Civil War

"Dressed to Kill: The Sex of the Wars in Faulkner and Cather"

by Paula Elyseu Mesquita

in Irene Ramalho Santos and António Ribeiro , eds. *Translocal Modernisms - International Perspectives*, Transatlantic Aesthetics and Culture Series, Peter Lang, 2008.

This reading analyzes the use of the war motif in the representation of sociosexual tension in William Faulkner's *The... more This reading analyzes the use of the war motif in the representation of sociosexual tension in William Faulkner's *The Unvanquished* and Willa Cather's *One of Ours.*

Peace of cemeteries. Civil-war dynamics in post-war state's repression

by Francisco Herreros

Politics and Society (2011)

Small Finds on a Bloodied Landscape: Placing Landis’s Battery on Pea Ridge Battlefield, Arkansas

by Carl Drexler

Conflict archaeology has long enjoyed the ability to connect relatively small assemblages of artifacts to events and... more Conflict archaeology has long enjoyed the ability to connect relatively small assemblages of artifacts to events and behaviors in the past. Few other areas of specialization within historic archaeology can derive so much information from such small assemblages. Yet, though we frequently deal with smaller artifact counts than our colleagues, we rarely deal with single artifacts. In this paper, I present a case where one artifact amongst many has generated a controversy about a battle fought in early 1862, during the American Civil War, the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas.

Music as Ritual Redemption at the Boston Peace Jubilees

by M Smith-Dalton

Master's Thesis (unpublished)

Abstract

The Boston "National Peace Jubilee and Great Musical Festival" (June 1869) and the... more Abstract

The Boston "National Peace Jubilee and Great Musical Festival" (June 1869) and the "World's Peace Jubilee and International Musical Festival" (June-July 1872) were prime examples of "monster concerts" dotting the artistic landscape of the U.S. in the nineteenth century. Both were organized by Irish-born bandmaster, musician, and impresario Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore (1829-1892).
The first was promoted as a "celebration of the restoration of peace in the land" in the wake of the American Civil War (1861-1865). The second was promoted as an agency of international peace after the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871).
The Jubilees present as cultural rituals celebrating redemptive triumph for “the Union,” under banners of "national and international peace."
Due to the way music is processed in the brain, how it affects the body, and its importance in the formation of memory, potency of Jubilee ritual behavior was magnified and reinforced. Music played a central role in molding audience reception of the Jubilees' perceived "missions."
Mind-body aspects in historical analysis are largely underutilized tools. Through such case studies, methodology utilizing such tools may become broadly applicable to in-depth historical inquiry.

The 2012 Coup in Guinea-Bissau: CPLP, Portugal, Angola, Brasil and…wait…Guinea!

by Daniel Rio Tinto

Blog Post from the Imminent Crisis Blog, 2012.

Available at: more Available at: http://imminentcrisis.wordpress.com/2012/04/21/the-2012-coup-in-guinea-bissau-cplp-portugal-angola-brasil-andwaitguinea/

Please access the text on the blog and leave your comments to improve discussion! Thank you!

Piece written for the Imminent Crisis Blog - http://imminentcrisis.wordpress.com/

"Lo Político en la Guerra Civil Colombiana"

by Mauricio Uribe López

Revista Análisis Político No. 72, mayo-agosto de 2011, Bogotá, Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Relaciones Internacionales Iepri, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, pp. 23-42.

Asimetrik Saldırı Savaşları, Siyaset ve Uluslararası Hukuk

by Uluslararası İlişkiler

Berdal Aral, " Asimetrik Saldırı Savaşları, Siyaset ve Uluslararası Hukuk ", Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 4, Sayı 14 (Yaz), 2007

Bu makalede, öncelikle, savaşların yol açtığı insanî felâketlerin savaşa ilişkin literatürde genelde göz ardı edildiği... more Bu makalede, öncelikle, savaşların yol açtığı insanî felâketlerin savaşa ilişkin literatürde genelde göz ardı edildiği vurgulanmaktadır. Batı-dışı dünyaya II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında büyük yıkım getiren ülke-içi ve uluslararası savaşların esas itibariyle iki sebebe bağlanabileceği belirtilmektedir: birincisi, “ulus”un âli çıkarlarını ve yüce ideallerini temsil eden ulus-devletçi yapılanma, ve bununla bağlantılı olarak, azınlıkları genel olarak dışlayan ulusçu söylem; ikincisi, emperyalist müdahaleler. Modern dönemde, ve hususiyetle 11 Eylül (2001) sonrasında, dünya barışına en fazla zarar veren gelişmenin “asimetrik saldırı savaşları” olduğu bu çalışma boyunca vurgulanmaktadır. Afganistan (2001), Irak (2003-) ve Lübnan’ı (Temmuz/Ağustos
2006) hedef alan işgal amaçlı askeri müdahalelerde gözlendiği üzere, bu tür savaşlarda hasım güçler arasında kuvvet muvazenesi bulunmadığı gibi, modern teknoloji sayesinde savaş ve onun yol açtığı korkunç yıkım “görünmez” kılınmıştır.

