World History

Reading Myron Echenberg's detailed report about the global plague epidemic at the turn of the twentieth century, it is hard to escape paraphrasing on Tolstoy's famous opening sentence for Anna Karenina. While it's not sure whether healthy cities are all alike, it is clear that every unhealthy city is unhealthy in its own way.

Auch wenn in diesem Falle die Länge des Buchtitels im auffallenden Kontrast zum Seitenumfang des kleinen Bändleins steht, so gibt sie immerhin einen Hinweis auf die Vielfältigkeit seines thematischen Inhalts. Es geht in ihm um die verschlungenen Pfade des Kapitals und dessen Verhältnis zur Arbeiterklasse; es geht um Weltgeschichte, Weltpolitik und Weltökonomie; es geht um China, aber auch ganz allgemein um das, was man früher so selbstverständlich die "Dritte Welt" nannte und hier das "Nord-Süd-Verhältnis" genannt wird; es geht um Analysen und um ein Gespräch zwischen zwei herausragenden marxistischen Theoretikern unserer Zeit.

Revista Tempo | Vol. 21 n. 38 | Artigo Resumo No contexto acadêmico em que o pensamento histórico moderno se cientificiza, Johann Christoph Gatterer (1727-1799) publica um con-junto de seis tábuas históricas reunidas sob o título Synopsis historiae universalis (1766). Por meio delas, o autor procura apresentar uma visão geral da simultaneidade dos acontecimentos históricos e, assim, solucionar os impasses de representação narrativa da história universal. Ao analisar os seis fólios publicados por Gatterer, este artigo identifica nas tábuas de 1766 tanto a retomada de um gênero historiográfico já bastante difundido na época das Luzes, quanto sua reconfiguração feita em nome de uma nova semântica visual científica. Desse modo, leituras fundamentalmente logocêntricas do pensamento histórico moderno encontram limites ante a tese segundo a qual a informação visual deve ser considerada como um elemento importante no processo de cientifização da história na segunda metade do século XVIII. Palavras-chave: história e imagem; historiografia iluminista; tabelas históricas (gênero historiográfico). Imágenes de simultaneidad y las dificultades de la narrativa-El caso de la Synopsis historiae universalis (1766) de Johann Christoph Gatterer Resumen En el contexto académico en el que el pensamiento histórico moderno se convirtió en una ciencia Johann Christoph Gatterer (1727-1799) publicó un conjunto de seis tablas históricas bajo el título Synopsis historiae universalis (1766). A través de ellas el autor procura presentar una visión general de los acontecimientos históricos así como solucionar las dificultades de la representación narrativa de la historia universal. A través del análisis de los seis folios publicados por Gatterer este artículo identifica un género bastante difundido en la época de la Ilustración, apuntando a las reconfiguraciones que acompañaron la emergencia de una nueva semántica visual científica. El artículo argumenta que la información visual debería ser considerada parte del proceso por medio del cual el pensamiento histórico ilustrado tardío se convirtió en ciencia, mostrando al mismo tiempo los límites de las interpretaciones logocéntricas tradicionales de la historia del pensamiento histórico moderno. Palabras claves: historia e imagen; historiografía iluminista; tablas históricas (género historiográfico). Abstract In the academic context in which modern historical thought became a science, Johann Christoph Gatterer (1727-1799) published a set of six historical tables under the title Synopsis historiae universalis (1766). His aim was both to present an overview of the simultaneity of historical events and to overcome difficulties faced by the narrative representation of world history. By analyzing Gatterer' s six folios, this article outlines the features of a historiographical genre that was already widespread at the time of the Enlightenment, pointing to the reconfigurations that accompanied the emergence of a new visual semantics in the sciences. The paper argues that visual information should be considered as part and parcel of the process through which late Enlightenment historical thought became science. By doing so, it also attempts to show the limits of traditional logocentric interpretations of the history of modern historical thought.

Courses dedicated to the Mongol Empire, as well as world history surveys, tend to highlight various types of transcontinental exchange facilitated by the expansive Mongol conquest. This is particularly true given the body of scholarship, museum  exhibitions, and teaching material that has emerged since Thomas Allsen drew  attention to the role of cultural exchange in the Mongol World. Such an approach tends to feature (and to seek out equivalencies between) the experiences of Chinese  and Muslim artisans, authors, and bureaucrats as they worked to accommodate their  new Mongol lords and as they became aware of intellectual and cultural practices at the far ends of Asia. Scholars of regional history, meanwhile, are faced with the task of  explaining the Mongols within the longue durée of Chinese, Islamic, Russian, or Central Asian history. This approach can judge the Mongol impact on specific institutions and practices, but risks losing sight of the transcontinental scale of the Mongol accomplishment. Having taught the Mongols through the lenses of world,  regional, and Mongol history, I will discuss how an understanding of nomadic society,  politics, and culture helps students evaluate the historical significance of the Mongols  in each of these frameworks.  Understanding Inner Asian nomadism as a distinct type  of society brings a perspective to the study of history that no amount of comparison  between sedentary civilizations can offer. In this way the Mongols can be an important  conceptual addition to medieval and/or world history pedagogy.

