Sociology of Communication

Komunikasi massa merupakan sejenis kekuatan sosial yang dapat menggerakan proses sosial kea rah suatu tujuan yang telah ditetapkan terlebih dahulu. Akan tetapi untuk mengetahui secara tepat dan rinci mengenai kekuatan sosial yang di miliki oleh komunikasi massa dan hasil yang dapat dicapainya dalam menggerakan proses sosial tidaklah mudah. Oleh karena itu efek atau hasil yang dapat dicapai oleh komunikasi yang dilaksanakan melalui berbagai media perlu dikaji melalui metode tertentu yang bersifat analisis psikologi dan analisis sosial.

PENDAHULUAN 1.1 LATAR BELAKANG Seluruh dunia kini sedang memasuki abad informasi dan masyarakat manusia dalam proses menjadi masyarakat informasi. Menurut Muis, abad atau masyarakat informasi dapat juga disebut sebagai abad revolusi informasi (A. Muis, 2001: 11-12). Paling tidak, konsep-konsep ini memiliki hubungan antara satu dan lainnya. Jelasnya, dalam konsep ini, semua bidang kehidupan akan semakin bergantung kepada informasi. Oleh karena, perkembangannya yang demikian spektakuler, maka pada level tertentu abad ini dapat disebut sebagai abad revolusi informasi. Menurut Dennis McQuail (2000:14) akibat perubahan teknologi, fenomena komunikasi massa tetap bertahan dengan framework yang utuh dari institusi media. Aturan secara luas ini digunakan untuk mengatur organisasi media dan aktivitasnya bersama-sama dengan praktik formal dan informal mereka sendiri dengan menggunakan aturan operasional. Tataran ini sering kali membutuhkan hukum yang keputusannya diatur oleh masyarakat.

Komunikasi merupakan sebuah kebutuhan setiap manusia. Bahkan bayi pun
melakukan komunikasi, misalnya dengan cara menangis ketika merasa lapar.
Komunikasi penting dilakukan, karena hanya dengan berkomunikasi seseorang
dapat bertukar informasi dengan orang lain. Untuk mengungkapkan apa yang ia
pikirkan, ia ketahui, dan untuk mengetahui apa yang orang lain pikirkan dan
ketahui.
Berbicara mengenai informasi, sudah menjadi kebutuhan dasar setiap
manusia untuk mengetahui apa yang terjadi di sekelilingnya. Dan media massa
menjawab kebutuhan ini. Jadi dapat dikatakan bahwa media massa merupakan
kebutuhan manusia yang merupakan mahluk sosial, untuk mendapatkan informasi
mengenail hal-hal yang terjadi di sekitarnya.

Il saggio intende ricollocare gli studi di Jürgen Habermas sui mutamenti di struttura della sfera pubblica politica nel campo disciplinare della political communication research al fine di indicare operativamente quali elementi fattuali potrebbero confermare la validità del modello normativo deliberativo. Dopo aver introdotto gli esigenti principi pragmatici che improntano l’approccio funzionalista dello studioso tedesco, vengono si-stematizzate le sue riflessioni sull’indipendenza dei media dai sotto-sistemi economici e politico-amministrativi e sugli effetti della comunicazione mediale sul pubblico, considerando la struttura delle relazioni e la qualità dell’informazione. Da ultimo, verrà presentata la tesi – oggi divenuta ancor più controversa – che la concezione deliberativa sia in grado di mantenere una “grandezza controfattuale” grazie al ruolo-guida della “stampa di qualità” e all’impegno degli intellettuali “veri”.