Uncommon Valor, Common Soldier: Edward Hall Armstrong, 3rd Regiment North Carolina Troops

by Rebecca Zimmer

The Civil War in Louisiana: General Banks' Failed Red River Campaign of 1864

by Michael Modica

Greece, partisan resistance

by Yannis (Jean Marie) Skalidakis

Skalidakis, Giannis (Jean-Marie) and Christos Giovanopoulos. "Greece, partisan resistance." The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. Ness, Immanuel (ed). Blackwell Publishing, 2009. Blackwell Reference Online. 27 March 2010

Greece was occupied by the Wehrmacht in April 1941 during the German campaign in the Balkans. Before the occupation,... more Greece was occupied by the Wehrmacht in April 1941 during the German campaign in the Balkans. Before the occupation, the Greek army had fought successfully against Italian aggression in the autumn of 1940. After Greece's defeat, the country was divided into three zones of occupation: Italian (the largest zone), German, and Bulgarian. The government and King George II fled the country along with the British troops after the latter's defeat in the battle of Crete (May 1941). A new collaborationist government with General Georgios Tsolakoglou as prime minister was installed by the forces of occupation.The dreadful consequences of the new order were soon felt. The larceny of the country's food supplies and equipment by the occupiers, the wholesale destruction of its transportation system, and a naval blockade imposed by the Allies led to a famine which in the winter of 1941–2 left more than 50,000 dead in Athens alone. The country's very existence came under threat due to claims upon Greek territories by Italy and Bulgaria. In this context, the need for organized resistance by the Greek people against the new order of conquerors and their collaborators was vital.The largest resistance organization in wartime Greece was the National Liberation Front (EAM), which was an initiative of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE).

" Who WasShadow'?" The Computer Knows: Applying Grammar-Program Statistics in Content Analyses to Solve Mysteries about Authorship

by Steven Dick

Book review of Arthur Waldron, From War to Nationalism: China's Turning Point, 1924-1925 从战争到民族主义：中国的转折点，1924-1925 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 366 pp., in Pointer 指点，军事学报, 22.3 (Jul-Sep 1996): 90-93.

by HUANG Jianli 黃坚立

"The Founding of the People's Republic of China and the Economic Concerns of Singapore Chinese Entrepreneurs 中华人民共和国的建立与新加坡华人企业家的经济视野," in Southeast Asian Chinese and China: The Politico-Economic Dimension 东南亚华人与中国：政治经济的视角, edited by Leo Suryadinata (Singapore: Times Academic Press, 1995), pp. 161-192.

by HUANG Jianli 黃坚立

- [Reprint as chapter-in-book in China and Southeast Asia 中国与东南亚, edited by Geoff Wade (New York: Routledge, 2008) Vol. 6]

The Puzzle of Ungrateful Proxies

by Milos Popovic

Draft only. Please don't cite without my permission.

Conflict scholars usually ignore the relationship between external governments and rebel groups. Interventionist... more Conflict scholars usually ignore the relationship between external governments and rebel groups. Interventionist governments are regarded as peripheral to civil war dynamics and uninterested in strategies, goals and tactics of domestic armed groups. This draft challenges these assumption by bringing up the puzzle of ungrateful proxies. Sponsored rebel groups are often defiant toward, collaborate with enemies or turn against their external beneficiaries. The paper asks why and under what conditions these instances occur and provides. 

A Parallel Reality Construction of War among Joloano Muslim Survivors in Sulu, Philippines

by FREDE MORENO

Authored by Lea Usman-Laput, PhD

The Mindanao conflict in Southern Philippines is a long-standing controversy that has eluded comprehensive solutions.... more The Mindanao conflict in Southern Philippines is a long-standing controversy that has eluded comprehensive solutions. Despite efforts of the Government of the Philippines (GRP) and the representatives from the peoples of Mindanao in undertaking peace initiatives, “the war:” continues.

The establishment of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) as embodied in an organic law provided in the 1986 Philippine Constitution has not seemed to bring about the much-anticipated progress. Even with the so-called “autonomy” already in place to substantiate the clamor of the Muslims for self-rule in the Tripoli Agreement, conflict has escalated signifying unrest among the people.

Instead of dealing with the problem from the standpoint of an “outsider” who may know about the Mindanao conflict from what they hear, the study attempted to get a glimpse of “the war” from the “insiders” who have survived and lived to tell their own stories. From the perspectives of two distinct peoples of Sulu- the Christian and Muslim Joloanos, the study was able to penetrate the heart of conflict in Mindanao.

The study was able to visualize “the 1974 war” and the on-going conflicts from two cultural lenses and in the process was able to demonstrate a “parallel reality construction” among the war survivors who provided interesting insights of “the war” from their “fantasy themes”.

The research has not only surfaced conflicting notions in their revelations of “the war” as experienced (subjective realities) but has generated elements of “convergence” as their experiences were correlated with the institutionalized beliefs of war (objective realities) or the war as told.  Despite distinct subjective realities, they have shown proclivity towards parallel perceptions.

