An Evaluation of the Narrowing Gender Gap in DUI Arrests
by Hui Liew
Dr. Angela Robertson is the first author.
Although males account for the vast majority of those convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or other... more Although males account for the vast majority of those convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs (DUI), female DUI convictions have increased over the past two decades. In this study, we examined the ratio of males-to-females who were court-mandated between the years 1992 and 2008 to attend the Mississippi Alcohol Safety Education Program (MASEP), a DUI intervention program in Mississippi. The data for this study came from MASEP records; the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS); the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR); the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS); the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS); and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), an agency within the US Department of Transportation. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) tests were used to assess the nature (i.e., convergence, divergence, or stability) of this trend and to identify predictors. The results showed that, over the 17-year period, the gender gap in DUI convictions, self-reported history of prior arrest, official drug arrests, and substance abuse treatment admissions has narrowed considerably. Results from the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models show that three factors account for increases in the proportion of women mandated to attend MASEP: self-reported arrest prior to the DUI conviction, female admissions to substance abuse treatment, and annual miles driven. Changes in both women's behavior and law enforcement practices have increased female exposure to DUI arrests and narrowed the gender gap in DUI convictions.
'Getting mad wi'it': risk-seeking by young women'
in K. Hannah-Moffat and P. O’Malley (eds) Gendered Risks, pp. 205–28. London: Glasshouse Press.
This chapter draws upon data from a recent Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)-funded project exploring young... more This chapter draws upon data from a recent Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)-funded project exploring young women’s violent behaviour. Challenging conceptions of risk that focus solely on women’s risk avoidance, the data point to the positive contribution risk-seeking behaviour can have in terms of young women’s sense of self and self-efficacy. As Lyng’s (1990) notion of ‘edgework’ acknowledges, voluntary risk taking can be used to achieve a semblance of control in a life that is experienced as out of control. However, an important criticism of early versions of this work is that it yielded conceptual models rooted in the experience of men (Miller 1991) and thereby failed to recognise the gendered nature of the edgework experience (Lois 2001). Through the use of direct quotations, the chapter will show that while young women are initially drawn to risk-seeking behaviour as a result of the shared adrenaline ‘rush’ or ‘buzz’ they experience, as their ‘risk pathways’ progress they increasingly come to rely on edgework as a means to block out powerful emotions. The data also show that, unlike men, who tend to retrospectively redefine their edgework experiences as an expression of exhilaration and omnipotence (Lyng 1990), young women are more likely to look upon their behaviour as irrational and therefore feel guilty about what they have done.
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Event sponsorship by alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks businesses in India
Moital, M, Whitfield, J., Jackson, J. and Bahl, A., 2012. Event sponsorship by alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks businesses in India, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24 (2), 289 - 311
Purpose – This paper aims to examine event sponsorship decision making by the Indian drinks industry, comparing the... more
Purpose – This paper aims to examine event sponsorship decision making by the Indian drinks industry, comparing the non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks sectors.
Design/methodology/approach – Data regarding event sponsorship activity, perceptions of event sponsorship, motives to sponsor, form of investment and structure of sponsorship was obtained from a sample of 61 drinks producers in India through a questionnaire. Mann-Whitney and logistic regression were employed to compare the alcoholic and the non-alcoholic sectors.
Findings – The results suggest that the alcohol and non-alcohol drinks sectors sponsored a similar level of events, but in investment volume terms, sponsorship from the non-alcoholic sector is far greater than that of the alcoholic sector. While the two sectors are similar in many ways, the emphasis placed on certain motives for sponsoring events was different, with alcoholic drinks businesses placing greater importance on reaching niche audiences and increasing media coverage than non-alcoholic ones.
Research limitations/implications – A limited number of areas of the sponsorship decision-making were covered, yet the study provides insights into the decision making of one of the key sponsoring industries: the drinks industry.
Practical implications – Securing sponsorship is becoming more difficult and complex. By understanding how sponsors make decisions, including potential variations between companies within an industry, event organisers will be in a better position to tailor sponsorship proposals, enhancing the likelihood of obtaining the desired sponsorship contracts.