Vivons-nous dans une société contrôlée par les média s ? Sommes-nous manipulés par la presse ? La télé anéantit-elle les consciences individuelles ? Est-elle à la source d'un processus général d'individuation ? Autant de questions qui s'imposent en ce siècle de média s de masse où les uns font des nouvelles technologies de communication des instruments merveilleux aux possibilités infinies alors que les autres voient en elles la manifestation d'une société qui court à sa perte. Le présent chapitre se penche sur la question de la communication telle qu'elle se pose aujourd'hui pour la sociologie. Il débute par une réflexion sur l'importance de la communication pour les sociétés humaines. Il explore ensuite les deux grands registres de la communication , le micrologique et le macrologique, en prêtant une attention particulière au second. Il poursuit en établissant les différence s entre les sociétés anciennes et contemporaines. Il réserve la partie suivante à la question de l'influence des média s et il trace un portrait de la situation canadienne, la comparant parfois à celle d'autres nation s. Il signale par après divers dangers liés au phéno-mène médiatique et il les relativise. Une dernière partie se consacre à l'incidence d'Internet .

Un virus letale si diffonde su scala globale costringendo i governi ad adottare drastiche misure di contenimento del contagio. Le scuole, le fabbriche, i musei vengono chiusi, banditi gli incontri tra le persone, limitata la libertà di circolazione. Le città si trasformano in deserti urbani, mentre gli ospedali sono al collasso. Gli abitanti del pianeta si rintanano nelle proprie case, in attesa di un vaccino che salvi l’umanità… Non è un nuovo episodio della serie tv Black Mirror, specchio distopico di un futuro lacerato dal dominio delle tecnologie sull’umano. È la realtà, è il presente. La finzione letteraria, cinematografia e televisiva ha sempre immaginato scenari apocalittici – anche per esorcizzarne preventivamente il dramma – ma il Coronavirus ha spinto la realtà ben al di là della sua prefigurazione. Ai tempi della viralità della Rete, la pandemia è anche infodemia, la verità è fake, il contagio è algoritmo, la realazione è a distanza. Ma allora gli schermi ci mostrano o ci nascono il mondo? Le reti ci connettono o ci saparano? La tecnologia ci salva o ci condanna?

Ne discutono mercoledì 15 aprile 2020 a partire dalle ore 10.30 alcuni studiosi di media audiovisivi in un seminario online realizzato nell’ambito del ciclo Storie di Architettura e Design promosso dal Dipartimento di Architettura e Disegno Industriale dell’Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”.

Con Ruggero Eugeni, Francesco Parisi, Marco Pedroni, Mario Tirino, Angela Maiello

ABSTRACT
Raymond Williams (1921 – 1988), one of the founders of Birmingham School of Cultural
Studies, is known not only in Britain but in many other countries as an effective intellectual
and social critic. His extensive studies focus on subtitles as social conflicts, ecology, and
communication. This study is based upon the short text he wrote on advertisement, he defines
as a striking means in his study titled “Advertising: The Magic System in Problems in
Materialism and Culture”. This study aims to discuss the point of view of the author, who
regards advertisement as the official art of capitalistic societies in his mentioned text, in the
light of the experiences of USSR by taking into account the political, economic and cultural
developments in the 20th century. In this regard, the concept of advertisement viewed as a
complementary confined to capitalistic societies and economic relations cannot live in noncapitalistc
societies and economic relations according to historical deterministic standpoint.
Such an approach makes the possible existence of advertisement in non-capitalistic societies
and economic relations, even if with different purposes and forms, open to discussion needed
to be analysed. This study, focusing on this issue,can be seen as an academic attempt with
the aim of making contribution to the field, as it makes use of relevant literature and concrete
data. In the study, in addition to the theoretical discussion of the issue, case study analysis is
also carried out through selected examples. Thus, the public information and propaganda
issues will be discussed through the experiences of USSR, which constructed and defined its
existence outside the capitalistc production and distribution web, lasting politically for a long
period in the 20th century. In order to limit the approximately one century period of
experience and thus deepen the study, the three production domains defined as early period
public information between 1917-1925 of the USSR are included into the study;
“representation in cinema, information posters, and ceramic objects used with the aim of
propaganda”.
Key Words: The Soviet, Propaganda, Advertisement, Information, Public Information

Il progetto di ricerca indaga la relazione tra agire comunicativo e agency politica, che è caratteristica costitutiva delle pratiche dei media alternativi, nel caso di studio della Red Nacional de Medios Alternativos (RNMA) argentina. Lo studio analizza inoltre le possibilità aperte e i limiti rappresentati dalla forma socio-organizzativa reticolare della RNMA rispetto ai suoi obiettivi politico-comunicativi.

