Carbon Dioxide

Carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient with carbon dioxide retention: a therapeutic challenge

by Tristan Lane

Processes for a Mars Base CO2 Refinery: Mining the Atmosphere

by Keli Rae

Published for IAF 1999, Co-authored with Thomas R. Meyer

In situ resource utilization (ISRU) is an enabling technology for the long-term exploration and eventual settlement of... more In situ resource utilization (ISRU) is an enabling technology for the long-term exploration and eventual settlement of Mars. Even in the early phases of human exploration, ISRU will lower costs and expand capabilities. Martian atmospheric resources can be used to produce consumables such as fuel, oxidant, breathable air, and even water that are critical for early human missions. The principal feedstock for these processes could be derived from the Martian atmospheric along with hydrogen obtained by importation from Earth or from local sources of water. In addition, numerous other hydrocarbon products could be produced from these same feedstocks. Both conventional and Mars specific processes technologies can be employed that will enjoy some synergies by sharing common systems and mutual use of one another’s by-products. This paper will review some processes and strategies for a Mars Base refinery.
Introduction

Controls of carbon dioxide concentrations and fluxes above central London: Supplementary Material

by Gavin Phillips

Study of the General Viability of Nuclear Energy as a Marine Propulsion System

by Earl Harper

This paper is unpublished and was produced as part of a wider project. I would not recommend using any of the information contained within as accepted fact or theory, please contact me for more details.

International Shipping represents a large portion of global CO2 and SO2 emissions, and ways to reduce this impact must... more International Shipping represents a large portion of global CO2 and SO2 emissions, and ways to reduce this impact must be sought. Here, a discussion of the use of Fissile materials as a fuel source for cargo and passenger shipping is presented. The political, economic and environmental factors are considered alongside technological concerns

Time preference: Reply to Tol

by Philip Fearnside

Fearnside, P.M. 2002. Time preference: Reply to Tol. Ecological Economics 41(1): 35-36. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00015-0

See Amazon Controversies:
http://philip.inpa.gov.br/publ_livres/AMAZONIAN CONTROVERSIES.htm

Estudo avalia impactos do desmatamento na Amazônia

by Philip Fearnside

Fearnside, P.M. 2003. Estudo avalia impactos do desmatamento na Amazônia. Hipertexto. Brasília: Canal Ciência / IBICT. http://www.canalciencia.ibict.br/pesquisa/0093-Impactos-do-desmatamento-na-Amazonia.html

Dirty hydros [Response to Graham Faichney]

by Philip Fearnside

Fearnside, P.M. 2005. Dirty hydros [Response to Graham Faichney] New Scientist 186(2494): 24 (9 April 2005).

Why hydropower is not clean energy

by Philip Fearnside

Fearnside, P.M. 2007. Why hydropower is not clean energy. Scitizen, Paris, France (peer-reviewed website). http://www.scitizen.com/screens/blogPage/viewBlog/sw_viewBlog.php?idTheme=14&idContribution=298

See Amazon Controversies:
http://philip.inpa.gov.br/publ_livres/AMAZONIAN CONTROVERSIES.htm

Versão em Português:
Fearnside, P.M. 2008. Controvérsias sobre o efeito estufa. Por que a energia hidrelétrica não é limpa. pp. 270-271 In: I. S. Gorayeb (ed.). Amazônia. Jornal "O Liberal"/VALE, Belém, Pará. 384 pp. ISBN 978-85-61628-00-0 [também publicado no jornal O Liberal 30 Jan. 2008].
http://philip.inpa.gov.br/publ_livres/2008/Hidro nao eneergia limpa-livro Amazônia 1.pdf

Controvérsias sobre o efeito estufa. Por que a energia hidrelétrica não é limpa.

by Philip Fearnside

Fearnside, P.M. 2008. Controvérsias sobre o efeito estufa. Por que a energia hidrelétrica não é limpa. pp. 270-271 In: I. S. Gorayeb (ed.). Amazônia. Jornal "O Liberal"/VALE, Belém, Pará. 384 pp. ISBN 978-85-61628-00-0 [também publicado no jornal O Liberal 30 Jan. 2008].