Originality/value – Most sponsor decision-making research focuses on how sponsorship decisions can be improved so that they work better for the sponsor. This paper, in contrast, emphasises that by understanding how clients make decisions (i.e. sponsors), sellers (i.e. the sponsored) will be in a better position to win over competition and secure the desired sponsorship deals.
Alcohol-attributable mortality in Ireland
by Karen Morgan
co-authored with Martin J, Barry J, Goggin D, Ward M, O'Suilleabhain T.
Published in Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2010 Jul-Aug;45(4):379-86. Epub 2010 Jun 7.
AIMS: The study aim was to calculate Irish alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs) and to apply these measurements to... more
AIMS: The study aim was to calculate Irish alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs) and to apply these measurements to existing data in order to quantify the impact of alcohol on mortality.
METHODS: Exposure of the Irish population to alcohol was derived from a national survey and combined with estimates of the alcohol-disease/injury risk association from meta-analyses in the international literature to calculate Irish AAFs. In diseases for which relative risk estimates were not available, such as injury, AAFs were taken directly from Ridolfo and Stevenson [(2001) The quantification of drug-caused mortality and morbidity in Australia, 1998. In Drug Statistics Series no. 7. AIHW cat. no. PHE 29. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra]. AAFs were applied to national datasets to calculate alcohol-attributed mortality caused or prevented and potential years of life lost (PYLL) or saved.
RESULTS: In Ireland, over the 5-year period from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2004, alcohol was estimated to have caused 4.4% (6584) of deaths and 10.8% (131,245) of all-cause PYLL. Alcohol was estimated to have prevented 2.7% (3967) of deaths and 1.5% (18,285) of all-cause PYLL. This resulted in an estimated net effect of 1.8% (2616) of deaths and 9.3% (112,959) of all-cause PYLL. Chronic conditions were responsible for 69% of alcohol-attributable deaths and acute conditions for 31%. Conditions not wholly attributable to alcohol accounted for 83% of deaths as opposed to 17% for conditions wholly caused by alcohol.
CONCLUSIONS: This study showed for the first time the full magnitude of deaths from alcohol in Ireland and revealed that while young people and those dependent on alcohol are at high risk of negative outcomes due to alcohol, particularly acute injuries, at an individual level, at a population level it is in fact moderate drinkers and chronic diseases, not wholly attributable to alcohol, that are associated with most alcohol-attributed deaths. The findings of this study suggest that policies focusing on the whole population attitude to alcohol, and chronic conditions and conditions partially attributable to alcohol, would yield considerable public health benefits
Alcohol dependence symptoms among recent onset adolescent drinkers
Chien-Ti Lee, Jennifer Rose, Eden Engel-Rebitzer, Arielle Selya, and Lisa Dierker, Published in Addictive Behaviors (2011), 36(12), 1160-7.
This study examined prevalence of alcohol dependence symptoms and diagnosis among a nationally representative sample... more
This study examined prevalence of alcohol dependence symptoms and diagnosis among a nationally representative sample of recent onset adolescent drinkers aged 12-21 years (mean 17 years) across different levels of drinking drawn from National Survey of Drug Use and Health (N=9490). We assessed whether the relationship between level of alcohol use and alcohol dependence was similar for individuals from different socio-demographic groups (i.e., gender, age group, ethnic group, family income, and substance use in the past year). The most prevalent DSM-IV alcohol dependence criteria at low levels of alcohol use were "unsuccessful efforts to cut down", "tolerance", and "time spent" in activities necessary to obtain alcohol or recover from its effect. Logistic regression with polynomial contrasts indicated increasing rates of each criterion and an overall dependence diagnosis with increasing alcohol exposure that differed most between the lowest levels of recent drinking frequency. After controlling for drinking quantity, younger adolescents, females, Native American/Alaskans and Asian/Pacific Islanders were most likely to experience alcohol dependence symptoms and a diagnosis of dependence, suggesting that these demographic subgroups may experience dependence symptoms or develop dependence more quickly after beginning to drink. Recognizing early symptoms of alcohol dependence may assist in early identification and intervention of those at risk for heavier drinker in the future.
DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence criteria characteristics for recent onset adolescent drinkers.