Bu bölümde, Frankfurt Okulu’nun tarihsel bağlamı ve eleştirel teoriye katkıları genel hatlarıyla betimlenmekte, önde gelen kavramları kısaca irdelenmekte ve iletişim çalışmaları açısından konumuna değinilmektedir.

In this chapter, the historical context of the Frankfurt School and its contributions to critical theory are described in general, its leading concepts are briefly examined and its position in terms of communication studies is discussed.

Öz
Toplumsal sınıf ayrımcılığından ve ırk ayrımcılığından daha örtülü ve daha ısrarlı şekilde devam eden toplumsal cinsiyet ayrımcılığı, insan ilişkilerinin 'doğal' ve 'değiştirilemez' bir parçası gibi sunulmaktadır. Bu sunumun en etkili yollarından biri kitle iletişim araçlarıdır. Cinsiyete yönelik stereotiplere ve toplumsal cinsiyetin yüklediği rollere en çok rastlanılan medya görüngülerinden biri de reklamlardır. Bu nedenle reklamların toplumsal cinsiyet üzerine etkisiyle ilgili pek çok araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ise Rinso gibi küresel markalı bir temizlik ürününün Türkiye'deki reklam filmi tartışılmıştır. İncelenen reklam filmi van Dijk'in ideolojik söylem analizi yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Bu tarz ideolojik anlatımlar kitle iletişim kodları üzerinden kurumsallaşmaktadır. İncelenen reklam filminde, toplumsal cinsiyete bağlı rollerin temizlik ürünlerinin imajlarıyla ilişkilendirilerek verildiği görülmüştür. Yemek yapan, çocuk bakan, tüketen, kıskanan halleriyle temsil edilen ve karikatürize edilen kadın imajı, ataerkil bakış açısının desteklediği sanrısal algıyı beslemiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Televizyon, Reklam, Toplumsal Cinsiyet, İdeoloji, Kadın.
Abstract
Gender discrimination, which remains more covered and more persistent than social class discrimination and racial discrimination, is presented as a natural and unchangeable part of human relationships. One of the most effective means of this presentation is the mass media. Advertisement is one of the most common media phenomena in which gender stereotypes and gender roles are seen. For this reason, many studies have been conducted on the effect of advertising on gender. In this study, an advertising film of a global branded cleaning products such as Rinso discussed in Turkey. The examined commercial film was analyzed by van Dijk's ideological discourse analysis method. Such ideological expressions are institutionalized by mass communication codes. In the examined advertisement film, it was seen that gender-related roles were given with the images of cleaning products. The image of women, who is presented and  Dr. Öğr. Görevlisi, Batman Üniversitesi, Sağlık Hizmetleri MYO, e-posta:

Sembolik şiddet, bir toplumda zuhur eden şiddetin kibar ve görünmez formunu tasvir etmek için kullanı-
lan bir kavramdır. Bourdieu tarafından kavramsallaştırılmış bu şiddet türü, toplumun bireylerince farkına varı-
lamayan, maruz kalanlar tarafından onaylanan ve yeniden üretilen şiddettir. Tüketimci değerlerin yayılması ve
kitlelerin daha çok tüketmesinin kamçılanması amaçlanarak kitlelere dayatılan özel günler hediye alma-verme
ritüeli ile özdeşleştirilmiştir. Gerek bu ritüelin devam ettirilmesine yönelik manipülatif mesajlar gerekse ritüel
sergilenirken kadın ve erkeklerin bürünmeleri istenilen roller içerisinde çeşitli sembolik şiddet unsurları barındırmaktadırlar. Tüketim objelerine ve markalara anlam ve sembollerin yüklenmesinde başat araçlardan olan
reklamlar, bu kurgulanmış günlerin yapay anlamlarının yeniden üretilmesi ve kitlelerde adeta zorunluymuşçasına tüketme dürtüsü yaratması açısından özel günler için kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu yüzden özel günler ve sembolik şiddet ilişkisini irdelemek açısından reklamlar önemli bir çalışma alanıdır.

