take time to construct and that they are not always the product of foresight or clever calculation.
2 views
DRAFT:The General Election in Costa Rica, February 2010
by Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cordero
DRAFT: "The General Election in Costa Rica, February 2010". Forthcoming in: Electoral Studies, No. 30, March 2011, pp. 231-234 ((Elsevier Journals). doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.11.017. Bruce M. Wilson and Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cordero.
On 7 February 2010, almost 2 million Costa Ricans (69% of the registered electorate) voted in the country’s general... more On 7 February 2010, almost 2 million Costa Ricans (69% of the registered electorate) voted in the country’s general election, the fifteenth consecutive general election to be held since the end of the short but bloody civil war of 1948. Laura Chinchilla was elected as Costa Rica’s first woman president but her Partido Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Party, PLN) fell short of a parliamentary majority and so will have to sustain agreements with other parties in the legislature in order to pursue its policy agenda.
DRAFT: Legal Opportunity Structures and Social Movements: The Effects of Institutional Change on Costa Rican Politics
by Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cordero
DRAFT. Forthcoming in: Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 39, No. 3, April 2006, pp. 525-551. Bruce M. WILSON and Juan Carlos RODRÍGUEZ CORDERO. © 2006.
How does institutional change in established democracies affect the distribution of political power in society? The... more
How does institutional change in established democracies affect the distribution of political power in society? The new constitutional court in Costa Rica allows the authors to analyze the effects of judicial reform on the capacity of politically marginalized groups to safeguard their constitutional rights. Particular attention is paid to homosexuals, AIDS patients, and labor unions. They argue that it was not the establishment of the court as such but rather the specific rules regulating access to and cost of approaching the court that enabled marginalized groups to push for their rights and effectively circumvent the traditional policy-making process. Although these groups did not win all their cases, they have nonetheless been able to achieve considerable success in the protection of their previously denied constitutional rights. The legal reform partially redistributed power in society from policy makers to social groups and individuals.
Keywords: legal opportunity; institutional change; constitutional
court; marginalized groups; gays, people living with AIDS, Costa Rica.
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Seen by:La reforma judicial en la era de globalización: La Corte Constitucional como contrapeso
by Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cordero
Co-authored with Bruce M. Wilson. Ponencia preparada para la reunión anual de la Latin American Studies Association (LASA) en Dallas, Texas, del 27 al 29 de marzo de 2003.
Las instituciones financieras internacionales han financiado la mayor parte de la reforma judicial en América Latina,... more Las instituciones financieras internacionales han financiado la mayor parte de la reforma judicial en América Latina, con el objetivo de limitar los poderes económicos de los Estados y estimular el desarrollo de libres mercados y la globalización. Esta ponencia examina el impacto de la reforma judicial en Costa Rica sobre las políticas económicas y sociales del país y evalúa la pregunta: ¿Es la nueva Corte Constitucional facilitadora u obstáculo de la globalización en Costa Rica?
Exploring identity change in Nicoya through symmetry analysis
Presented at the SAA 77th meeting in Memphis, Tennessee, 2012, as part of the symposium: ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE HEART OF THE AMERICAN ISTHMUS Organizer: Clifford Brown Chair: Larry Steinbrenner
With the recent discoveries at several sites in Pacific Nicaragua, the out-of-Mexico paradigm has been put to the... more
With the recent discoveries at several sites in Pacific Nicaragua, the out-of-Mexico paradigm has been put to the test, however, there is still much information lacking to have concrete answers to what went on in the Greater Nicoya Area.
This paper explores the possibilities of a technique that has been around since the seventies, and has yielded interesting results regarding identity issues. Symmetry analysis is used in a sample of complete and semi-complete ceramic vessels from two archaeological sites in Northwestern Costa Rica: La Ceiba and El Silo, to determine the symmetrical characteristics of Sapoá period designs in Nicoya. A sample of out of context Bagaces period vessels is also analyzed and compared with the former, looking for changes in decorative style, going beyond the traditional iconological analysis. This type of analysis could become an important tool to explore the complex social and cultural changes experienced by Greater Nicoya populations.
Patterns of extinction risk and threat for marine vertebrates and habitat-forming species in the Tropical Eastern Pacific
Polidoro, B.A., Brooks, T., Carpenter, K.E., Edgar, G.J., Henderson, S., Sanciago, J. & Robertson, D.R. (2012) Patterns of extinction risk and threat for marine vertebrates and habitat-forming species in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. Marine Ecology Progress Series.
DOI: 10.3354/meps09545.
Marine conservation activities around the globe are largely undertaken in the absence of comprehensive... more Marine conservation activities around the globe are largely undertaken in the absence of comprehensive species-specific information. To address this gap, complete regional species assemblages of major marine taxa are being progressively assessed against the Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The first analysis of entire major components of the biota of a large marine biogeographic region was conducted in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). It is based on recently completed IUCN Red List assessments for all known species of bony and cartilaginous shorefishes, corals, mangroves, and seagrasses in the TEP. Twelve percent of the greater than 1,300 species assessed are in threatened categories, indicative of elevated extinction risk. Spatial analysis of all assessed taxonomic groups, including previous IUCN Red List assessments for seabirds, marine mammals and marine turtles, highlights specific geographical areas of elevated threatened species richness. The distribution of threatened species in the TEP is primarily linked to areas with high rates of over-fishing, habitat loss and increasing ENSO event impacts, as well as oceanic islands with high stochastic risk factors for endemic species. Species assigned to the highest threat categories have life-history traits that likely decrease their resilience to various regional and site-specific threats. Comprehensive information in the form of IUCN Red List assessments combined with spatial analysis will greatly help to refine both site and species-specific marine conservation priorities in the TEP.