See Amazon Controversies:
http://philip.inpa.gov.br/publ_livres/AMAZONIAN CONTROVERSIES.htm

English version:
Fearnside, P.M. 2007. Why hydropower is not clean energy. Scitizen, Paris, France (peer-reviewed website). http://www.scitizen.com/screens/blogPage/viewBlog/sw_viewBlog.php?idTheme=14&idContribution=298
http://philip.inpa.gov.br/publ_livres/2007/Why hydro not clean energy-Article as posted.pdf

Tropical deforestation and global warming

by Philip Fearnside

Fearnside, P.M. 2006. Tropical deforestation and global warming. Science 312: 1137 (letter) DOI: 10.1126/science.312.5777.1137c

Electrosynthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide

by Ben Buckley

Co-authored with Anish P. Patel and K. G. Upul Wijayantha

The use of CO2 for the preparation of value-added compounds has dramatically increased due to increased global warming... more The use of CO2 for the preparation of value-added compounds has dramatically increased due to increased global warming concerns. We herein report an electrochemical cell containing a copper cathode and a magnesium anode that effectively converts epoxides and carbon dioxide to cyclic carbonates under mild electrochemical conditions at atmospheric pressure.

Global scenarios for energy, carbon dioxide and forests products

by Fredrik Hedenus

Effects of dissolved carbon dioxide, zinc, and manganese on the cadmium to phosphorus ratio in natural phytoplankton assemblages

by Jay Cullen

Responses of Amazonian ecosystems to climatic and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes since the last glacial maximum

by William Gosling

Mayle, F.E., Beerling, D.J., Gosling, W.D. and Bush, M.B. (2004). Responses of Amazonian ecosystems to climatic and atmospheric carbon dioxide changes since the last glacial maximum. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, (B), 359: 499-514.

The aims of this paper are to review previously published palaeovegetation and independent palaeoclimatic datasets... more The aims of this paper are to review previously published palaeovegetation and independent palaeoclimatic datasets together with new results we present from dynamic vegetation model simulations and modern pollen rain studies to: (i) determine the responses of Amazonian ecosystems to changes in temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 concentrations that occurred since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), ca. 21 000 years ago; and (ii) use this long–term perspective to predict the likely vegetation responses to future climate change. Amazonia remained predominantly forested at the LGM, although the combination of reduced temperatures, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 concentrations resulted in forests structurally and floristically quite different from those of today. Cold–adapted Andean taxa mixed with rainforest taxa in central areas, while dry forest species and lianas probably became important in the more seasonal southern Amazon forests and savannahs expanded at forest–savannah ecotones. Net primary productivity (NPP) and canopy density were significantly lower than today. Evergreen rainforest distribution and NPP increased during the glacial—Holocene transition owing to ameliorating climatic and CO2 conditions. However, reduced precipitation in the Early–Mid–Holocene (ca. 8000–3600 years ago) caused widespread, frequent fires in seasonal southern Amazonia, causing increased abundance of drought–tolerant dry forest taxa and savannahs in ecotonal areas. Rainforests expanded once more in the Late Holocene owing to increased precipitation caused by greater austral summer insolation, although some of this forest expansion (e.g. in parts of the Bolivian Beni) is clearly caused by palaeo Indian landscape modification. The plant communities that existed during the Early–Mid–Holocene may provide insights into the kinds of vegetation response expected from similar increases in temperature and aridity predicted for the twenty–first century. We infer that ecotonal areas near the margins of the Amazon Basin are liable to be most sensitive to future environmental change and should therefore be targeted with conservation strategies that allow ‘natural’ species movements and plant community re–assortments to occur.