Scandals are important social phenomena affecting both the life and career of people involved, and the institutions in which they are members. Political scandals have become an integral part of how modern democracies make policy, but theoretical understanding determination of the significance of the scandal in the society is still pending. In this paper theoretical approaches regarding the visibility of public life, the contribution of this type and nature of political scandals, as a social phenomenon of modern times are presented.
Τα σκάνδαλα είναι σημαντικά κοινωνικά φαινόμενα που έχουν επιπτώσεις τόσο στην ζωή και τη σταδιοδρομία των ατόμων που εμπλέκονται, όσο και στους θεσμούς στους οποίους μετέχουν. Τα πολιτικά σκάνδαλα έχουν γίνει αναπόσπαστο μέρος του τρόπου που οι σύγχρονες δημοκρατίες κάνουν πολιτική, αλλά ο θεωρητικός προσδιορισμός κατανόησης της σημασίας του σκανδάλου στη κοινωνία είναι ακόμη εκκρεμής. Παρουσιάζονται θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις αναφορικά με την ορατότητα του δημόσιου βίου, την συμβολή του τύπου σε αυτή και τη φύση των πολιτικών σκανδάλων, ως κοινωνικό φαινόμενο της σύγχρονης εποχής.

An empirical research was conducted using the method of content analysis, data were collected from articles of the Greek press and their titles, with a journalistic coverage of three major Greek political scandals: the Zachopoulos, abbey of Vatopedi and Tsohatzopoulos. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistical data. The main purpose of the study is to record the journalistic press coverage of the most representative scandals policies, by type, in the last decade in Greece in order to investigate the phenomenon of scandals civil society and political communication and input type in this. Specifically, the aim is to lead to conclusions regarding: a) the political culture of scandals in Greece, b) the attitude of the press in political scandals and c) the contribution of investigative journalism in modern Greece to combat corruption in the political field and the configuration of the current public policy.
Σχεδιάστηκε και διενεργήθηκε μια εμπειρική έρευνα, με τη μέθοδο της ανάλυσης περιεχομένου, σε δεδομένα που συλλέχθηκαν από άρθρα του ελληνικού τύπου και τους τίτλους τους, τα οποία καλύπτουν δημοσιογραφικά τρία μεγάλα ελληνικά πολιτικά σκάνδαλα: του Ζαχόπουλου, της μονής Βατοπεδίου και του Τσοχατζόπουλου. Tα δεδομένα αναλύονται με περιγραφική στατιστική και παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα. Κύριος σκοπός της μελέτης είναι να καταγραφθεί η δημοσιογραφική κάλυψη από τον τύπο των αντιπροσωπευτικότερων πολιτικών σκανδάλων, ανά είδος, στην Ελλάδα την τελευταία δεκαετία ώστε να ερευνηθεί και να διατυπωθεί το φαινόμενο των πολιτικών σκανδάλων στην κοινωνία και στην πολιτική επικοινωνία και η συμβολή του τύπου σ’ αυτό. Ειδικότερα, σκοπός είναι να οδηγηθούμε σε συμπεράσματα αναφορικά με: α) τη πολιτική κουλτούρα των σκανδάλων στην Ελλάδα, β) τη στάση του τύπου στα πολιτικά σκάνδαλα και γ) τη συμβολή της ερευνητικής δημοσιογραφίας στην σύγχρονη Ελλάδα για την πάταξη της διαφθοράς στο πολιτικό πεδίο και την διαμόρφωση της επίκαιρης πολιτικής κοινής γνώμης.

El presente Volumen V abarca el texto completo de las conferencias de prensa atutinas  que el Presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador encabezó, entre el 1 de septiembre y el 30 de noviembre de 2019.    Es el periodo comprendido entre dos de sus informes- “corte de caja”.  El rendido como obligación intitucional, porque está legalmente establecido que cada 1 de septiembre el presidente informe al Congreso de la Unión, del estado de la administración pública y de la Nación.  Y su informe al Pueblo de México con motivo de los primeros 12 meses de su gobierno, que se cumplen el 1 de diciembre de 2019.