Jennifer Rose, Chien-Ti Lee, Arielle Selya, Lisa Dierker. In press in Drug and Alcohol Dependence (2012), doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.013
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the psychometric properties of alcohol abuse and dependence criteria among... more
BACKGROUND: Little is known about the psychometric properties of alcohol abuse and dependence criteria among recent-onset adolescent drinkers, particularly for those who consume alcohol infrequently. This study evaluated how well DSM-IV alcohol dependence criteria measure an alcohol use disorder (AUD) construct for recent onset adolescent drinkers at different levels of drinking frequency.
METHOD: Data were drawn from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a nationally representative sample of 9356 recent-onset adolescent drinkers, aged 12-21, who began drinking within the past year. Multiple group item response theory analysis was conducted to assess the 11 DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence criteria.
RESULTS: Criteria most likely to be endorsed at lower AUD severity included "withdrawal," "problems at home, school or work" and "tolerance." The criteria "drinking larger amounts/longer period of time," "unsuccessful efforts to cut down" and "continuing to drink despite related health problems" were more likely to be endorsed at higher AUD severity. Two criteria, "tolerance" and "time spent getting, using or recovering from alcohol" showed differential item functioning between drinking frequency groups (<7 vs. ≥7days in past month), with lower discrimination and severity for more frequent drinkers. DSM-IV criteria were most precise for intermediate levels of AUD severity.
CONCLUSIONS: All but two DSM-IV criteria had consistent psychometric properties across drinking frequency groups. Symptoms were most precise for a narrow, intermediate range of AUD severity. Those assessing AUD in recent onset adolescent drinkers might consider additional symptoms to capture the full AUD continuum.
Clinical pathological evaluation and risk factors of oral cancer cases of east coast of peninsular Malaysia
Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the common cancers m
Malaysia. Tile population of east coast of Peninsular... more
Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the common cancers m
Malaysia. Tile population of east coast of Peninsular Malaysia has a different hfestyle and Malay is the predominant race. Oral cancer research in this area started since the Malaysian National Oral Cancer group was established. The am: of this study is to evaluate the clinical pathological findings and to investigate the role of tobacco smoking, alcohol consurnption and betel quid chewing as tile risk factors among oral cancer
cases m east coast of peninsular Malaysia.Materials and Methods: Fifty case records of only treated/operated cases of patients with oral cancer between 1994-2003 m Hospital Umversiti Sams Malaysm were reviewed. This study is based on questio:matre developed by the Malaysian National Oral Cancer group. Tile data analysed includes
personal reformation and clinical pathological findings.
Results: Patients' age range was between 27-97 years old.
The male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Malays ethic group has
the highest incidence of oral cancer (n=46). Out of 50 cases, 80% were new cases and 66% was squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. Data revealed 12 different sites of lesions and the highest frequency was on buccal mucosa (30%) with 75% neck node involvement while 12% of the patients have two s:tes of les:oias. D:stant metastams occurred m 76.9% of the cases. Tobacco smoking was found to be the predorrm:ant risk factor (54%) wtnle 24% of pat:ents were found to be qurd chewer. Only 8% ofpafients consumed alcohol. The remaining14% patients do not admit any of the risk factors and the author would contribute their etiolo~ to viruses. Conclusion: The most common site of oral cancer was buccal mucosa with 75% neck node involvement. Presence of distant metastasis can be witnessed on most cases. More than half cases were new cases. Tobacco smokings exceed betel nut chewing as a probable risk factor among the subjects.
Lamoure J., Stovel J. A Pharmacists Overview of Alcohol Dependence. Pharmacy Practice 2011; 27(8) CE1-CE10
Lamoure J., Stovel J. A Pharmacists Overview of Alcohol Dependence. Pharmacy Practice 2011; 27(8) CE1-CE10
Lamoure J., Stovel J. A Pharmacists Overview of Alcohol Dependence. Pharmacy Practice 2011; 27(8) CE1-CE10 Lamoure J., Stovel J. A Pharmacists Overview of Alcohol Dependence. Pharmacy Practice 2011; 27(8) CE1-CE10
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Mandated server training: Barriers to effectiveness as reported by servers
by Mitzi Lewis
Wheeler, D., Lewis, M., Saltz, R., & Woodall, W. (2000). Mandated server training: Barriers to effectiveness as reported by servers. T 2000 Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety ABSTRACTS.