El papel de las Comisiones Plenas en la dinámica legislativa en Costa Rica (1998-2010) / The Role of “Comisiones Plenas” in the legislative dynamics in Costa Rica (1998-2010)
Publicado en: "Ruputuras" Vol 1 Nº 2 http://investiga.uned.ac.cr/rupturas/index.php/inicio
Published in: "Ruputuras" Vol 1 Nº 2 http://investiga.uned.ac.cr/rupturas/index.php/inicio
El presente texto pretende aportar en la comprensión de la dinámica de la Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica, por... more
El presente texto pretende aportar en la comprensión de la dinámica de la Asamblea Legislativa de Costa Rica, por medio del estudio del rol de las Comisiones Plenas en la aprobación
de leyes entre 1998 y 2010. Analizando la distribución y los
cambios de las relaciones de poder provocadas por el transfuguismo parlamentario, se busca determinar los diferentes escenarios presentes en las Comisiones Plenas durante el
periodo de estudio y su impacto en el proceso de toma de decisiones en la Asamblea Legislativa.
This text pretends to contribute to the understanding of Legislative dynamics in Costa Rica, by the study of
“Comisiones Plenas” role in law approval between 1998 and 2010. By the analysis of power relationships distribution and changes derived of parlamentary faithless, the determination of different scenarios present in “Comisiones Plenas” during
the studied period and their impact in the decision making process in the Legislative Assembly is pursued
1 views
Seen by:NINIA MACULATA (Banded Coffee Snake). REPRODUCTION
González-Maya JF & Escobedo-Galván AH. 2012. Ninia maculata (Banded Coffee Snake). Reproduction. Herpetological Review 43 (1): 149.
Ninia maculata is a diurnal species distributed from Honduras
to Costa Rica from 36 to 1800 m in elevation... more
Ninia maculata is a diurnal species distributed from Honduras
to Costa Rica from 36 to 1800 m in elevation (Savage 2002). It is considered abundant across its range and inhabits a wide variety of habitats, including urban, semiurban, and agricultural areas. To date, there has been little data published on the reproduction of this species. Here we report some observations on the nesting and reproductive ecology of N. maculata in an urban habitat in the Central Valley of Costa Rica, including an extension of the nesting season and information on an unusually large clutch based on the size of the female.
From Economic Crisis to a 'State'of Crisis?: The Emergence of Neoliberalism in Costa Rica
(2005) 'From Economic Crisis to a ‘State’ of Crisis?: The Emergence of Neoliberalism in Costa Rica.' Historical Materialism, 13 (3). pp. 101-134.
Elementos para el estudio de una migración antigua: el caso de los chorotega-mangue
Co-autored with Dr. Silvia Salgado González, published in Cuadernos de Antropología, #21, 2011, Universidad de Costa Rica
Here we conduct a conceptual exercise, using already documented cases from
Northwestern Costa Rica and Pacific... more
Here we conduct a conceptual exercise, using already documented cases from
Northwestern Costa Rica and Pacific Nicaragua, to present an interpretative model of
how the migration process of the Chorotega-Mangue could have taken place. This
has been a recurrent theme in the archeology of the region since the first scientific
archaeological investigations were carried out in the 1950's.
Legal Opportunity Structures and Social Movements: The Effects of Institutional Change on Costa Rican Politics
by Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cordero
Co-authored with Bruce M. Wilson. Published in "Comparative Political Studies".
How does institutional change in established democracies affect the distribution of political power in society? The... more How does institutional change in established democracies affect the distribution of political power in society? The new constitutional court in Costa Rica allows the authors to analyze the effects of judicial reform on the capacity of politically marginalized groups to safeguard their constitutional rights. Particular attention is paid to homosexuals, AIDS patients, and labor unions. The authors argue that it was not the establishment of the court as such but rather the specific rules regulating access to and cost of approaching the court that enabled marginalized groups to push for their rights and effectively circumvent the traditional policy-making process. Although these groups did not win all their cases, they have nonetheless been able to achieve considerable success in the protection of their previously denied constitutional rights. The legal reform partially redistributed power in society from policy makers to social groups and individuals.
The general election in Costa Rica, February 2010
by Juan Carlos Rodríguez-Cordero
Co-authored with Bruce M. Wilson. Published in "Electoral Studies".
On 7 February 2010, almost 2 million Costa Ricans (69% of the registered electorate) voted in the country’s general... more On 7 February 2010, almost 2 million Costa Ricans (69% of the registered electorate) voted in the country’s general election, the fifteenth consecutive general election to be held since the end of the short but bloody civil war of 1948. Laura Chinchilla was elected as Costa Rica’s first woman president but her Partido Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Party, PLN) fell short of a parliamentary majority and so will have to sustain agreements with other parties in the legislature in order to pursue its policy agenda.