El Volumen II (2018 12 01 a  2019 03 11) ya ha sido publicado y está disponible gratuitamente en https://www.academia.edu/40757230/ .  También el voumen III (2019 03 12 a  2019 06 30), que se puede accesar en  https://www.academia.edu/40798502/ .  Actualmente se compendian los documentos necesarios para el  Volumen I y el Volumen IV que ya tambien están publicados en el sitio de ACADEMIA . EDU.
 
Los habitantes de México y planeta tierra ya han caído en cuenta de que pueden ayudar a preservar la memoria histórica del avance de la 4T, en su etapa de arranque.  Para empezar, en propia computadora, cada quien podría organizar y mantener actualizada una base de datos de las cátedras-conferencias presidenciales diarias de AMLO.  Y ahora no hay duda:  es sólo cuestión de querer hacerlo.  Es posible tener acceso, en un solo sitio url, a la lista de reproducción completa de los videos de  todas y cada una de las cátedras-conferencias presidenciales diarias, hasta la fecha y a partir del 4 de diciembre de 2018.    https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRnlRGar-_296KTsVL0R6MEbpwJzD8ppA  Además, las versiones estenográficas de todas la conferencias-cátedras presidenciales y de otros actos públicos del presidente AMLO, están disponibles en un sólo sitio URL.  https://lopezobrador.org.mx/transcripciones/ .  En cada una de ellas, está su respectiva grabción en sólo audio; sería interesante hacer un compendio de todas ellas.   
Este estado de cosas justifica el compendiar, de la forma que mas amigablemente permita que funcione como base de datos, la vasta mayoría de los textos que recogen las palabra de AMLO en sus actos públicos.  Hay que hacer algunas puntualizaciones:
1)Esta base de datos se puede usar, impresa en papel o en formato electrónico.  Es preferible echar mano de lo segundo, pues al estar presentado en word u odt; y en PDF;  se facilita enormemente la localización de términos o palabra clave, en las  1,557 páginas de que consta este voumen V.
2)Se presenta de esta manera, pensando en que se hará análisis de contenido tradicional:  cita textual, inferencia, conexión con indicadores y variables que se desea investigar conforme a métodos cualitativos de las ciencias sociales.
3)No se han incluído, a propósito, alrededor de 200 discursos de AMLO, pronunciados en eventos que por facilidad analítica aquí llamamos “reiterativos”.  Es el caso de las palabras pronunciadas, por ejemplo, en las visitas a los 80 hospitales del programa IMSS Bienestar. Compendio de conferencias, discursos e informes del Presidente AMLO.

Volumen V.- Base de Datos del 01 septiembre 2019 a 30 noviembre 2019

This study proposes a questioning about the manufacturing processes of social identity of teachers within the media ecology in which we live. The research seeks to identify the social representations of the identity of the teacher, while "media product", and discursive processes of manufacturing and placing in visibility this identity in three newspapers of reference – Público, Expresso e Diário de Notícias – between 2005 and 2015, a period of great media visibility of teachers, due to a wide mobilization around education policies with markedly reformist inclinations. The aim is to elucidate this discursive production, using a methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis. It is argued that the media are powerful forces of objectification of social identity of individuals as members of social groups or professional classes and teachers are often object of media attention, when there is, any way, a moral panic about society, of their children or teachers’ own behavior. It is proposed the analysis of “critical moments of discourse”, during the period considered. They are “key moments”, of great social disturbance, logorrheics, polyphonic, in wich the media performs extensive coverages. For the purpose of analysis, we investigated six “critical moments of the discourse”. The research allowed a glimpse into some trends about the ways in which the so-called portuguese serious press produces discursivities which generate, more often, stigmatizing representations of teachers, notwithstanding the plurality of enunciating voices expressed in it – some, more oriented by news-value (Público and Expresso), other, more sensationalist (Diário de Notícias).
Keywords: Teachers, Identity, Social Representations, Media, Journalistic Field, Discourse,
Critical Discourse Analysis