Methodological procedures to evaluate the impact of the New Mexico Alcohol Server Education Act included use of pseudo... more Methodological procedures to evaluate the impact of the New Mexico Alcohol Server Education Act included use of pseudo patrons and crash data. Reported here are the results of a qualitative process analysis. Forty-one tape-recorded interviews were conducted at randomly selected licensed on-site establishments. A total of fifty-one individuals were interviewed, 33 servers, 14 managers and 4 owners. Alcohol servers did report an increase in awareness of New Mexico State laws. With some variations reflective of position and length of experience, alcohol servers reported little change in their serving practices, understanding of the effects of alcohol, knowledge of impairment versus intoxication, or knowledge of server intervention techniques. Servers reported a number of perceived barriers to refusing service to obviously intoxicated patrons. These include intimidation, fear of losing tips, lack of perceived management support, job demands and their view of their relationship to patrons. These topics were not universally covered in the training.
Mandated server training in New Mexico: A qualitative evaluation
by Mitzi Lewis
Wheeler, D., Lewis, M., Woodall, W., Saltz, R. (1999). Mandated server training in New Mexico: A qualitative evaluation. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23 (5, Supplement), 88A. (Abstract).
The Construction and Evaluation of Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales for Alcoholic Beverage Agents
by Texas State PA Applied Research Projects
Hale, Roy R., "The Construction and Evaluation of Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales for Alcoholic Beverage Agents" (1993). Applied Research Projects, Texas State University-San Marcos. Paper 87.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/87
Best practice in estimating the costs of alcohol – Recommendations for future studies
by Ben Baumberg
Baumberg (2010). Copenhagen: World Health Organisation – Regional Office for Europe.
This report aims to summarize best practice in estimating the attributable and avoidable costs of alcohol, and to make... more
This report aims to summarize best practice in estimating the attributable and avoidable costs of alcohol, and to make recommendations for making such estimates in future studies. It discusses the conceptual basis for such cost studies, and examines the conceptual and methodological challenges for each type of cost in turn. It recommends:
1. changes in the terminology used;
2. the consistent and explicit consideration of external costs;
3. more sophisticated modelling of the effect of policy on costs;
4. more robust attempts to quantify alcohol’s causal effect on harm and costs;
5. a demonstration project using new methodologies;
6. the use of scenarios rather than existing sensitivity analyses;
7. the importing of data from other studies rather than simply omitting certain types of cost;
8. consideration of future health and resource costs; and
9. not using the human capital method for valuing the labour costs of premature mortality within the main estimates.
The European Strategy on Alcohol: a Landmark and a Lesson
by Ben Baumberg
Non peer-reviewed editorial. Baumberg and Anderson (2007), Alcohol and Alcoholism, 42(1):1-2.
Health, alcohol and EU law: understanding the impact of European single market law on alcohol policies
by Ben Baumberg
Baumberg and Anderson (2008), European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 18, No. 4, 392–398
Background: many professionals in the alcohol field see the role of the the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as... more
Background: many professionals in the alcohol field see the role of the the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as negative for health. This review examines ECJ and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) case law in the context of two broader debates: firstly the extension of European Union (EU) law into alcohol policy (the ‘juridification’ of alcohol policy), and secondly the extent to which alcohol policy is an example of the dominance of ‘negative integration’ (the removal of trade-distorting policy) over ‘positive integration’ (the creation of European alcohol policies).
Methods: a comprehensive review of all ECJ/EFTA Court cases on alcohol, with interpretation aided by a secondary review on alcohol and EU law and the broader health and trade field.
Results: from looking at taxation, minimum pricing, advertising and monopoly policies, the extension of the scope of the these courts over alcohol policy is unquestionable. However, the ECJ and EFTA Court have been prepared to prioritise health over trade concerns when considering alcohol policies, providing certain conditions have been met.
Conclusion: while a partial juridification of alcohol policy has led to the negative integration of alcohol policies, this effect is not as strong as sometimes thought; EU law is more health friendly than it is perceived to be, and its impact on levels of alcohol-related harm appears low. Nevertheless, lessons emerge for policymakers concerned about the legality of alcohol policies under EU law. More generally, those concerned with alcohol and health should pay close attention to developments in EU law given their importance for public health policy on alcohol.
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