Colonialism
Co-authored with Mahua Sarkar. Published as an entry in the Sage Encyclopedia of Global Studies. 2012.
2011. On Difference, Desire, and the Aesthetics of the Unexpected: ‘The White Masai’ in Kenyan Tourism.
In Jonathan Skinner & Dimitrios Theodossopoulos, eds., Great Expectations: Imagination and Anticipation in Tourism, Pp. 96-115. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Law, Empire, and Historiography of Modern Sino-Western Relations: A Case Study of the Lady Hughes Controversy in 1784," Law & History Review 27, No. 1 (Spring 2009), 1-53.
by Li Chen
Abstract:
Western extraterritoriality in China (1842-1943) exerted an enormous impact on Sino-Western relations... more
Abstract:
Western extraterritoriality in China (1842-1943) exerted an enormous impact on Sino-Western relations and on modern Chinese national identity and historical consciousness. The Lady Hughes dispute in Canton [Guangdong] in 1784 has been the most powerful and often the sole piece of “evidence” for numerous Western commentators and historians over the past two centuries to argue that imperial Chinese law and judicial practices were too arbitrary and sanguinary to govern “civilized” Westerners in China. This discourse has dominated our understanding of not only this critical stage of modern Sino-Western relations but also late imperial China’s law, politics, and diplomacy. Utilizing both original English and Chinese records, this paper provides a comprehensive, critical reexamination of this landmark international dispute and its far-reaching historiographic impact. It argues that the “colonial archives” of such early Sino-British legal disputes should be “read against the grain” to recover the histories that have been suppressed or almost erased by the unequal relations of power between the actors involved. Furthermore, as a micro-history, this case study also sheds new light on the complex process of accommodation and contestation between two empires and their respective agents in South China, with conflicting claims to imperial power and prestige. That the central administrators and the local agents on both sides had different priorities complicated the situation even further. The conventional wisdom on late imperial China’s law and international relations that has relied upon the traditional, over-simplistic representations of this and similar legal disputes should be reevaluated.
内容摘要:
在1840年前一百多年间的中英贸易史中,英方(在1834年前由东印度公司所代表)只有在1784年的修斯夫人号船员[Lady Hughes]枪杀案中,才将英国凶手交给清朝政府审判法办。本案件的最终结果是乾隆皇帝下旨, 着广东巡抚将英国凶手当众绞死。可能当事人谁也没料到这一普通的凶杀案件, 会成为中外近代关系史上影响最为久远的事件。它不仅成为英国派出第一个访华外交使团的重要原因,并被英国政府和国会援引, 作为在华建立英国法庭以及在鸦片战争后要求获得治外法权的重要理由。在随后两个世纪中, 众多历史学家和国际法学家也用这一案件来为西方延续了一个世纪的治外法权辩护,并进而演绎出一种影响深远的史学理论,认为落后的中国传统法律政治制度和外交政策与西方现代文明制度间的差异是近代中西冲突的根源。但很少有学者认真研究过这件案子的原始档案,更罕有学者认真对照中国和英国在1784 年(而不是1840年、1884年、或者是1984年)的法律来探讨该案件的处理过程和结果。本文利用英国东印度公司关于本案件和其它相关案件的原始档案和现存的中文资料, 重新考察这一重要的国际争端。
不同于此前的主流史学论述,本文的主要发现简单归纳如下: (1)根据1784年后英国及近代西方学者的通行说法,在修斯夫人号案件中表现出来的中国法律和执法的严酷、野蛮和腐败,是西方抵制中国管辖权,甚至纵容杀人放火和鸦片走私的原因。但本文认为这不过是英国为其早在1670年就开始谋求在华治外法权的做法而构建的一个似是而非的理由; (2)过去两个多世纪中对这一案件的解读存在重大的史实错误或偏差, 其主要原因是忽略了英文官方档案乃“殖民者档案,”没有对其进行批判性研究和对比性审读,而是近乎全盘接受其观点和“事实”表述。作者认为,在英方官方档案中,中方代表和当事人如同英国殖民者档案中的被殖民者,没有自己的声音和主体性,被英国当事人的预设立场和叙述模式所笼罩。我们可以借鉴后殖民研究学者的方法,对这些档案进行“逆文理”式处理(read against the grain), 利用这些殖民档案来(部分)再现历史事件本相; (3) 但本文不仅仅是为了驳斥长期以来关于该案件以及由此衍生的关于中西近代关系和中国法律传统的史学观点, 而是力图重现被垄断性史学论述(master narrative)所掩盖的历史事件复杂性, 并进而揭示历史“真相”的构建过程。史学界流行以文化或文明冲突论来解释近代中国和西方之间的矛盾。但本文认为这种传统观点不仅经常缺乏充足的事实根据,也阻碍了我们重型认识国际间政治和文化霸权的深远历史影响。本文通过资料分析和对比, 认为修斯夫人号事件更多地反映出中英作为两个实力此消彼长的帝国为了维护自己的政治及经济利益、主权、帝国尊严、和统治秩序而展开的交锋, 而并非所谓的落后野蛮的中国(东方)法律文化制度与先进文明的西方法律文化制度间的不可避免的争端。本文再现了在广东的中英双方地方官员之间的紧张角力和谈判,以及他们如何在各自的政治和法律框架下谋求自己的利益最大化。本文是作者博士论文中所涉及的一个案例研究, 希望从微观史和从批判性文化史的角度, 来重新考察法律、文化帝国主义与近代中西关系三者的关系: 以及知识、权力和历史“真相”三者如何影响了文化主体性以及现代性的形成。
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Law Text Culture Vol 7 2003, pp. 221-250
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