Trafficking In Human Beings

This chapter addresses the concept of slavery, exploring its character and significance as a dark page in history, but also as a specifically criminological and zemiological problem, in the context of international law and human rights. By tracing the ambiguities of slavery in international law and international development, the harms associated with slavery are considered. Harms include both those statutorily proscribed, and those that are not, but that can still be regarded as socially destructive. Traditionally, antislavery has been considered within the parameters of abolition and criminalization. In this context recently, anti-trafficking has emerged as a key issue in contemporary anti-slavery work. While valuable, anti-trafficking is shown to have significant limitations. It advances criminalization and stigmatization of the most vulnerable and further perpetuates harm.

Abstract
This paper that would be presented in International Conference on Anti Human Trafficking Initiatives: Theory to Practice, Kolkata, India, 25th-26th November 2017, proposes a multi-track diplomacy to prevent and anticipate the misuse of Indonesian migrant workers (Tenaga Kerja Indonesia/ TKI) that have been working in Middle East and Asian countries since Indonesia applies Law No.39 Year 2004 about the TKI management, Law of Anti-Human-Trafficking No.21 Year 2007, and also Law No.5 Year 1999 (supplemented with Presidential Regulation No.88 Year 2002) to ratify UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Those laws show that das sollen, Indonesia has rule of law to protect TKI, but das sein, TKI nowadays are being regarded as real slave, not a humanbeing. They are being raped, trafficked, beaten, not paid, and other worse cases in Middle East and Asian countries that absorb many TKI as domestic workers or nurses.
Based on the truth spoken in the news and researcher of Migrant Care, at least there are 13.318 TKI being raped or being trapped to be prostitutes in the year of 2010. In the year of 2013, United Nations said that Indonesia is the second largest country with the large numbers of human trafficking issues. TKI cases is the one who gives largest contribution for human trafficking system in Indonesia.
Realizing with that condition, I as scholar want this paper to be an eye opener to all international stakeholders to prevent and anticipate the devil circle of TKI false system. To analyze the problem, this paper use qualitative method based on academic, journal, research, legal reports concerning issues of TKI in Middle East and Asian countries and to propose multi-track diplomacy, this paper uses the theory of Joseph Stiglitz about modern economy, includes the analysis of poverty of Indonesia that maybe one of highest factor the existence of TKI.
Keywords: Indonesia, TKI, poverty, modern economy, human trafficking, migrant workers

An existing hiatus in empirical research related to the use of ‘juju’ rituals as a spiritual or psychological control mechanism by perpetrators to subjugate victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation has underscored the need for this exploratory study. The phenomenon is shrouded in secrecy and little is known about what juju entails and how it is used to subdue victims. The aim of this article is to explore juju as a phenomenon, whilst illuminating some of the multi-layered complexities associated with its use as a control mechanism. The available literature and in-depth interviews with local and international actors in the field contributed to the unveiling of this phenomenon in the South African and broader counter-trafficking context. The research confirmed that juju is in fact a reality that numerous victims of Nigerian traffickers have to contend with. The article clarifies how traffickers use juju rituals as an
effective control mechanism and catalyst to instil profound fear amongst victims, whilst compounding efforts by response agencies and criminal justice practitioners to combat human trafficking. Finally, suggestions for a more informed counter-trafficking response and
recommendations for future research are offered which include the need for a variety of perspectives to be incorporated in the quest for a better understanding of juju and the human trafficking nexus.