The Joloano war survivors’ subjective realities as applied in the study include their psycho-social trauma of the war and their portrayal of the role of “the other” culture as co-survivors of war. Among the elderly, descriptions of their fears and negative emotions have strongly echoed “old prejudices”. Among the middle-aged, “prudence” and tact in their narratives revealed a tendency to rationalize and to show sympathy towards “the other” culture. From the young war survivors a propensity towards confronting their dilemma suggested optimism and resilience in their perceptions.

Transitions in the subjective realities of the war survivors are apparent across culture and age. Opposing views are very strong among the elderly except for one Christian and a Muslim who are associated with “the other” culture by reason of marriage with them. The older Christian Joloanos for instance believe that the war was “unnecessary” while the older Muslims were convinced it was “inevitable”. The study has strongly shown that “shifts” in perceptions could be anchored on the participants’ religious beliefs and changing circumstances that come with age, political set-up, economic climate and inter-marriage among others.

Their reactions towards the prevailing issues of war (media war issues, other concepts and beliefs of war) which constitute the institutionalized-objective realities as defined in the study are “convergent” despite distinct experiences and personal circumstances. They have for example generally shown disagreement towards the commonly held concept that the mass media function to crystallize relevant issues, like the war in Mindanao. The majority of the co-authors furthermore negated the belief of the general public that “Christians and Muslims can never co-exist peacefully, and that the 1974 war was a form of “jihad” or a religious war among Muslims.

In the study therefore, communication has been proven once again to play a vital role in clarifying issues of the Mindanao conflict. It performed an emancipatory role in ways that provided rhetorical and psychological relief by allowing an occasion for war survivors to deconstruct their realities through their narratives. And to reconstruct their meaning of war by actively taking part in correcting prevailing notions of war to bring about the much needed change in a war-torn community like Sulu.

Avec Ronan de Calan, « Paradoxes sur le commissaire. L’exécution de la politique religieuse de Charles IX (1560-1574) », Histoire, Economie et Société, 2, juin 2008, p. 3-20

by Jérémie Foa

Surviving on the Confederate Home Front: Soldiers and Civilians in Southwest Arkansas

by Carl Drexler

Paper presented at the 2012 Conference of the Society for Historical Archaeology in Baltimore, Maryland

Located in one of the few areas of Arkansas to remain Confederate territory throughout the course of the Civil War,... more Located in one of the few areas of Arkansas to remain Confederate territory throughout the course of the Civil War, the community around Dooley’s Ferry, in Hempstead County, was never in the path of bullet or shell. Still, the war affected this community in several different ways, some of which stand in marked relief on the landscape of southern Arkansas today. This paper offers an overview of the militarization of southwest Arkansas during the Civil War and how Dooley’s Ferry transitioned from a site tied to the antebellum production of cotton to one centrally placed in the transportation networks that fueled the Confederate war machine.

Repression, dissent, and the onset of civil war

by Joseph Young

40. The End of Stasis: Ancient and Modern, in Nouvelles Etudes d’Histoire, 1995, 7-24

by Zoe Petre

Exit strategies in ancient civil wars. Exit strategies in ancient civil wars.

Archeological Investigations of the Fort Heiman Unit of Fort Donelson National Battlefield

by Timothy Parsons

With contributions by Dr. Meredith Hardy and Dr. Guy Prentice

Contact the author for more information or copy requests.

From November 27 to December 8, 2010, the Southeast Archeological Center’s (SEAC) Regionwide Archeological Survey... more From November 27 to December 8, 2010, the Southeast Archeological Center’s (SEAC) Regionwide Archeological Survey Program (RASP) conducted a systematic archeological investigation at the Fort Heiman Unit of Fort Donelson National Battlefield (FODO). The investigation consisted of a shovel testing survey and a pedestrian metal detecting survey. The purpose of the surveys was to locate, identify, and document potential archeological resources within the Fort Heiman Unit pursuant to Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966.

During the project, shovel survey uncovered evidence of prehistoric occupation of the area in the form of lithic debitage resulting from stone tool production; no culturally diagnostic lithic or ceramic materials were discovered. Metal detector survey led to the collection of a variety of artifacts dating to the Civil War-era, including numerous machine cut nails and a variety of munitions objects. None of the metal objects were particularly diagnostic, however, as they were of common types used by both Union and Confederate forces in the early phase of the war. Three previously undocumented earthworks consisting of raised earth and ditches were also located and recorded, and 18 hut pads dug into the side of a steep slope (representing a Civil War campsite) were similarly documented. No archeological evidence related to the Freedmen’s camp historically reported to have been in the general area was located during the SEAC surveys.

This SEAC investigation, and information gathered during a prior survey conducted in the park unit by New South Associates in 2010 (Tankersley and Gregory 2010), indicate that the site has been significantly impacted by metal detecting relic hunters, which has negatively affected our ability to employ archeological methods to discern past behaviors at the site. This does not, however, necessarily diminish to any major degree, the historical significance and research potential of the archeological resources that have been identified so far during the two survey projects. It is also possible that further archeological investigation (for example, systematic excavations of hut pads, additional metal detector survey, or further shovel testing survey in areas of the park unit not covered by this study) could refine our understanding of the prehistoric and historic archeological resources at Fort Heiman, and perhaps also lead to the discovery of the as yet unrelocated Freedmen’s camp.