Die letzten Jahre zeigen unerwartete Bewegungen in der Weltgesellschaft - wir versuchten sie im letzten Bulletin “Weltseele im Stress” qualitativ aufzuspüren. Seither haben sich Stimmungen noch dramatisiert und der kognitive und kalte Blick gegen den Wind der Ereignisse ist nicht leicht zu ertragen. Unser Essay ist aus dem Festvortrag zur Eröffnung des akademischen Jahres der Kunstakademie Faber-Castell Stein-Nürnberg (16.11.18) entstanden; Zielpublikum waren Studierende der Kunstakademie - ein Trost, eine Herausforderung und starke Erfahrung. Wenn Weltgesellschaft eine Bedeutung über die Wissenschaft hinaus gewinnen kann - wird sie sich an Kultur und Kunst wie an den Nöten und Bedürfnissen der Menschen engagieren müssen - und dürfen!

Searching for an alternative founding myth for International Relations entails going back long before the 1648 Westphalian milestone. Drawing from a world historical approach, this article makes the case for investigating the origins of the subject matter of IR in the pre-state era: its founding moment may be traced back to a first encounter between two distinct bands of nomadic Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in the Palaeolithic period. As the outcome of this interaction was not predetermined, four scenarios are considered: absence of relations by retreat and isolation; conflict triggered by self-preservation (birth of war); cooperation, barter or other types of exchange; and merging together. Following the initial engagement, intergroup relations became much more intertwined. Once the stranger was no longer unknown, the original distinction between Us and Them began to fade away. The ensuing relationship shaped their co-constructed social reality, in a long process of extending trust beyond the family circle.

In 2019 we commemorate the centennial of a year of dashed hopes and clashing identities. The conflicts were so disheartening in part because they arose from the failure of expectations ignited around the world that the end of the Great War would facilitate the creation of a new, more just and liberal world order allowing control over the future through self-determination. The focus on self-determination meant that the year's conflicts would involve a range of incarnations of identity, some assertive, including national-ethnic, anti-imperialist, and racial movements, some predominantly defensive, notably through bonds with a presumed national past to erect barriers against change. Often the most effective identities were the most narrow, as indicated by the limitations of class identity revealed in the pushback against strikes and other worker initiatives and by the repudiation by the U.S. Senate of President Woodrow Wilson's League of Nations. Many of the same identity conflicts still plague the world today, but the main lesson of 1919 for the present may simply be that whatever crises may confront humanity over the next century, it is likely that at their crux we will find questions of identity.

... Militarev (Russia), MV Mina (Russia), V. de Munck (USA), АP Nazaretyan (Russia), EB Nay-mark (Russia), AD Panov (Russia), Zh. ... 212 III. Essays on Big History Nigel C. Hughes The Change We Сan Believe in: Ten Facts about the Evolution of the Earth-Life System and their ...

... _____. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. _____. Seoul (South Korea), personal communication (e-mail) to Barry Rodrigue, Lewiston, Maine, 29 June 2010. Cook, Michael. A Brief History of the Human Race. ...

The main purpose of this paper is to make available to the general public (and the academic community), information that would otherwise take a very long time to be discovered and compiled. It is here, available now, so that other work may be done by making use of information in this work. It is, mainly, of a genealogical nature.

Also, in general, since there is some info that is relatively easy to be found, I do not usually include such info in my research papers (such as the German family and other modern relatives of President Donald Trump).

However, links are also given to related papers that also give historical and other information that is essential to understanding this subject and other related subjects much better than may have been known or discovered without said information.

The World Wars were and will remain forever a deep blot on human civilization. These Wars have frequently come under scrutiny by academicians, artists and humanists alike. Numerous questions have been asked on the rationale of the Wars. But the answers have been hardly able to suffice for the tremendous devastation that had resulted from them. Alice Walker, Toni Morrison and Gloria Naylor are contemporary African American women authors whose work began in the 1970s and have achieved tremendous success since. Their fiction is centered on the lives of American Negroes through the different periods of history. The following study proposes to diagnose the way in which these three women novelists have dealt with the turbulent period of the World Wars in their novels. Historiographic metafiction revisits the textual past but clearly (and sometimes playfully) communicates an awareness of its inevitable difference from the past. The same thing has been done by the aforementioned authors in their novels through use of the devices of irony, intertextuality and black humour. In her 1989 novel, "The Temple of my Familiar" Alice Walker has revisited many an event in history including the World Wars. By using the worldly wise Miss Lissie who has the memory of many lifetimes the author voices her own views about the rationale of the World Wars and also the grim conditions during the period of the Great depression. The reliance of the white people on the black skinned Americans at the war front was a matter of dire necessity. A step taken in adversity. Of course they could not let it continue outside the narrow bounds of the army. After the conclusion of World War II the black soldiers who had become used to being treated as peers in the army were under the strictest scrutiny by those same Eurocentric people who had treated them as colleagues during the crisis of the war. The image of the abused soldier has also received a sympathetic portrayal in Toni Morrison's "Sula". The novelist presents us with the character of a shell-shocked soldier of the First World War, Shadrack. The mangled bodies of his compatriots in the blast that he had managed to survive made him suspicious of his own body thinking-'anything could be anywhere'. It is through the depiction of Shadrack's mental instability that Morrison is able to comment upon the injustice faced by the black people in fighting the 'capitalist' war. The questioning of the rationale of the Second World War is again noted in Naylor's 1992 novel "Bailey's Café". The incidents of the pearl harbour that triggered the black day of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are recounted to sensitize the reader of the unnecessary spillage of blood that led to both the events in America and Japan. Neither side is spared for the leaders on both side indulged in bloodshed that led to even more loss of lives. Through parody of the nationalist tone of the Wars the authors establish the heinous side of such combats that prove to be the weapons of doom for the common citizens.