Web Science

Abstract. One of sociology’s aims is to gather traces left in the social world. From this standpoint, the appearance of Internet offers a previously unknown space for research. This article explores some of the new possibilities provided by this social environment and certain of its inherent methodological difficulties. Internet is a deregulated information market, which makes it a prime location for the dissemination of “fake news”. For this reason, the article proposes to examine certain of the traces left behind by a very particular population group—conspirationists. Which kinds of behaviour can be detected in the arguments they use or in their comments on news? This is the question adressed in this article, using an approach based on computational social science.

Extended and distributed cognition theories argue that human cognitive systems sometimes include non-biological objects. On these views, the physical supervenience base of cognitive systems is thus not the biological brain or even the embodied organism, but an organism-plus-artifacts. In this paper, we provide a novel account of the implications of these views for learning, education, and assessment. We start by conceptualising how we learn to assemble extended cognitive systems by internalising cultural norms and practices. Having a better grip on how extended cognitive systems are assembled, we focus on the question: If our cognition extends, how should we educate and assess such extended cognitive systems? We suggest various ways to minimize possible negative effects of extending one's cognition and to efficiently find and organise (online) information by adopting a virtue epistemology approach. Educational and assessment implications are foregrounded, particularly in the case of Danish students' use of the Internet during exams.

Este articulo presenta un nuevo marco de referencia para explorar contenido de patrimonio cultural en la Red a través de objetos físicos, y su investigación se deriva a partir de un nuevo entendimiento interdisciplinario sobre el Patrimonio Cultural en la Red (PCR). Nuevas tecnologías en la Red han mejorado el acceso y la calidad de la información de colecciones digitales, y el uso de, por ejemplo, Linked Data y Datos Ontológicos ha permitido la conexión de metadatos a gran escala que permiten a los usuarios y organizaciones extender la complejidad y alcance de su información. Esta nueva complejidad de información tiene la capacidad de generar nuevas preguntas de investigación acerca de cómo los nuevos usuarios en las Redes Semánticas proceden a explorar y desarrollar preguntas sobre el contenido no solo del patrimonio cultural, sino también sobre todo tipo de información en la Red. A través de las disciplinas de Ciencias de la Información, Human Computer Interaction (HCI) y Pedagogía, entre otras, este estudio se enfoca en la creación y análisis de nuevos métodos dentro de estas disciplinas relacionados con el usuario y la importancia de los sistemas interactivos en la Red.

El propósito de esta investigación es la creación de un marco de referencia, teórico y metodológico novedoso para reducir brechas digitales generacionales y de información, donde se permita a usuarios de diferentes niveles desarrollar y elaborar preguntas complejas en las Redes Semánticas enfocadas en Patrimonio Cultural. Como resultado, este estudio presenta el proceso para resolver preguntas de investigación relacionadas con el acceso de información digital a través del uso de Interfaces Tangibles (Tangible User Interfaces/TUI). El prototipo aquí presentado hace uso de la cognición corpórea (embodied cognition) a través de actividades de naturaleza constructivista en las cuales los usuarios se acercan al PCR llevando a cabo preguntas sobre su contenido mediante la utilización de objetos físicos. La metodología utilizada se deriva de investigación previa donde se establecen diferentes niveles de necesidad de la información como un proceso de Interacción Humana con la Información (Human Information Interaction/HII) y a su vez, este proceso utiliza Diseño Centrado en el Usuario (User Centred Design/UCD). El sistema interactivo creado, permite formular preguntas complejas integrando información proveniente de un vasto grupo de diferentes organizaciones dentro del patrimonio cultural (ej. Museos, bibliotecas, archivos, universidades, etc.). El caso de estudio particular que aquí presentamos, se enfoca en Europeana (uno de los mayores proyectos de integración de información cultural digital en Europa) como proveedor de información. A través de su API (Interfaz de Programación de Aplicaciones), el sistema interactivo transforma los datos digitales en elementos físicos manipulables.

Abstract. Web services technology and Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) are rapidly developing and widely supported. However, it is fairly difficult for existing Web applications to expose functionality as services in a service-oriented architecture, because when Web ...

Web services technology are among the advanced computing technologies that are available to support scientific applications, providing the underpinning to new levels of collaboration. This work presents a novel framework that harvests and interconnects operational Web services provenance metadata with behavioral clickstream data to enhance trust on in silico scientific experiments.

The Web has disrupted charitable marketing by providing new opportunities for word-of-mouth marketing on an unprecedented scale. This paper describes the transformation in marketing that the Web–and social media in particular–has brought about by providing customers with more power, before highlighting the need for a broad investigation into how charities are now using these services so that its impact upon modern society can be realized. A framework is identified in the literature that will be used to categorize charities' ...

Social media services offer a new avenue for non-profit organizations (NPOs) to initiate viral and word-of-mouth marketing. Due to the widespread adoption of these sites, there is the potential for this type of marketing to reach a large audience. The emergence of social media as a new marketing platform leads to fresh challenges in that the online nature of it creates difficulties in attributing actions of intent on social media to real, meaningful action that can help NPOs. This paper provides an interdisciplinary approach to discovering the ...

With technology growing and expanding every year and similarly the internet growing in usage. The internet is becoming a big part of our lives as it is available to nearly everyone on a variety of devices now. With this greater access to the internet, the use of online SEM has grown, as it is easy to access, intentionally or accidentally, is cheaper and provides more anonymity and privacy than traditional SEM. This report looks at how the use of online SEM affects sexuality offline, with a sample of predominantly university students aged 18-25.

ABSTRACT One of the key problems encountered while using a text classification learning algorithms is that they require huge amount of labelled examples to learn accurately. The objective of this paper is to propose a novel method of topic modelling and document-document semantic similarity algorithm (DDSSA), which reduces the need for larger training data. This algorithm finds the concepts and keywords of the unlabelled text, identifying the topic of unlabelled text from list of concepts and keywords obtained from labelled text. This can be achieved by obtaining the concepts of the labelled text and identify the keywords which holds strong relationships with given labelled data. This topics and keywords obtained from the labelled text can be stored in the database which in turn can be used to compute the semantic similarity with concepts obtained from the unlabelled text. The proposed method is compared with the popular latent semantic analysis (LSA) applied in NLTK and Mallet datasets. The experiment result shows that the proposed method is superior to LSA in most of the cases.

In Weaving the Web (2000), Berners-Lee defines Social Machines as biotechnologically hybrid Web-processes on the basis of which, " high-level activities, which have occurred just within one human's brain, will occur among even larger more interconnected groups of people acting as if the shared a larger intuitive brain " (201-202). The analysis and design of Social Machines has already started attracting considerable attention both within the industry and academia. Web science, however, is still missing a clear definition of what a Social Machine is, which has in turn resulted in several calls for a " philosophical engineering " (Halpin 2013; Hendler & Berners-Lee, 2010; Halpin et al., 2010). This paper is a first attempt to respond to this call, by combining contemporary philosophy of mind and cognitive science with epistemology. The idea of philosophical engineering implies that a sufficiently good conception of Social Machines should be of both theoretical and practical advantage. To demonstrate how the present approach can satisfy both objectives it will be used in order to address one of Wikipedia's (the most famous Social Machine to date) most worrying concerns—i.e., the current and ongoing decline in the number of its active contributors (Halfacker et al., 2012).