The sudden rise of French existentialism: a case-study in the sociology of intellectual life
Published in Theory and Society 2011 40, pp. 619-644.
This article offers a new explanation for the sudden rise in popularity of French existentialism, in particular of... more
This article offers a new explanation for the sudden rise in popularity of French existentialism, in particular of Sartre’s version, in the mid-1940s. It develops a multidimensional account which recognises both structural and cultural factors. The explanation differs from, and more fully addresses the complexity of the situation than, the two most prominent existing explanations: namely Anna Boschetti’s Bourdieu-inspired account and Randall Collins’ network-based approach. It is argued that, because of specific socio-political circumstances, the intellectual establishment became tainted and lost legitimacy, with its aesthetic and philosophical views now regarded as outdated if not politically dangerous. This hiatus brought unprecedented publishing opportunities for a new philosophical current, and skilful public performances by the main protagonists helped its ascendancy. Most importantly, existentialist writers colluded with de Gaulle in portraying a cohesive and defiant French nation; and their philosophy, especially in its notion of responsibility, enabled sections of French society to assimilate and make sense of the recent past, whilst drawing a line underneath it so as to move forward.
Key words: Sartre, sociology of philosophy, sociology of ideas, public intellectuals, cultural trauma
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Seen by: and 14 moreJean-Paul Sartre's positioning in Anti-Semite and Jew
Published in the Journal of Classical Sociology 11 4 2011, pp. 378-397.
This article is one of the first to employ positioning theory to analyse an intellectual product. After introducing... more
This article is one of the first to employ positioning theory to analyse an intellectual product. After introducing the theory itself, it explores how Sartre’s book Réflexions sur la question juive enabled him to locate himself within, as well as intervene in, the socio-political and intellectual context at the time. Using the text, Sartre positioned himself as an authoritative public intellectual; that is, a generalist, drawing on his vast cultural resources to speak out about a wide range of important societal issues with moral conviction. He also positioned himself within the tradition of the Dreyfusard notion of the intellectual - that is, as an intellectual who engages with contemporary social and political issues and who is a defender of progressive Republican notions whilst remaining an independent voice - with the qualification that he expressed disquiet about the French Republican notion of citizenship. Drawing on these insights, the article ends discussing glaring omissions in Sartre’s Réflexions sur la question juive, making sense of them in the light of the socio-political context of the mid-1940s in France. The article shows the fruitfulness of positioning theory for analysing intellectual interventions whether they are in the form of books, essays or articles.
Key words: Sartre, perfomativity, positioning theory, intellectuals, Jews, anti-Semitism
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Seen by: and 4 moreThe power struggle of intellectuals at the end of the second world war: a study in the sociology of ideas
In: European Journal of Social Theory 14(4) 2011, pp. 415-435
This article is one of the first sociological explorations of power struggles between intellectuals where matters of... more
This article is one of the first sociological explorations of power struggles between intellectuals where matters of life and death are literally at stake. It counters the prevailing tendency within sociology to study intellectuals within confined academic institutions where power struggles are limited to matters of symbolic and institutional recognition. This study explores the conflict between collaborationist and Resistance intellectuals at the end of the Second World War in France, and it focuses in particular on the purge of collaborationist intellectuals which culminated in several high profile trials. This article shows that the arguments and meta-arguments put forward in these trials led to broader intellectual debates outside the courtroom. These debates not only centred on the notion of the writer’s responsibility, but also dealt with anxieties about the disintegrative forces of modern society. Whereas collaborationist intellectuals portrayed their writing as either separate from politics or rescuing a defunct or degenerate nation, Resistance intellectuals such as Jean-Paul Sartre were keen to portray collaborators as outsiders, both socially and sexually, lacking in social integration and subservient to a strong external force. The Resistance intellectuals saw the notion of individual responsibility not as antithetical but as integral to the remaking of the French nation, and this concept would become the cornerstone of the reshaping of the intellectual landscape in the post-war era in France.
Keywords: de Beauvoir, intellectuals, meta-arguments, power struggles, purge, Sartre, trials
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Seen by: and 8 moreCrises de la mémoire
by Yan Hamel
Comte-rendu critique de Susan Rubin Suleiman, Crises of Memory and the Second World War, Cambridge/London, Harvard University Press, 2006, 286 p.
Les prises de position jazzistiques de Jean-Paul Sartre
by Yan Hamel
Dans MONTANDON, Frédérique et Aude LOCATELLI (dir.). Réflexions sur la socialité de la musique, Paris, L’Harmattan, coll. « Logiques sociales/musiques et champ social », 2007, p. 185-199.
Scènes de la vie (anti) américaine. Autour de La putain respectueuse de Jean-Paul Sartre
by Yan Hamel
Dans Études littéraires, vol XXXIX, no 2, hiver 2008, p. 99-111.
En France, est-ce injurier quelqu’un que de taxer son propos d’antiaméricanisme ? Voilà la question à laquelle... more
En France, est-ce injurier quelqu’un que de taxer son propos d’antiaméricanisme ? Voilà la question à laquelle l’auteur de cette communication entend apporter quelques éléments de réponse en passant par une analyse de la pièce de théâtre La putain respectueuse et du tollé que ses premières représentations, en novembre 1946, soulevèrent dans la critique parisienne. L’étude amènera en outre l’auteur à se pencher sur le type particulièrement brutal de relation que, dans sa volonté d’engagement, le théâtre sartrien établit avec son public.