N2 fixation and cycling in Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica woodland exposed to free air CO2 enrichment.

by Jonathan Millett

Millett J, Godbold D, Smith AR and Grant H (2012). Oecologia. DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2197-4

We measured the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on atmospheric nitrogen (N2) fixation for the tree species Alnus... more We measured the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on atmospheric nitrogen (N2) fixation for the tree species Alnus glutinosa growing in monoculture or in mixture with the non-N2-fixing tree species Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica. We addressed the hypotheses that 1: N2 fixation in A. glutinosa will increase in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, when growing in monoculture, 2: the impact of elevated CO2 on N2 fixation in A. glutinosa is the same in mixture and in monoculture and 3: the impacts of elevated CO2 on N cycling will be evident in a decrease in leaf δ15N and in the soil-leaf enrichment factor (EF), and that these impacts will not differ between mixed and single species stands. Trees were grown in a forest plantation on former agricultural fields for 4 growing seasons, after which the trees were on average 3.8 m tall and canopy closure had occurred. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations were maintained at either ambient or elevated (by 200 ppm) concentrations using a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system. Leaf δ15N was measured and used to estimate the amount (Ndfa) and proportion (%Ndfa) of N derived from atmospheric fixation. On average 62% of the N in A. glutinosa leaves was from fixation. %Ndfa and Ndfa for A. glutinosa trees in monoculture did not increase under elevated CO2, despite higher growth rates. However, N2 fixation did increase for trees growing in mixture, despite the absence of significant growth stimulation. There was evidence that fixed N2 was transferred from A. glutinosa to F. sylvatica and B. pendula, but no evidence that this affected their CO2 response. This study shows that N2 fixation in A. glutinosa may be higher in a future elevated CO2 world, but that this effect will only occur where the trees are growing in mixed species stands.

Titanium Mediated Metathesis of heterocumulenes

by Rajshekhar Ghosh

On the water promoted reaction of titanium isopropoxide with carbon dioxide

by Rajshekhar Ghosh

Effectiveness and equity implications of carbon policies in the United States construction industry

by Yujie Lu

Yujie Lu, Xinyuan Zhu, Qingbin Cui, Building and Environment
In Press, Accepted Manuscript

Abstract
With an increasing American public desire to regulate carbon emissions from stationary and mobile... more Abstract
With an increasing American public desire to regulate carbon emissions from stationary and mobile sources, and with more states adopting renewable energy standards and green building codes as an effort towards green environment initiatives, there is an imperative need to evaluate the effectiveness and equity implications of using different mechanisms to reduce carbon emissions in the construction and facility management industry. After all, building construction and operation contributes more than one third of the carbon emissions in the United States (US). However, the impact of emerging carbon regulatory policies on the construction industry is still unclear. This paper presents a carbon regulation based duopoly model to evaluate the effectiveness and equity of various carbon policies including emission standards, carbon tax, and emissions trading. An empirical analysis of the US housing industry is conducted to illustrate the impacts on the industrial production, emission reduction target, market structure, technology selection, and carbon cost allocation etc. The results encompass emission reduction contributions from large and small firms, the extent of carbon cost burden pass-through to consumers, changes in house price, industry output, and market share. Especially, the analysis shows the market-based mechanisms outperform the emission standards in terms of effectively achieving emission targets while maintaining a stable industrial production. To meet the 17% emission reduction target, a carbon price of $22.3 per metric ton is expected for construction firms. About 54% of carbon cost will be passed through to the end consumers at this carbon price.

Highlights
► The study establishes an integrated carbon policy analysis model. ► Market-based policies have less negative impact on industry structure, output, and price. ► Large firms take greater responsibility for emission reduction and adopting Low Carbon Technologies. ► Carbon price is $22.3 per ton to meet the 17% emission reduction target. ► Contractors bear increasing cost burden as carbon price goes up

Keywords:
construction industry; emissions; carbon tax; emissions trading; emission standards; duopoly model

Interfacial Tension Measurements of the (H2O + n-Decane + CO2) Ternary System at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures

by Apostolos Georgiadis

Apostolos Georgiadis, Geoffrey Maitland, J. P. Martin Trusler, and Alexander Bismarck

Business, Ethics, and Global Climate Change

by Keith Bustos

Co-authored with Denis G. Arnold