In France, is it an offense to pretend someone’s comments are antiamerican ? This is the question the author of this paper intends to answer. To do so, he analyzes Jean-Paul Sartre’s play La putain respectueuse (The Respectful Prostitute) and the outcry started by its first representations in November 1946. The author also questions the particularly brutal kind of relationship Sartre’s theater, in its will to commitment, establishes with its audience.
Pour un roman francais a l'americaine: Jean-Paul Sartre critique litteraire
by Yan Hamel
Dans Études françaises, vol. 43, 3, 2007, p. 41-54.
Au cours de la période de douze ans durant laquelle il a publié ses nouvelles et ses romans (1937-1949), Jean-Paul... more
Au cours de la période de douze ans durant laquelle il a publié ses nouvelles et ses romans (1937-1949), Jean-Paul Sartre a aussi fait paraître une série de critiques littéraires et de manifestes pour l’engagement de la littérature. Dans ces critiques et ces manifestes, l’auteur des Situations accorde une place centrale au genre romanesque : cette partie de son oeuvre a été un espace où, en prenant position par rapport aux autres écrivains, Sartre a implicitement défini sa conception du genre romanesque, ainsi que les ambitions littéraires, philosophiques et politiques qu’il poursuivait par l’entremise de ses propres fictions narratives. L’ensemble des oeuvres auxquelles Sartre s’intéresse dans ses essais sur la littérature se caractérise par une stricte bipartition. D’un côté, des prédécesseurs et des contemporains français tels que Jean Giraudoux, François Mauriac, Paul Nizan, Albert Camus et Maurice Blanchot sont plus ou moins durement éreintés selon les cas. En contrepartie, des oeuvres écrites par ceux que Sartre appelle indifféremment « les Américains », c’est-à-dire, pour l’essentiel, William Faulkner, John Dos Passos, Ernest Hemingway, John Steinbeck et Richard Wright, suscitent de l’enthousiasme, reçoivent des éloges et sont considérés comme des modèles dont l’écrivain français devrait idéalement parvenir à s’inspirer. Dans cet article, l’auteur dégage la signification de cette bipartition entre oeuvres américaines et françaises et circonscrit la fonction qu’elle remplit dans le système de la critique littéraire sartrienne.
During the twelve years in which he published short stories and novels (1937-1949), Jean-Paul Sartre also wrote articles of literary criticism and manifestos defending commitment in literature. In these articles and manifestos, the author of Situations focused his reflection on the poetics of fiction. In this part of his work, Sartre situated himself among other writers. He also defined implicitly, with his own conception of the novel, the literary, philosophic and political ambitions he was pursuing at this time. The works of fiction analyzed by Sartre in his articles and manifestos are characterized by a strict bipartition. On the one hand, he subjected his French predecessors and contemporaries like Jean Giraudoux, François Mauriac, Paul Nizan, Albert Camus and Maurice Blanchot to pretty harsh scrutiny, while works by novelists that Sartre lumped together [generally referred to] as the “Americans” (William Faulkner, John Dos Passos, Ernest Hemingway, John Steinbeck and Richard Wright) were enthusiastically praised and heralded as the models to inspire French writers. In this article, Sartre’s system of literary criticism is called forth in elucidating the meaning of this bipartition between American and French fiction.
Un touriste engagé. Jean-Paul Sartre écrit l'Amérique
by Yan Hamel
Dans Menant, Sylvain (dir.), Travaux de littérature — Les Amériques des écrivains français, tome XXIV, 2011, p. 333-343.
Le tueur Delarue. La mise à mort des soldats allemands dans La mort dans l’âme de Jean-Paul Sartre
by Yan Hamel
Dans Déborah Lévy-Bertherat et Pierre Schoentjes, J’ai tué. Violence guerrière et fiction, Genève, Droz, 2010, p. 97-109.
Le rêve américain de Jean-Paul Sartre
by Yan Hamel
Les Temps Modernes, no 658-659, avril-juillet 2010, p. 49-80
« Homosexuation dans 'Sodome et Gomorrhe' de Proust ou Les invertis du désir »
Op. cit. (revue) n° 15, novembre 2000, p. 195-204
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Seen by:La Recherche Du Père Dans Théâtre/Roman De Louis Aragon
Revue romane (Danemark) n° 40-2, 2005, p. 243-256.
Nom Et Tressage: L'Acacia De Claude Simon= Name and Braiding: Claude Simon's The Acacia
Littérature n° 123, septembre 2001, p. 35-43.
Réel, Réalité Et écriture Dans La Mise à Mort De Louis Aragon= Real, Reality and Writing In Louis Aragon's La Mise à Mort
Littératures n° 48-49, Presses universitaires du Mirail, 2004, p. 129-140.
Figures Du Mensonge Littéraire: études Sur L'écriture Au XXe Siècle
Paris : L’Harmattan, 2005 (coll. « Critiques littéraires »).– 422 pages [études portant sur : Giono, Genet, Proust, Aragon, Duras, Jabès, Sarraute]. ISBN 2-7475-8241-8.
Beckett, Les Fictions Brèves: Voir Et Dire
Caen : Lettres modernes Minard, 2008 (coll. « Bibliothèque des lettres modernes », n° 46).– 235 pages. ISBN 978-2-256-91139-2
Ecriture Et Savoir: La Route Des Flandres De Claude Simon.
The Romanic Review (États-Unis), vol. 90, n° 2, mars 1999, p. 195-206
Le Simulacre du cérémonial: Les Nègres de Jean Genet: masques, intertextes= ceremonial Enacted: Genet's Les Nègres
Littérature n° 131, septembre 2003, p. 59-69.
